Building family strengths егэ

Задание №5581.
Грамматика и лексика. ЕГЭ по английскому

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Building Family Strengths

As a child, what family traditions did you have? Did your family gather at your grandparents’ home for a special holiday ___? What family traditions have you carried on or begun? Does your family make a point to have dinner together or make cookies together for the holiday?

1) food
2) meal
3) eating
4) table

Решение:

Building Family Strengths

As a child, what family traditions did you have? Did your family gather at your grandparents’ home for a special holiday MEAL? What family traditions have you carried on or begun? Does your family make a point to have dinner together or make cookies together for the holiday?

Укрепление сильных сторон семьи

Какие семейные традиции у вас были в детстве? Ваша семья собралась в доме ваших бабушек и дедушек на праздничный обед? Какие семейные традиции вы продолжили или начали? Ваша семья хочет вместе поужинать или вместе приготовить печенье на праздник?

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Источник: ЕГЭ 2019. Английский язык, сборник заданий: 400 заданий с ответами. В. В. Сафонова, Е. В. Бутенкова, П. А. Зуева

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Lesson
5

Sometimes
a family is like a circuit box. When too many things go wrong,
the circuits overload and throw a breaker. Here is a quick
activity to see how much stress your family is loading on
the circuits. Simply write in each slot something that is
causing stress in your family. Then read on to learn more
about family stress, how families can cope with stress, and
ways to bring out the strengths of your family.

Benjamin
Franklin said the only things a person can be sure of in this
world are death and taxes. It should be noted that a third
sure thing exists. This third reality is family stress
and it involves change. Children change, parents change,
often for the better. But you are also expected to endure
those not-so-pleasant life events such as death and illness
in the family. Certainly, these events bring about feelings
of hurt, frustration, anger, and depression. In the family
we may experience marital conflict, sibling conflict, or parent-child
conflict, all in response to family stress.

Usually,
discussions on stress have focused on a single person how
stress affects that person and how that person copes with
stress. But when considering family stress, you need to focus
on the total family and its ability to cope with stress. For
example, does the stress of an alcoholic teen affect just
that teen? No, it affects all members of that family, the
relatives, and possibly the community. If you focused only
on the teen, you would miss about 80 percent of the potential
stresses that could occur.

Family
stress can be defined as a real or imagined imbalance between
the demands on the family and the family’s ability to meet
those demands. For example, if a family is forced to renegotiate
a home mortgage from 7 percent interest to the current market
rate, this could place the family under stress. There is a
real imbalance between the demand ,the current market rate,
and a lack of financial resources to meet that demand.

In the
definition of family stress, the demands in the family
are commonly referred to as stressors. A stressor is a
life event or transition that happens in the family. It can
be either positive or negative and can cause a change in the
family’s coping pattern. Examples of stressors could be
an event like the birth of a child, drought, death, or divorce.
Other stressors could be a hardship such as increased medical
expenses because of a chronically ill child or a normal change
in a family member’s development, such as a family member
becoming a teen or turning 40.

How
the family perceives the stressor will have a great effect on
the seriousness of the family stress. This perception reflects
the family’s values and its previous experience in dealing with
change and meeting crisis. A family’s outlook can vary from
seeing life changes as challenges to be met to viewing a stressor
as uncontrollable and the beginning of ruin for the family.
Families
also have resources for meeting the demands of a stressor. These
resources are a part of the family’s ability to handle stress.
They include: family communication patterns, the family’s ability
to solve problems, the goals of the family, money, relatives
and friends, and services in the community.

These
conditions:

• the
  stressor event,
• the
  family’s perception of the event, and
• the
  family’s resources for dealing with the event all help to
  determine how vulnerable a family is and its ability to
  prevent the stressor from creating a crisis.

In some
families, stress may not reach a crisis because the family
is able to use existing resources and sees the situation in
such a way to prevent a crisis. For example, a one family
may experience a move as very stressful because it involves
emotional changes as well as physical changes. Another family
may view a move as a great opportunity for advancement and
«starting over.» Some families who have moved often realize
there is a period of adjustment to a move and relax through
the process.

In other
cases, families may experience crisis. A crisis is a situation
in which the usual behavior patterns are ineffective and new
ones are called for immediately. A crisis provides families
with both dangers and opportunities.

CopingDeveloping
skills to respond to crisis occurs over time. How families accomplish
this is called family coping. It is often the strength
of families.

Coping
is what one does with resources both from inside the family
and throughout the community. It is the action the family
takes to remove the stressor, live with the hardships, or
develop new resources in response to a crisis.

Try
completing Exercise 1 to find out about the strength of your
family’s coping strategies.

Exercise 1-Coping
Skills for FamiliesRead
the list of family statements. Ask yourself, «How well does
this statement describe our family?» Rate each of the statements
on a 1-5 scale (1 = your family is weak in that area and 5 =
extremely strong). There is no definite score for a strong family
but items rated 1 or 2 should be discussed. After completing
this activity, read on to learn about managing family stress.

Weak
——— Strong

2. Our family holds family meetings whenever necessary
or on a regular basis

3. We encourage family members to help each other whenever
possible.

4. Our family is a priority to our members.

6. Our family members express appreciation to one another.

7. Our family tries to look on the bright side no matter
what happens.

8. A variety of feelings are able to be expressed in
our family.

10. We can count on family and friends for help when
needed.

11. Our family gets together with other families who
have the same lifestyle.

12. Our family is able to accept outside help when needed.

14. We believe there are more advantages than disadvantages
to the way we live.

15. Our roles in the family are shared.

16. We believe that our lifestyle has made us better
people and a stronger family.

18. We relieve tension through sports, exercise, jogging,
relaxing.
19. Our family tries to stay healthy by eating right,
not smoking, keeping active.
20. Our family has many hobbies to help us manage stress.

Hamilton
McCubbin, family stress researcher at the University of Wisconsin,
states that families who do a good job of managing stress have
the following characteristics:

• They
  do things as a family. They work hard at keeping the
  family functioning. When under stress, it is very easy for
  family members to withdraw from each other. Just because
  families live under the same roof does not mean they do
  things together. (Statements 1-4 in Exercise 1, Coping Skills
  for Families, are examples of families doing things together.)
• 
  They build esteem in each other and themselves. They
  show appreciation for each other and let other members know
  they understand. It is very common for a family member’s
  self esteem to be affected when stress occurs. Families who
  do a good job of managing stress take care of themselves
  physically and mentally. They build their own self esteem.
  (Statements 5-8 in Exercise 1, Coping Skills for Families,
  are examples of families building esteem in each other.)
• They
  develop social support within the community. Families
  are better able to endure hardships if they reach out to
  the community instead of becoming isolated from it. Meeting
  new friends, joining clubs, using community facilities are
  examples of utilizing community supports. (Statements 9-12
  in Exercise 1, Coping Skills for Families, are examples
  of developing social support.)
• They
  enjoy the lifestyle they have chosen and can endure the
  hardships of that lifestyle better than those who are not
  satisfied with their current way of life. For example,
  a homemaker who enjoys that lifestyle and is supported by
  family and friends will feel less stress than the person
  who would rather be away from home but for various reasons
  cannot. (Statements 13-16 in Exercise 1, Coping Skills for
  Families, are examples of accepting one’s lifestyle.)
• They
  develop and use a range of tension-reducing devices. Examples
  are exercise, relaxation, a positive outlook, and keeping
  involved in activities. These techniques help manage
  the tensions and conflicts that are a part of family life.
  (Statements 17-20 in Exercise 1, Coping Skills for Families,
  are examples of reducing tension.)

Families
can decrease the effects of stressful situations by building
up their strengths. Learning to communicate with family members
helps in times of stress. Encourage talking and listening. Accept
each other’s feelings, concerns, and ideas. Develop problem-solving
skills. Let each family member know he or she is appreciated
and loved. Being able to accept the support of friends and neighbors
can also help strengthen your family.

The
purpose of Exercise 2 is to help families discover the positive
strengths they already have.

Exercise 2-Our
Family Coat of ArmsDirections:

On a
piece of paper, copy the Coat of Arms below. Make one for
each person participating in the activity. Answer each one
of the questions with pictures. The pictures can be simple.

The
important thing is that each person knows what the drawings
mean. When everyone has completed all six areas, share your
drawings and their meanings with one another.

«Our
problem is not doing things as a family; it is finding a time
when everyone is together.» You may have heard this before,
or even said it yourself. It is a common complaint.

It might
be helpful to actually keep a record of how family members
spend their day. One way to find out is to keep a Week-at-a-time
Chart for everyone. It is similar to keeping a checkbook,
and it will show you how often your family is together.

Divide
the chart into seven sections, one for each day of the week.
Then divide each day into eight segments-6 a.m. to 9 a.m.,
9 a.m. to noon, noon to 3 p.m., 3 p.m. to 6 p.m., 6 p.m. to
9 p.m.; 9 p.m. to midnight, midnight to 3 a.m., and 3 a.m.
to 6 a.m. Have each person make his or her own chart. Then
simply keep track of how you spend your day. (This might have
to be done for younger children.) Pick a typical week not
when you have overnight guests or the kids are away at camp.

At the
end of a week, review all the charts carefully. You will be
able to see how your family spends its time and when you are
together. Seeing how often and when your family is together
may help you determine the types of activities appropriate
for your family.

.

Are
you satisfied with your family time? Lesson 6 will provide
specific guidance and activities for enhancing family time
and building family strengths.

Study QuestionsLesson
5
From Family Stress to Family Strengths

1. How
   does the idea of family stress differ from stress as explained
   in Stress Management For the Health of It (Lesson 1)?

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

2. Why
   is it that some families adapt to the stress of a move,
   for example, easier than other families adapt?

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

3. What
   are the characteristics of families that manage family stress
   effectively?

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

4. What
   is a favorite activity of your family that helps build family
   strengths?

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Study AnswersLesson
5
From Family Stress to Family Strengths

1. Family
   stress refers to an imbalance between demands facing a family
   and the ability of that family to handle the demands. In
   other words, if there are more stressful events happening
   to a family than the family can handle, family stress results.

Stress as defined in Lesson 1 means the «wear and tear»
on our bodies caused by the physical and mental adjustments
we make to living. In this definition, stress focuses
on an individual’s reaction to stress.

2. A
   family that sees stress as a challenge, feels confident
   in its ability to handle stress, has had success in handling
   previous stressful situations, and has prepared for potential
   problems will manage stress more effectively.
3. (1)
   They do things as a family; (2) They build esteem in each
   other; (3) They «reach out» to their community; (4) They
   enjoy their chosen lifestyle; and (5) They reduce tension
   and conflict.
4. Thanks
   for sharing your ideas. If you haven’t already mentioned
   them, here are some others to try:
• read a favorite book as a family,
• sort old snapshots,
• build a snow fort,
• fly a kite,
• get out the table games,
• invest a few dollars in lawn game equipment,
• take a family bicycle ride,
• visit local historical sites.

Additional Reading

The
Joy of Success: How To Make Stress Work for You by P.
Hanson, M.D., Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews and McMeel, 1988.

Love,
Medicine and Miracles by B. Seigel, M.D., New York, N.Y.:
Harper & Row, Publishers, 1986.

Stress
and the Healthy Family by D. Curran, Minneapolis, Minn.:
Winston Press, 1985.

Reference

Family
Stress, Resources and Coping by H. McCubbin and J. Patterson,
St. Paul, Minn.: Department of Family Social Science, 1981.

Our society thrives on strong families.

Our family teaches us how to function in the world. It should provide love and warmth to all of its members. A strong family gives its members the support they need to make it through life’s toughest spots.

Strong families have good communication.

Strong families have open lines of communication — where all family members feel heard and respected. One of the best ways to strengthen your family is to increase your listening skills and those of other family members. Until we can hear each other, we cannot build strong relationships.

To build strong family relationships, listen actively to each other.

• Give the person your full attention, turn off the TV or put down what you are doing.
• Focus on what the person is telling you — rather than thinking about your reaction or response to what is being said. (There will be time for that.)
• Listen for how the other person is feeling and relay back what you think they were saying and how they are feeling. ―I hear you saying that you don’t like your sister. You look pretty mad. Did something happen?
• Resist giving advice or your reaction until you are certain you have fully understood what the person was saying to you

Use “I” messages rather than “You” messages when talking.

• I messages are more difficult because they require us to be clear about our own thoughts and feelings. They, however, increase the chances that our message will be heard and decrease the chances that a fight will begin.
  • «I don’t like all this fighting. It upsets me to see the two of you not getting along.» Rather than ― «What’s wrong with the two of you? You’ are making me crazy! Can’t you ever get along?»

• Teach everyone in your family to talk with «I» ― messages as much a possible. ―I am feeling…. (upset) when I see you (playing video games before you finish your homework).
  • «You» messages should be discouraged because they often lead to bad feelings and increased fighting. ― «You» messages seldom resolve the problem.

Encourage all family members to share their thoughts and feelings.

Strong families allow all family members — no matter how young or small — to talk about their thoughts and feelings. This does not mean that members are not respectful of one another, but rather that feelings and ideas are respected.

Everyone should be expected to express themselves in appropriate ways — such as with  ― «I» messages. When people feel heard and respected, they feel better about themselves, are more open to solving problems, and are more likely to allow others to express themselves.

Strong families spend time together.

In today’s busy world it can be difficult for families to find time to be together. All relationships need attention — and this includes the family as a whole.

Family rituals can offer a set time for families to get together and give each other the attention needed. A family ritual is simply a time that is set aside on a regular basis for a family to get together. This can mean having dinner together, celebrating a holiday together, going to church together, or going for a walk together. It is important that the family ritual be predictable and that other activities are not allowed to upset it.

Family rituals help define who we are as a family. It allows time for the family to get together, to share experiences with one another, and to reconnect with each other. Knowing that the family will have time together can help us deal with those times when we are apart. Even though parents may work, children can know that each evening, each weekend (or whenever works for your family) they will have some ― «special time» with you.

Every child is special and every child needs some special time when he can have his parent all to himself.

Giving your child some «special time» helps develop a close relationship with your child. If you can make it a predictable ritual, your child can depend on it — and look forward to this time with you. Be sure that this » special time» is not easily  interrupted by other activities. For example, don’t answer the phone during this time.

Allow your child to help you decide how to spend this time. You could read books, sing songs, go for a walk, play a game — or whatever your child enjoys. The more you are able to spend ―special time‖ with your child the stronger your  relationship will be.

Look for opportunities to connect with your child.

Although setting aside time with your child is important, also look for small moments that you can use to connect with your child. Researchers say that spending frequent, brief amounts of time (as little as 1-2 minutes) involved in child-preferred activities is one of the most powerful things parents can do. You can make up stories together while doing chores, talk about concerns while on the way to the grocery store, read a book together while waiting for dinner to finish. We often think we have to wait for our «special time» but all these small moments help us stay connected in between the more scheduled times.

Strong families handle their conflict fairly.

All families have conflict – it’s a natural part of human relationships. Strong families are able to work through things they disagree about by focusing on the problems, rather than by «tearing each other down.»