If it looks like a duck
The last year’s meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Mary Schweitzer, a palaeontologist at North Carolina State University, wowed participants with tales of fossil proteins. And not any old proteins, either. These proteins came from the most famous prehistoric animal of all – Tyrannosaurus rex.
At the time, her evidence came indirectly. She had found that antibodies to a common protein called collagen stuck to fossil tyrannosaur bone. That suggested the bone still contained intact collagen molecules, some 68m years after the beast had died. In this week’s Science, though, she comes back with definitive evidence. Not only has she shown that the collagen is real, she now knows something about its composition.
Dr Schweitzer’s quest started when she realised that there was more to the bone of one particular tyrannosaur fossil than initially met the eye. The beast in question had been excavated in Montana by Jack Homer, a palaeontologist believed by many to be the model for Alan Grant, the hero of “Jurassic Park”. Sliced thin, there was evidence in its leg bones of fibres that looked remarkably unaltered-and the fibres were still there when the mineral matrix of the bone had been dissolved away.
It was then that she tried the collagen antibodies and found that they stuck. Specifically, she used antibodies to a particular type of the protein, known as collagen I, that had been extracted from chickens. This suggests Tyrannosaurus rex collagen is similar to that of birds. She also compared the structure and pattern of the fibres with those of modem animals and found that the species they most resembled was the emu-also a bird and also, like Tyrannosaurus rex, bipedal.
In order to understand more about the collagen’s composition, Dr Schweitzer enlisted the help of John Asara, a chemist at Harvard University. He extracted small fragments of collagen from the fossil tissue and analysed them using mass spectroscopy. This technique identifies molecules (or fragments of molecules) from a combination of their weight and their electric charges. Knowing the weights of different sorts of atoms (and of groups of atoms that show up regularly in larger molecules, such as the 20 different amino acids from which proteins are assembled) it is usually possible to piece together fragments to form the profile of an entire protein.
This Dr Asara did for Tyrannosaurus rex collagen. And when he ran the profile he had assembled through a database of known collagens, he found it was most similar to the versions found in chickens and ostriches – substantiating Dr Schweitzer’s antibody-based hunch.
That birds are (according to the particular taste of the classifier) either the descendants of dinosaurs or actual, proper dinosaurs themselves is strongly supported by bones found in Germany and China. But it is always nice to have more than one line of evidence to back a theory up. A chicken may not look much like T. rex, but appearances can deceive.
1. Mary Schweitzer made participants shocked by
1) the bones of Tyrannosaurus rex.
2) the evidence of fossil proteins.
3) the talk about fossil protein.
4) the tales about excavations.
2. Mary Schweitzer has proved the evidence of
1) the existence of Tyrannosaurus rex.
2) the composition of collagen.
3) the bones containing collagen molecules.
4) the reality of fossil bones.
3. The bones of Tyrannosaurus rex
1) have been excavated in great numbers recently.
2) were found by Alan Grant.
3) still contain fibres.
4) were excavated in the Jurassic Park
4. The scientist has found out that T rex collagen
1) is very much alike to birds.
2) is the same as the emu’s.
3) is not found in modem species.
4) is found only in chickens.
5. In her work Dr Schweitzer
1) analised the collagen on her own.
2) weighed different fossils.
3) went to study chemistry at Harvard University.
4) asked for a chemist’s help.
6. The phrase “This Dr Asara did for Tyrannosaurus rex collagen” refers to
1) the creation of a database of collagens.
2) the technique of identifying molecules.
3) the known weight of molecules.
4) the entire protein.
7. The research has shown that
1) dinosaurs are distant ancestors of modem birds.
2) Tyrannosaurus rex looked like a bird.
3) dinosaurs’ bones are mostly found in Germany and China.
4) the chicken is the closest descendant of Tyrannosaurus rex.
ВОПРОС 1 – 3
ВОПРОС 2 – 2
ВОПРОС 3 – 3
ВОПРОС 4 – 1
ВОПРОС 5 – 4
ВОПРОС 6 – 2
ВОПРОС 7 – 1
1
Задание 1. Аудирование. Задание №1
Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A–F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1–7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение.
- Libraries are useful both for adults and kids.
- Libraries currently need more financial support.
- The library is a perfect place for work and study.
- Libraries provided everyone with equal opportunities.
- Social work of libraries bring benefits to the communities.
- The digital age is replacing libraries with new devices.
- The competence of the staff varies from library to library.
2
Задание 2. Аудирование. Задание №2
Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А–G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа в таблицу.
- Mark saw the advertisement about the job in a newspaper.
- The manager fired one of the journalists last week.
- Mark wrote a lot of articles for the college newspaper.
- The woman has never been to Thailand.
- Uluru leaves the most remarkable impression in the evening.
- Mark has got the first university degree.
- The manager is having lunch at the moment
Вы услышите интервью. В заданиях 3-9. запишите в поле ответа цифру 1-3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.
3. What is the International Polar Year?
1) It lasts for about a year.
2) It is a programme of scientific research.
3) It happens every 50 years.
4. Thanks to the Internet, today’s Bond fans
1) have become much more united than they used to be.
2) can publish more magazines about Bond.
3) hold conventions devoted to Bond more frequently.
5. The narrator gave her first concerts
1) at the department store.
2) in talent shows.
3) in a local bar.
6. The narrator’s singing in a local bar was accompanied by
1) a karaoke machine.
2) a portable tape-recorder.
3) a group of musicians.
7. What is, according to James Smith, the usual outcome of not following his advice?
1) Having no dreams and goals.
2) Losing friends.
3) Feeling sorry in the end.
8. John thinks that it would be easier for him to become a vegetarian if
1) he had been raised in a family of vegetarians.
2) more vegetarian products were available.
3) he ate only chicken rather than red meat.
9. What kind of shows does Jessica dislike?
1) Solo shows.
2) Small shows.
3) Support shows.
10
Задание 10. Чтение. Задание № 10
Установите соответствие между заголовками 1 — 8 и текстами A — G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.
- Christmas shopping
- Crime at Christmas
- Christmas traditions
- Christmas – a family celebration
- Christmas in Russia
- Christmas dinner
- Christmas weather
- New year’s celebrations
- There are a lot of traditions connected with Christmas but perhaps the most important one is the giving of presents. Family members wrap up their gifts and leave them at the bottom of the Christmas tree to be found on Christmas morning. Children leave a long sock or stocking at the end of their beds on Christmas Eve, 24th December, hoping that Father Christmas will come down the chimney during the night and bring them small presents, fruit and nuts.
- At some time on Christmas day the family will sit down to a big turkey dinner followed by Christmas pudding or Christmas cake. As for Christmas cake, heavy and overfilling it is not to everybody’s taste. To make things worse, it takes weeks to make and when it is ready it can last until Easter, so if you don’t like it, you have to try and eat some at Christmas to avoid being haunted by it months after.
- Officially Christmas and New Year celebrations run from the 24th of December to the 2nd of January. However, for many Brits the Christmas marathon starts as early as the beginning of October with the first festive adverts on TV. The idea of Christmas shopping is that you spend as much money as you can on anything you cast your eyes on, preferably something neither you nor your family or friends will ever use. An average British family spends 670 pounds or more around the Christmas period.
- Long live Christmas! -say pickpockets, car thieves and burglars getting their share of Christmas shopping. Every year thousands of people get their wallets stolen in overcrowded shops and streets. Lots of lovely presents, which somebody spent so much time and money on, disappear without a trace when cars and homes are broken into. As much as 9% of people experience a burglary in December.
- Who doesn’t want to have a white Christmas? Playing snowballs and making a snowman with the whole family on Christmas Day is most people’s dream (apart from the countries like Australia that celebrate Christmas in summer, on the beach). This dream is more likely to come true in northern countries like Russia, but for the British people it’s different. Although it’s not uncommon to get some snow in Scotland and northern England, the rest of Britain is normally only lucky enough to get some frost. In most cases the weather is wet and gloomy.
- New year is a time for celebrating and making a new start in life. In Britain many people make New Year’s resolutions. This involves people promising themselves that they will improve their behaviour in some way, by giving up bad habits. People might decide to give up smoking, for example, or to go on a diet. These promises are often broken in the first few days of the New Year, however!
- Christmas is celebrated on the 25th of December. For most families, this is the most important festival of the year. On this day many people are travelling home to be with their families. Most houses are decorated with brightly-coloured paper or holly, and there is usually a Christmas tree in the corner of the front room. Unfortunately, not all families get on well together. As it is a well-known fact, some magazines publish tips on how to cope with Christmas, such as yoga, meditation or holidays abroad.
11
Задание 11. Чтение. Задание № 11
Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 — лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.
The ancient Greeks coined the term ‘atomos’, meaning the smallest possible separation of matter. In ancient times, both the Greeks and Indians had philosophised about the existence of the atom. However, it was first hypothesised scientifically by the British chemist John Dalton in the early years of the 19th century, ___ (A). Since then, smaller subatomic particles have been discovered and the part they play as the basic building blocks of the universe is clear. We now know that atoms are made up of differing numbers of electrons, neutrons and protons, and these too are made up of even smaller particles.
Dalton’s theory about atoms was not immediately accepted by chemists, although one reason for this was Dalton’s well-known carelessness in experimental procedures. However, we know that Dalton was correct in almost everything he said in his theory of the atom. He described an atom, even though he had never seen one, ___ (B). It could combine with the atoms of other chemical elements to create a compound.
Almost a century later the first subatomic particles were discovered. By the 1930s, physicists were working with new ideas ___ (C). In turn, these developments helped them to develop quantum mechanics.
In chemistry, the atom is the smallest part of an element ___ (D). The difference in the number of subatomic particles makes one atom different from another.
Subatomic particles also have another purpose. If there is the same number of electrons and protons in the atom, ___ (E). A difference between the two means the atom has an electrical charge. In other words, it produces electricity. This electricity means the electrons can become attracted to each other. In this way, atoms can bond together to form molecules, and when enough molecules are joined together we have matter ___ (F).
1. when he suggested it was the smallest particle that could exist
2. that we can see
3. as he has no equipment
4. as a particle that cannot change its nature
5. then it will be electronically neutral
6. that can still be recognised
7. which allowed them to investigate the parts of the atom in great detail
12
Задание 12. Чтение № 12-18
The last year’s meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Mary Schweitzer, a palaeontologist at North Carolina State University, wowed participants with tales of fossil proteins. And not any old proteins, either. These proteins came from the most famous prehistoric animal of all – Tyrannosaurus rex.
At the time, her evidence came indirectly. She had found that antibodies to a common protein called collagen stuck to fossil tyrannosaur bone. That suggested the bone still contained intact collagen molecules, some 68m years after the beast had died. In this week’s Science, though, she comes back with definitive evidence. Not only has she shown that the collagen is real, she now knows something about its composition.
Dr Schweitzer’s quest started when she realised that there was more to the bone of one particular tyrannosaur fossil than initially met the eye. The beast in question had been excavated in Montana by Jack Homer, a palaeontologist believed by many to be the model for Alan Grant, the hero of “Jurassic Park”. Sliced thin, there was evidence in its leg bones of fibres that looked remarkably unaltered-and the fibres were still there when the mineral matrix of the bone had been dissolved away.
It was then that she tried the collagen antibodies and found that they stuck. Specifically, she used antibodies to a particular type of the protein, known as collagen I, that had been extracted from chickens. This suggests Tyrannosaurus rex collagen is similar to that of birds. She also compared the structure and pattern of the fibres with those of modem animals and found that the species they most resembled was the emu-also a bird and also, like Tyrannosaurus rex, bipedal.
In order to understand more about the collagen’s composition, Dr Schweitzer enlisted the help of John Asara, a chemist at Harvard University. He extracted small fragments of collagen from the fossil tissue and analysed them using mass spectroscopy. This technique identifies molecules (or fragments of molecules) from a combination of their weight and their electric charges. Knowing the weights of different sorts of atoms (and of groups of atoms that show up regularly in larger molecules, such as the 20 different amino acids from which proteins are assembled) it is usually possible to piece together fragments to form the profile of an entire protein.
This Dr Asara did for Tyrannosaurus rex collagen. And when he ran the profile he had assembled through a database of known collagens, he found it was most similar to the versions found in chickens and ostriches – substantiating Dr Schweitzer’s antibody-based hunch.
That birds are (according to the particular taste of the classifier) either the descendants of dinosaurs or actual, proper dinosaurs themselves is strongly supported by bones found in Germany and China. But it is always nice to have more than one line of evidence to back a theory up. A chicken may not look much like T. rex, but appearances can deceive.
Mary Schweitzer made participants shocked by
1) the bones of Tyrannosaurus rex.
2) the evidence of fossil proteins.
3) the talk about fossil protein.
4) the tales about excavations.
13
Задание 13. Чтение № 12-18
The last year’s meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Mary Schweitzer, a palaeontologist at North Carolina State University, wowed participants with tales of fossil proteins. And not any old proteins, either. These proteins came from the most famous prehistoric animal of all – Tyrannosaurus rex.
At the time, her evidence came indirectly. She had found that antibodies to a common protein called collagen stuck to fossil tyrannosaur bone. That suggested the bone still contained intact collagen molecules, some 68m years after the beast had died. In this week’s Science, though, she comes back with definitive evidence. Not only has she shown that the collagen is real, she now knows something about its composition.
Dr Schweitzer’s quest started when she realised that there was more to the bone of one particular tyrannosaur fossil than initially met the eye. The beast in question had been excavated in Montana by Jack Homer, a palaeontologist believed by many to be the model for Alan Grant, the hero of “Jurassic Park”. Sliced thin, there was evidence in its leg bones of fibres that looked remarkably unaltered-and the fibres were still there when the mineral matrix of the bone had been dissolved away.
It was then that she tried the collagen antibodies and found that they stuck. Specifically, she used antibodies to a particular type of the protein, known as collagen I, that had been extracted from chickens. This suggests Tyrannosaurus rex collagen is similar to that of birds. She also compared the structure and pattern of the fibres with those of modem animals and found that the species they most resembled was the emu-also a bird and also, like Tyrannosaurus rex, bipedal.
In order to understand more about the collagen’s composition, Dr Schweitzer enlisted the help of John Asara, a chemist at Harvard University. He extracted small fragments of collagen from the fossil tissue and analysed them using mass spectroscopy. This technique identifies molecules (or fragments of molecules) from a combination of their weight and their electric charges. Knowing the weights of different sorts of atoms (and of groups of atoms that show up regularly in larger molecules, such as the 20 different amino acids from which proteins are assembled) it is usually possible to piece together fragments to form the profile of an entire protein.
This Dr Asara did for Tyrannosaurus rex collagen. And when he ran the profile he had assembled through a database of known collagens, he found it was most similar to the versions found in chickens and ostriches – substantiating Dr Schweitzer’s antibody-based hunch.
That birds are (according to the particular taste of the classifier) either the descendants of dinosaurs or actual, proper dinosaurs themselves is strongly supported by bones found in Germany and China. But it is always nice to have more than one line of evidence to back a theory up. A chicken may not look much like T. rex, but appearances can deceive.
Mary Schweitzer has proved the evidence of
1) the existence of Tyrannosaurus rex.
2) the composition of collagen.
3) the bones containing collagen molecules.
4) the reality of fossil bones.
14
Задание 14. Чтение № 12-18
The last year’s meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Mary Schweitzer, a palaeontologist at North Carolina State University, wowed participants with tales of fossil proteins. And not any old proteins, either. These proteins came from the most famous prehistoric animal of all – Tyrannosaurus rex.
At the time, her evidence came indirectly. She had found that antibodies to a common protein called collagen stuck to fossil tyrannosaur bone. That suggested the bone still contained intact collagen molecules, some 68m years after the beast had died. In this week’s Science, though, she comes back with definitive evidence. Not only has she shown that the collagen is real, she now knows something about its composition.
Dr Schweitzer’s quest started when she realised that there was more to the bone of one particular tyrannosaur fossil than initially met the eye. The beast in question had been excavated in Montana by Jack Homer, a palaeontologist believed by many to be the model for Alan Grant, the hero of “Jurassic Park”. Sliced thin, there was evidence in its leg bones of fibres that looked remarkably unaltered-and the fibres were still there when the mineral matrix of the bone had been dissolved away.
It was then that she tried the collagen antibodies and found that they stuck. Specifically, she used antibodies to a particular type of the protein, known as collagen I, that had been extracted from chickens. This suggests Tyrannosaurus rex collagen is similar to that of birds. She also compared the structure and pattern of the fibres with those of modem animals and found that the species they most resembled was the emu-also a bird and also, like Tyrannosaurus rex, bipedal.
In order to understand more about the collagen’s composition, Dr Schweitzer enlisted the help of John Asara, a chemist at Harvard University. He extracted small fragments of collagen from the fossil tissue and analysed them using mass spectroscopy. This technique identifies molecules (or fragments of molecules) from a combination of their weight and their electric charges. Knowing the weights of different sorts of atoms (and of groups of atoms that show up regularly in larger molecules, such as the 20 different amino acids from which proteins are assembled) it is usually possible to piece together fragments to form the profile of an entire protein.
This Dr Asara did for Tyrannosaurus rex collagen. And when he ran the profile he had assembled through a database of known collagens, he found it was most similar to the versions found in chickens and ostriches – substantiating Dr Schweitzer’s antibody-based hunch.
That birds are (according to the particular taste of the classifier) either the descendants of dinosaurs or actual, proper dinosaurs themselves is strongly supported by bones found in Germany and China. But it is always nice to have more than one line of evidence to back a theory up. A chicken may not look much like T. rex, but appearances can deceive.
The bones of Tyrannosaurus rex
1) have been excavated in great numbers recently.
2) were found by Alan Grant.
3) still contain fibres.
4) were excavated in the Jurassic Park
15
Задание 15. Чтение № 12-18
The last year’s meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Mary Schweitzer, a palaeontologist at North Carolina State University, wowed participants with tales of fossil proteins. And not any old proteins, either. These proteins came from the most famous prehistoric animal of all – Tyrannosaurus rex.
At the time, her evidence came indirectly. She had found that antibodies to a common protein called collagen stuck to fossil tyrannosaur bone. That suggested the bone still contained intact collagen molecules, some 68m years after the beast had died. In this week’s Science, though, she comes back with definitive evidence. Not only has she shown that the collagen is real, she now knows something about its composition.
Dr Schweitzer’s quest started when she realised that there was more to the bone of one particular tyrannosaur fossil than initially met the eye. The beast in question had been excavated in Montana by Jack Homer, a palaeontologist believed by many to be the model for Alan Grant, the hero of “Jurassic Park”. Sliced thin, there was evidence in its leg bones of fibres that looked remarkably unaltered-and the fibres were still there when the mineral matrix of the bone had been dissolved away.
It was then that she tried the collagen antibodies and found that they stuck. Specifically, she used antibodies to a particular type of the protein, known as collagen I, that had been extracted from chickens. This suggests Tyrannosaurus rex collagen is similar to that of birds. She also compared the structure and pattern of the fibres with those of modem animals and found that the species they most resembled was the emu-also a bird and also, like Tyrannosaurus rex, bipedal.
In order to understand more about the collagen’s composition, Dr Schweitzer enlisted the help of John Asara, a chemist at Harvard University. He extracted small fragments of collagen from the fossil tissue and analysed them using mass spectroscopy. This technique identifies molecules (or fragments of molecules) from a combination of their weight and their electric charges. Knowing the weights of different sorts of atoms (and of groups of atoms that show up regularly in larger molecules, such as the 20 different amino acids from which proteins are assembled) it is usually possible to piece together fragments to form the profile of an entire protein.
This Dr Asara did for Tyrannosaurus rex collagen. And when he ran the profile he had assembled through a database of known collagens, he found it was most similar to the versions found in chickens and ostriches – substantiating Dr Schweitzer’s antibody-based hunch.
That birds are (according to the particular taste of the classifier) either the descendants of dinosaurs or actual, proper dinosaurs themselves is strongly supported by bones found in Germany and China. But it is always nice to have more than one line of evidence to back a theory up. A chicken may not look much like T. rex, but appearances can deceive.
The scientist has found out that T rex collagen
1) is very much alike to birds.
2) is the same as the emu’s.
3) is not found in modem species.
4) is found only in chickens
16
Задание 16. Чтение № 12-18
The last year’s meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Mary Schweitzer, a palaeontologist at North Carolina State University, wowed participants with tales of fossil proteins. And not any old proteins, either. These proteins came from the most famous prehistoric animal of all – Tyrannosaurus rex.
At the time, her evidence came indirectly. She had found that antibodies to a common protein called collagen stuck to fossil tyrannosaur bone. That suggested the bone still contained intact collagen molecules, some 68m years after the beast had died. In this week’s Science, though, she comes back with definitive evidence. Not only has she shown that the collagen is real, she now knows something about its composition.
Dr Schweitzer’s quest started when she realised that there was more to the bone of one particular tyrannosaur fossil than initially met the eye. The beast in question had been excavated in Montana by Jack Homer, a palaeontologist believed by many to be the model for Alan Grant, the hero of “Jurassic Park”. Sliced thin, there was evidence in its leg bones of fibres that looked remarkably unaltered-and the fibres were still there when the mineral matrix of the bone had been dissolved away.
It was then that she tried the collagen antibodies and found that they stuck. Specifically, she used antibodies to a particular type of the protein, known as collagen I, that had been extracted from chickens. This suggests Tyrannosaurus rex collagen is similar to that of birds. She also compared the structure and pattern of the fibres with those of modem animals and found that the species they most resembled was the emu-also a bird and also, like Tyrannosaurus rex, bipedal.
In order to understand more about the collagen’s composition, Dr Schweitzer enlisted the help of John Asara, a chemist at Harvard University. He extracted small fragments of collagen from the fossil tissue and analysed them using mass spectroscopy. This technique identifies molecules (or fragments of molecules) from a combination of their weight and their electric charges. Knowing the weights of different sorts of atoms (and of groups of atoms that show up regularly in larger molecules, such as the 20 different amino acids from which proteins are assembled) it is usually possible to piece together fragments to form the profile of an entire protein.
This Dr Asara did for Tyrannosaurus rex collagen. And when he ran the profile he had assembled through a database of known collagens, he found it was most similar to the versions found in chickens and ostriches – substantiating Dr Schweitzer’s antibody-based hunch.
That birds are (according to the particular taste of the classifier) either the descendants of dinosaurs or actual, proper dinosaurs themselves is strongly supported by bones found in Germany and China. But it is always nice to have more than one line of evidence to back a theory up. A chicken may not look much like T. rex, but appearances can deceive.
In her work Dr Schweitzer
1) analised the collagen on her own.
2) weighed different fossils.
3) went to study chemistry at Harvard University.
4) asked for a chemist’s help.
17
Задание 17. Чтение № 12-18
The last year’s meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Mary Schweitzer, a palaeontologist at North Carolina State University, wowed participants with tales of fossil proteins. And not any old proteins, either. These proteins came from the most famous prehistoric animal of all – Tyrannosaurus rex.
At the time, her evidence came indirectly. She had found that antibodies to a common protein called collagen stuck to fossil tyrannosaur bone. That suggested the bone still contained intact collagen molecules, some 68m years after the beast had died. In this week’s Science, though, she comes back with definitive evidence. Not only has she shown that the collagen is real, she now knows something about its composition.
Dr Schweitzer’s quest started when she realised that there was more to the bone of one particular tyrannosaur fossil than initially met the eye. The beast in question had been excavated in Montana by Jack Homer, a palaeontologist believed by many to be the model for Alan Grant, the hero of “Jurassic Park”. Sliced thin, there was evidence in its leg bones of fibres that looked remarkably unaltered-and the fibres were still there when the mineral matrix of the bone had been dissolved away.
It was then that she tried the collagen antibodies and found that they stuck. Specifically, she used antibodies to a particular type of the protein, known as collagen I, that had been extracted from chickens. This suggests Tyrannosaurus rex collagen is similar to that of birds. She also compared the structure and pattern of the fibres with those of modem animals and found that the species they most resembled was the emu-also a bird and also, like Tyrannosaurus rex, bipedal.
In order to understand more about the collagen’s composition, Dr Schweitzer enlisted the help of John Asara, a chemist at Harvard University. He extracted small fragments of collagen from the fossil tissue and analysed them using mass spectroscopy. This technique identifies molecules (or fragments of molecules) from a combination of their weight and their electric charges. Knowing the weights of different sorts of atoms (and of groups of atoms that show up regularly in larger molecules, such as the 20 different amino acids from which proteins are assembled) it is usually possible to piece together fragments to form the profile of an entire protein.
This Dr Asara did for Tyrannosaurus rex collagen. And when he ran the profile he had assembled through a database of known collagens, he found it was most similar to the versions found in chickens and ostriches – substantiating Dr Schweitzer’s antibody-based hunch.
That birds are (according to the particular taste of the classifier) either the descendants of dinosaurs or actual, proper dinosaurs themselves is strongly supported by bones found in Germany and China. But it is always nice to have more than one line of evidence to back a theory up. A chicken may not look much like T. rex, but appearances can deceive.
The phrase “This Dr Asara did for Tyrannosaurus rex collagen” refers to
1) the creation of a database of collagens.
2) the technique of identifying molecules.
3) the known weight of molecules.
4) the entire protein.
18
Задание 18. Чтение № 12-18
The last year’s meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Mary Schweitzer, a palaeontologist at North Carolina State University, wowed participants with tales of fossil proteins. And not any old proteins, either. These proteins came from the most famous prehistoric animal of all – Tyrannosaurus rex.
At the time, her evidence came indirectly. She had found that antibodies to a common protein called collagen stuck to fossil tyrannosaur bone. That suggested the bone still contained intact collagen molecules, some 68m years after the beast had died. In this week’s Science, though, she comes back with definitive evidence. Not only has she shown that the collagen is real, she now knows something about its composition.
Dr Schweitzer’s quest started when she realised that there was more to the bone of one particular tyrannosaur fossil than initially met the eye. The beast in question had been excavated in Montana by Jack Homer, a palaeontologist believed by many to be the model for Alan Grant, the hero of “Jurassic Park”. Sliced thin, there was evidence in its leg bones of fibres that looked remarkably unaltered-and the fibres were still there when the mineral matrix of the bone had been dissolved away.
It was then that she tried the collagen antibodies and found that they stuck. Specifically, she used antibodies to a particular type of the protein, known as collagen I, that had been extracted from chickens. This suggests Tyrannosaurus rex collagen is similar to that of birds. She also compared the structure and pattern of the fibres with those of modem animals and found that the species they most resembled was the emu-also a bird and also, like Tyrannosaurus rex, bipedal.
In order to understand more about the collagen’s composition, Dr Schweitzer enlisted the help of John Asara, a chemist at Harvard University. He extracted small fragments of collagen from the fossil tissue and analysed them using mass spectroscopy. This technique identifies molecules (or fragments of molecules) from a combination of their weight and their electric charges. Knowing the weights of different sorts of atoms (and of groups of atoms that show up regularly in larger molecules, such as the 20 different amino acids from which proteins are assembled) it is usually possible to piece together fragments to form the profile of an entire protein.
This Dr Asara did for Tyrannosaurus rex collagen. And when he ran the profile he had assembled through a database of known collagens, he found it was most similar to the versions found in chickens and ostriches – substantiating Dr Schweitzer’s antibody-based hunch.
That birds are (according to the particular taste of the classifier) either the descendants of dinosaurs or actual, proper dinosaurs themselves is strongly supported by bones found in Germany and China. But it is always nice to have more than one line of evidence to back a theory up. A chicken may not look much like T. rex, but appearances can deceive.
The research has shown that
1) dinosaurs are distant ancestors of modern birds.
2) Tyrannosaurus rex looked like a bird.
3) dinosaurs’ bones are mostly found in Germany and China.
4) the chicken is the closest descendant of Tyrannosaurus rex
19
Задание 19. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 19
Eight firefighters 19______ CALL in to help find an escaped hamster recently. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner to try and locate the missing hamster, called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland. The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie 20________ OPEN the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone through a small hole in the floor.’
The fire crews spent five hours 21_______ TRY to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused to come out of the hole. In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all 22______ THEY efforts, they failed to find Fudgie. At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who 23 ______ ONE found Fudgie and locked the runaway hamster. The girl said that day it was the 24______ GOOD morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.
19 Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «CALL» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
Eight firefighters ______ in to help find an escaped hamster recently. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner to try and locate the missing hamster, called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland.
20
Задание 20. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 20
Eight firefighters 19______ CALL in to help find an escaped hamster recently. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner to try and locate the missing hamster, called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland. The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie 20________ OPEN the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone through a small hole in the floor.’
The fire crews spent five hours 21_______ TRY to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused to come out of the hole. In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all 22______ THEY efforts, they failed to find Fudgie. At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who 23 ______ ONE found Fudgie and locked the runaway hamster. The girl said that day it was the 24______ GOOD morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.
20 Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «OPEN» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie ________ the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone through a small hole in the floor.’
21
Задание 21. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 21
Eight firefighters 19______ CALL in to help find an escaped hamster recently. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner to try and locate the missing hamster, called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland. The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie 20________ OPEN the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone through a small hole in the floor.’
The fire crews spent five hours 21_______ TRY to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused to come out of the hole. In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all 22______ THEY efforts, they failed to find Fudgie. At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who 23 ______ ONE found Fudgie and locked the runaway hamster. The girl said that day it was the 24______ GOOD morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.
21 Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «TRY» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
The fire crews spent five hours _______ to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused to come out of the hole.
22
Задание 22. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 22
Eight firefighters 19______ CALL in to help find an escaped hamster recently. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner to try and locate the missing hamster, called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland. The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie 20________ OPEN the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone through a small hole in the floor.’
The fire crews spent five hours 21_______ TRY to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused to come out of the hole. In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all 22______ THEY efforts, they failed to find Fudgie. At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who 23 ______ ONE found Fudgie and locked the runaway hamster. The girl said that day it was the 24______ GOOD morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.
22 Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «THEY» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all ______ efforts, they failed to find Fudgie.
23
Задание 23. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 23
Eight firefighters 19______ CALL in to help find an escaped hamster recently. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner to try and locate the missing hamster, called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland. The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie 20________ OPEN the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone through a small hole in the floor.’
The fire crews spent five hours 21_______ TRY to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused to come out of the hole. In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all 22______ THEY efforts, they failed to find Fudgie. At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who 23 ______ ONE found Fudgie and locked the runaway hamster. The girl said that day it was the 24______ GOOD morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.
23 Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «ONE» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who ______ found Fudgie and locked the runaway hamster.
24
Задание 24. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 24
Eight firefighters 19______ CALL in to help find an escaped hamster recently. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner to try and locate the missing hamster, called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland. The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie 20________ OPEN the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone through a small hole in the floor.’
The fire crews spent five hours 21_______ TRY to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused to come out of the hole. In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all 22______ THEY efforts, they failed to find Fudgie. At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who 23 ______ ONE found Fudgie and locked the runaway hamster. The girl said that day it was the 24______ GOOD morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.
24 Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово «GOOD» так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
The girl said that day it was the ______ morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.
25
Задание 25. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 25
Текст №13 (задание 25-29)
25 Going away with friends or your partner can be ________ STRESS at the best of times, but you could be heading for trouble if you’re not travel compatible.
26 According to a new report, 55 percent of British holiday-makers traveling with friends had two serious _______ ARGUE during their stay.
27 The poll reveals that a(n) ______ LUCK seven per cent have even returned home within the first few days.
28 It’s a big risk holidaying with someone for the first time; this is when you will discover what they are _______ REAL like.
29 I would suggest, before committing to a friend’s holiday, first go for a trial run such as a weekend break to assess your _______ COMPATIBLE.
Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово STRESS так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.
Going away with friends or your partner can be ________ at the best of times, but you could be heading for trouble if you’re not travel compatible.
26
Задание 26. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 26
Образуйте от слова INVADE однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста
The history of Britain is a tale of many 26 _________, from Anglo Saxons to Vikings and Normans, …
27
Задание 27. Cловообразование. Задание № 27
Текст №10 (задание 25-29)
25 Many people who think they have a professional future in films go to Hollywood only to find ______ DISAPPOINT instead of success.
26 They often have to give up the more enjoyable aspects of their chosen career to play parts in ______ ADVERTISE because …
27 … these provide financial ______ SECURE – but they are not satisfying.
28 For many actors, even basic survival can be difficult. Some do not earn enough to pay their rent or electricity bills, and the time and money they invest in the _______ PREPARE of a portfolio for interviews is often wasted.
29 Of course there is a possible _______ EXPLAIN why only 1% of actors are really successful.
Образуйте от слова SECURE однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста
… these provide financial ______ – but they are not satisfying.
28
Задание 28. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 28
Текст №10 (задание 25-29)
25 Many people who think they have a professional future in films go to Hollywood only to find ______ DISAPPOINT instead of success.
26 They often have to give up the more enjoyable aspects of their chosen career to play parts in ______ ADVERTISE because …
27 … these provide financial ______ SECURE – but they are not satisfying.
28 For many actors, even basic survival can be difficult. Some do not earn enough to pay their rent or electricity bills, and the time and money they invest in the _______ PREPARE of a portfolio for interviews is often wasted.
29 Of course there is a possible _______ EXPLAIN why only 1% of actors are really successful.
Образуйте от слова PREPARE однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста
For many actors, even basic survival can be difficult. Some do not earn enough to pay their rent or electricity bills, and the time and money they invest in the _______ of a portfolio for interviews is often wasted.
29
Задание 29. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 29
Образуйте от слова VARY однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста
English has borrowed a very wide 29 _________ of foreign words and made them its own
30
Задание 30. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 30
Leisure Activities in Japan
The use of leisure time has become an ever greater focus of attention in Japan, as a result of higher (30) _________, expanding leisure time and a growing interest in nature. This trend is reflected in the increasing popularity of sports and recreational activities. Examples of recently developed leisure activities include boating, yachting and marine sports on Lake Inawashiro and off the Pacific Coast, paragliding and family auto-camping in the mountains of the Aizu region.
Japanese (31) _________ nature, combined with extensive leisure facilities, attracts sports and leisure-minded people all year round. There are three national parks in Ky ushu providing excellent opportunities for sports and leisure activities. A number of golf (32) _________ take full advantage of extensive land areas and superb natural set tings. Each year this region sees a rise (33) _________ the number of ski resorts, fea turing resort hotels and other facilities. And, as one of the most attractive hot spring areas in Japan, Kyushu (34) _________ a large number of visitors from around the country.
Kyushu is upgrading and enlarging its high-quality resort facilities to meet the demand (35) _________ increased leisure opportunities, while at the same time giving full consideration to nature preservation. It is hoped that this rapid development can be (36) _________ in the future.
Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 30-36. Вставьте пропущенное слово. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 30-36, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру, 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа:
1) perks
2) incomes
3) outcomes
4) taxes
31
Задание 31. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 31
Leisure Activities in Japan
The use of leisure time has become an ever greater focus of attention in Japan, as a result of higher (30) _________, expanding leisure time and a growing interest in nature. This trend is reflected in the increasing popularity of sports and recreational activities. Examples of recently developed leisure activities include boating, yachting and marine sports on Lake Inawashiro and off the Pacific Coast, paragliding and family auto-camping in the mountains of the Aizu region.
Japanese (31) _________ nature, combined with extensive leisure facilities, attracts sports and leisure-minded people all year round. There are three national parks in Ky ushu providing excellent opportunities for sports and leisure activities. A number of golf (32) _________ take full advantage of extensive land areas and superb natural set tings. Each year this region sees a rise (33) _________ the number of ski resorts, fea turing resort hotels and other facilities. And, as one of the most attractive hot spring areas in Japan, Kyushu (34) _________ a large number of visitors from around the country.
Kyushu is upgrading and enlarging its high-quality resort facilities to meet the demand (35) _________ increased leisure opportunities, while at the same time giving full consideration to nature preservation. It is hoped that this rapid development can be (36) _________ in the future.
Вставьте пропущенное слово
1) enormous
2) abandoned
3) redundant
4) abundant
32
Задание 32. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 32
Leisure Activities in Japan
The use of leisure time has become an ever greater focus of attention in Japan, as a result of higher (30) _________, expanding leisure time and a growing interest in nature. This trend is reflected in the increasing popularity of sports and recreational activities. Examples of recently developed leisure activities include boating, yachting and marine sports on Lake Inawashiro and off the Pacific Coast, paragliding and family auto-camping in the mountains of the Aizu region.
Japanese (31) _________ nature, combined with extensive leisure facilities, attracts sports and leisure-minded people all year round. There are three national parks in Ky ushu providing excellent opportunities for sports and leisure activities. A number of golf (32) _________ take full advantage of extensive land areas and superb natural set tings. Each year this region sees a rise (33) _________ the number of ski resorts, fea turing resort hotels and other facilities. And, as one of the most attractive hot spring areas in Japan, Kyushu (34) _________ a large number of visitors from around the country.
Kyushu is upgrading and enlarging its high-quality resort facilities to meet the demand (35) _________ increased leisure opportunities, while at the same time giving full consideration to nature preservation. It is hoped that this rapid development can be (36) _________ in the future.
Вставьте пропущенное слово
1) courts
2) courses
3) pitches
4) fields
33
Задание 33. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 33
Leisure Activities in Japan
The use of leisure time has become an ever greater focus of attention in Japan, as a result of higher (30) _________, expanding leisure time and a growing interest in nature. This trend is reflected in the increasing popularity of sports and recreational activities. Examples of recently developed leisure activities include boating, yachting and marine sports on Lake Inawashiro and off the Pacific Coast, paragliding and family auto-camping in the mountains of the Aizu region.
Japanese (31) _________ nature, combined with extensive leisure facilities, attracts sports and leisure-minded people all year round. There are three national parks in Ky ushu providing excellent opportunities for sports and leisure activities. A number of golf (32) _________ take full advantage of extensive land areas and superb natural set tings. Each year this region sees a rise (33) _________ the number of ski resorts, fea turing resort hotels and other facilities. And, as one of the most attractive hot spring areas in Japan, Kyushu (34) _________ a large number of visitors from around the country.
Kyushu is upgrading and enlarging its high-quality resort facilities to meet the demand (35) _________ increased leisure opportunities, while at the same time giving full consideration to nature preservation. It is hoped that this rapid development can be (36) _________ in the future.
Вставьте пропущенное слово
1) at
2) of
3) in
4) between
34
Задание 34. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 34
Leisure Activities in Japan
The use of leisure time has become an ever greater focus of attention in Japan, as a result of higher (30) _________, expanding leisure time and a growing interest in nature. This trend is reflected in the increasing popularity of sports and recreational activities. Examples of recently developed leisure activities include boating, yachting and marine sports on Lake Inawashiro and off the Pacific Coast, paragliding and family auto-camping in the mountains of the Aizu region.
Japanese (31) _________ nature, combined with extensive leisure facilities, attracts sports and leisure-minded people all year round. There are three national parks in Ky ushu providing excellent opportunities for sports and leisure activities. A number of golf (32) _________ take full advantage of extensive land areas and superb natural set tings. Each year this region sees a rise (33) _________ the number of ski resorts, fea turing resort hotels and other facilities. And, as one of the most attractive hot spring areas in Japan, Kyushu (34) _________ a large number of visitors from around the country.
Kyushu is upgrading and enlarging its high-quality resort facilities to meet the demand (35) _________ increased leisure opportunities, while at the same time giving full consideration to nature preservation. It is hoped that this rapid development can be (36) _________ in the future.
Вставьте пропущенное слово
1) collects
2) drags
3) draws
4) picks
35
Задание 35. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 35
Leisure Activities in Japan
The use of leisure time has become an ever greater focus of attention in Japan, as a result of higher (30) _________, expanding leisure time and a growing interest in nature. This trend is reflected in the increasing popularity of sports and recreational activities. Examples of recently developed leisure activities include boating, yachting and marine sports on Lake Inawashiro and off the Pacific Coast, paragliding and family auto-camping in the mountains of the Aizu region.
Japanese (31) _________ nature, combined with extensive leisure facilities, attracts sports and leisure-minded people all year round. There are three national parks in Ky ushu providing excellent opportunities for sports and leisure activities. A number of golf (32) _________ take full advantage of extensive land areas and superb natural set tings. Each year this region sees a rise (33) _________ the number of ski resorts, fea turing resort hotels and other facilities. And, as one of the most attractive hot spring areas in Japan, Kyushu (34) _________ a large number of visitors from around the country.
Kyushu is upgrading and enlarging its high-quality resort facilities to meet the demand (35) _________ increased leisure opportunities, while at the same time giving full consideration to nature preservation. It is hoped that this rapid development can be (36) _________ in the future.
Вставьте пропущенное слово
1) for
2) in
3) of
4) on
36
Задание 36. Грамматика и Лексика. Задание № 36
Leisure Activities in Japan
The use of leisure time has become an ever greater focus of attention in Japan, as a result of higher (30) _________, expanding leisure time and a growing interest in nature. This trend is reflected in the increasing popularity of sports and recreational activities. Examples of recently developed leisure activities include boating, yachting and marine sports on Lake Inawashiro and off the Pacific Coast, paragliding and family auto-camping in the mountains of the Aizu region.
Japanese (31) _________ nature, combined with extensive leisure facilities, attracts sports and leisure-minded people all year round. There are three national parks in Ky ushu providing excellent opportunities for sports and leisure activities. A number of golf (32) _________ take full advantage of extensive land areas and superb natural set tings. Each year this region sees a rise (33) _________ the number of ski resorts, fea turing resort hotels and other facilities. And, as one of the most attractive hot spring areas in Japan, Kyushu (34) _________ a large number of visitors from around the country.
Kyushu is upgrading and enlarging its high-quality resort facilities to meet the demand (35) _________ increased leisure opportunities, while at the same time giving full consideration to nature preservation. It is hoped that this rapid development can be (36) _________ in the future.
Вставьте пропущенное слово
1) abstained
2) obtained
3) contained
4) maintained
37
Задание 37. Электронное письмо
You have received an email message from your English-speaking pen-friend Bill:
|
From: Bill@mail.uk |
|
To: Russian_friend@ege.ru |
|
Subject: books |
|
…Yesterday I bought some great books online! Fantasy is my favourite genre, you know. What books do you enjoy reading? Do you prefer e-books or paper books? Why? What book really impressed you? My sister won a prize last week… |
Write an email to Bill.
In your message:
− answer his questions;
− ask 3 questions about his sister’s prize.
Write 100–140 words.
Remember the rules of email writing.
38
Задание 38. Задание № 38. Описание графиков и круговых диаграмм
Imagine that you are doing a project on ways of learning a foreign language in Zetland.. You have found some data on the subject-the results of the opinion polls (see the table below).
Comment on the data in the table and give your opinion on the subject of the project.
|
Ways |
Number of respondents (%) |
|
To attend a course or work with a tutor |
51 |
|
To listen to music |
26 |
|
To watch films in a foreign language |
12 |
|
To chat with international friends |
10 |
|
To have a pen pal in a foreign language |
1 |
Write 200-250 words
Use the following plan:
• make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
• select and report 2-3 facts;
• make 1-2 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
• outline a problem that can arise with learning a foreign language and suggest a way of solving it;
• conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the importance of speaking a foreign language.
39
Задание 39. Устная часть. Задание №39 — Чтение текста
From about 1930 until very recent times the cinema enjoyed great popularity in Britain. The first cinemas were the most impressive buildings in the street of many towns. Later, the rapid spread of television brought a great change. The number of cinema-goers dropped and, as a result, 1,500 cinemas were closed. Many of the films were mostly imported from America. Some films were shot in Britain and often directed by British directors, but with American money. The British cinematography was not able to provide the cinema houses with films of its own production. It was only during World War II and after that the British producers began to make their own films. In this way they voiced their protest against Britain’s dependence on American cinema.
40
Задание 40. Устная часть. Задание № 40 — Задать вопросы
You are considering adopting a dog from an animal shelter and now you’d like to get more information. In 1.5 minutes you are to ask four direct questions to find out about the following:
1) adoption process
2) if dogs are already vaccinated
3) possibility of taking the dog home the same day
4) breeds available now
You have 20 seconds to ask each question.
41
Задание 42. Устная часть. Задание №42 — Описание изображений
Imagine that you and your friend are doing a school project «Sports in our life». You have found some illustrations and want to share the news. Leave a voice message to your friend. In 2.5 minutes be ready to:
- explain the choice of the illustrations for the project by briefly describing them and noting the differences;
- mention the advantages (1–2) of the two kinds of sports;
- mention the disadvantages (1–2) of the two kinds of sports;
- express your opinion on the subject of the project — which kind of sport you’d prefer and why.
You will speak for not more than 3 minutes (12–15 sentences).
You have to talk continuously.
Отличная работа!
Так держать!
Если остались вопросы, напиши своему куратору.
Рассмотрим следующий раздел Единого государственного экзамена – Грамматика и Лексика, самый объемный по охватываемому материалу и трудозатратный в подготовке. Сегодня начнем с первой части – заданий 19 – 25, проверяющих знание грамматики.
Общая информация
Раздел “Грамматика и лексика” Единого государственного экзамена отличается от аналогичного раздела только наличием третьего задания на знание лексических единиц и сочетаемости. Первое – на грамматику, второе – на словообразование и третье – на общее знание лексической части изучаемого языка.
Часть “Грамматика” при правильном выполнении даст вам 7 баллов
.
После определенной тренировки на весь раздел потребуются не предписанные 30 минут, а 20 минут
, на чем можно и сэкономить время для остальных частей экзамена. А на часть “Грамматика” – около 7 минут.
Задания 19 – 25
Первые задания этого раздела тестируют все грамматические знания, полученные или не полученные за 11 лет обучения в школе. Здесь никакой лайфхак не поможет, если ученик туп и ленив мало что знает об этой самой грамматике. Да что там, даже если знает, но забыл под влиянием стресса/ бессонной ночи/ расставания с любовью всей жизни, возможность угадать правильный вариант практически равна нулю, потому что тут этих самых вариантов нет, их нужно вписать самим. И даже если повезло и угадал правильную грамматическую форму, но написал неверно – заветного балла все равно не видать.
Чтобы облегчить непосильную задачу, на этапе тренировки предлагаю следующую схему (она же в форме таблицы ниже):
- Если перед нами существительное
:
1) Наиболее вероятное — образовать от него форму множественного числа (выучить все исключения, типа foot — feet, а если мн. ч. образуется по общему правилу, то быть внимательным — не меняется ли конечная y на i, не меняется ли f на v, не добавляется ли -es вместо привычного — s).
Пример: Machu Picchu, often called “The Lost City of the Incas”, is probably the most famous symbol of the Incan Empire. Machu Picchu is situated 7,875 _______FOOT
________ above sea level in Peru. (правильный ответ – FEET)
2) Менее вероятный — притяжательная форма существительного (вроде world — world’s). Распознать этот случай легко — после пропуска будет стоять еще одно существительное.
Пример: This was my ____FRIEND_____ worst habit. (правильный ответ – FRIEND”S) - Если видите местоимение
(например, I), ставьте его в падеж — объектный (me) или притяжательный (my или mine). Еще возможна рефлексивная форма – myself. В предложении ниже после пропуска стоит существительное (здесь и далее примеры-картинки из демоверсии экзамена 2016 года), так что здесь единственный вариант – притяжательный падеж, который ставится перед существительным.Указательное местоимение (this, that) нужно ставить во мн. ч. (these, those соответственно). Неопределенные местоимения (some, any, no, every и их производные) в тестах встречаются реже, но кодификатор предупреждает, что они могут попасться.
- С числительными
все волшебно просто — преобразуем количественное в порядковое, помня все тонкости правильнописания (например, one – first).
Пример: My ___TWO_____ thought was that I had mistaken the number of the house. (Правильный ответ – SECOND) - Прилагательное
или наречие
ставим в какую-то из степеней сравнения. Небольшой лайфхак – если перед пропуском стоит than или конструкция the … the … (например, the better you prepare, the better mark you have), это сравнительная, а если the, то превосходная. Здесь нужно помнить, что the второй раз писать не надо, только саму превосходную форму.
Пример: The ______BAD
_________ moment was when I remembered that I had recently asked staff members to give me their home numbers. (Правильный ответ – WORST)
Внимание! Ученики то и дело норовят в этом задании сделать из прилагательного наречие или дописать спереди отрицательную приставку. Обращаем внимание, что так можно делать только в следующем задании. - А вот с глаголами
придется попотеть (поэтому и таблица ниже такая путаная). И сначала понять — перед нами личная форма (та, которая изменяется по временам) или неличная (причастие активное или пассивное, инфинитив или герундий).
1) Узнать неличную форму
легко — в предложении уже есть сказуемое, выраженное личной формой глагола, то есть наш пропуск стоит не на месте сказуемого, а на другом месте в предложении, идеально – если перед ним запятая, которая явно намекает на что-то отличное от сказуемого.
Рассмотрим пример из демоверсии 2017 года, первые два задания. Перед пропуском в задании 19 стоит запятая, явно намекая на оборот, дополняющий главное предложение “The name Alaska comes from the Aleut word alaxsxaq”. Осталось только понять – активное или пассивное значение у уточняющего оборота. Так как слово само что-то обозначает, делает вывод об активном значении причастия и пишем meaning.
В задании 20 также запятой отделен уточняющий оборот. При переводе становится понятен его пассивный смысл, слово не само сформировалось, его сформировали, поэтому добавляем к глаголу form пассивное окончание -ed.То же самое грамматическое явление и в 22 задании. Но тут все облегчается семантикой слова locate. После прорешивания n-ного количества примеров, становится очевидно, что при виде слова locate нужно ждать пассивного значения – либо это личная пассивная форма глагола, либо причастие с пассивным значением located:
2) Если в предложении пропуск стоит после подлежащего, и сказуемого недостает, перед нами точно личная форма.
Как и с причастием, решаем активный это залог или пассивный (переведя предложение) и дальше думаем, в какое время его поставить. В этом же предложении (ну, или в предыдущих) могут стоять слова-подсказки. Если их нет, смотрим на само предложение и что его окружает.
Снова обратимся к демоверсии 2017 года. Понять, что мы видим личную форму глагола в заданиях 21 и 23 можно, найдя подлежащее – оно стоит прямо перед пропуском, which в задании 21 и structure в задании 22. В первом случае для понимания пассивного характера глагола нам потребуется перевод, во втором случае – стоит предлог by, в большинстве случаев указывающих на пассив.Обойдя все подводные камни, не ошибиться бы еще в написании, выучив правила орфографии и неправильные глаголы. В задании 24, например, мы видим личную форму глагола (на месте сказуемого), понимаем, что оно стоит в активном залоге (участники сами выигрывают соревнование), определяем время – прошедшее, потому что все окружающие его предложения стоят в прошедшем времени, и по правилу согласования времен мы знаем, что возле Past, как правило стоит, Past или Future-in-the-Past. Так как в этом предложении нет определенных показателей времени, и оно обозначает просто событие в прошлом, выбираем Past Simple.
Также нужно уметь распознавать предложения условия
(и конструкции с I wish) или согласование времен
в косвенной речи, которые также могут тут встретиться.
Пример: One day I decided to ask him why he always chose this type while driving. “Well, sister,” he reluctantly replied, “to be frank, it’s mainly so you can’t sing along.” He added that he _______LISTEN___________ to anything else if only I promised not to sing along. (Правильный ответ – WOULD LISTEN, согласование времен в косвенной речи)
Понимаю, что вся схема выполнения задания кажется путаной и вызывает сомнения, но после примерно двух месяцев работы по ней ученик все запоминает и начинает самостоятельно рассуждать.
Обратите внимание, как нужно заполнять бланк к этому заданию – все заглавными буквами и без пропусков.
Если в ответе есть апостроф
, например – didn’t like, то он записывается в отдельную клетку
. Вообще, госпожа Вербицкая советует избегать апострофов в пользу полной формы – did not like, потому что “компьютер их может не считать”.
Здесь не будет никаких лайфхаков, потому что если не готовиться к этой части экзамена, угадать и логически что-то вычислить невозможно. Подготовку к заданиям 19 – 25 лучше начинать за год до экзамена, распределив все темы и повторив их за месяц-два перед экзаменом. Этой схемы я придерживаюсь в своем .
Несколько общих советов
по выполнению:
- Читать ВЕСЬ текст, потому что подсказка о грамматической форме может быть не в этом конкретном предложении, а в предыдущем. Или в следующем.
- Если вы правильно определили форму, озаботьтесь еще ее правильным написанием. При корявой орфографии не зачтут.
- Проверьте еще раз.
- Если не понимаете, напишите хоть что-нибудь, мало ли.
Учебные пособия
Я не могу вас обрадовать и сказать – вот 2-3 книги, все нужное для подготовки – в них.
Для подготовки к заданиям 19-25 придется самим изучать кодификатор и выбирать подходящие грамматические темы для изучения. Я пользуюсь в подготовке следующими пособиями:
Данные тесты в формате ЕГЭ для раздела «Грамматика» разработаны на основе коротких рассказов из сборника L.A.Hill“AdvancedStoriesforReproduction” (seriesI) publishedOxfordUniversityPress, 1965, 68 pages$ ISBN: 0194325431.
Основным преимуществом является то, что данные материалы представляют собой короткие (не более 300 – 500 слов) сюжетные тексты различной тематики.
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ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА
Данные тесты в формате ЕГЭ для раздела «Грамматика» разработаны на основе коротких рассказов из сборника L.A.Hill “Advanced Stories for Reproduction” (series I) published Oxford University Press, 1965, 68 pages$ ISBN: 0194325431.
Основным преимуществом является то, что данные материалы представляют собой короткие (не более 300 – 500 слов) сюжетные тексты различной тематики.
Раздел «Грамматика»
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As one approaches Mr. Williams, who was always a very careful driver, __________ home from work one evening when he came to a crossroads. It had a «Slow» sign, so he __________ down when he came to the main road, looked both ways to see that nothing was coming, and then drove across without stopping completely. At once he __________ a police whistle, so he pulled in to the side of the road and __________. A policeman walked over to him with a notebook and pencil in his hand and said, «You didn»t stop at that crossing.» «But the sign there __________ «Stop»,» answered Mr. Williams. «It just says «Slow», and I The policeman looked around him, and a look of surprise __________ over his face. Then he put his notebook and pencil away, scratched his head and said, «Well, I»ll be blowed! I __________ in the wrong street!» |
CROSSROAD DRIVE SLOW HEAR STOP NOT SAY COME |
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Text I
As one approaches
some
crossroads, one comes to a sign which says that drivers have to stop when they come to the main road ahead. At other cross roads, drivers have to go slow, but they do not actually have to stop (unless, of course, there is something coming along the main road); and at still others, they do not have either to stop or to go slow, because they are themselves on the main road.
Mr. Williams, who was always a very careful driver, was driving home from work one evening when he came to a crossroads. It had a «Slow» sign, so he slowed down when he came to the main road, looked both ways to see that nothing was coming, and then drove across without stopping completely.
At once he heard a police whistle, so he pulled in to the side of the road and stopped. A policeman walked over to him with a notebook and pencil in his hand and said, «You didn»t stop at that crossing.»
«But the sign there doesn»t say «Stop»,» answered Mr. Williams. «It just says «Slow», and I
did
go slow.»
The policeman looked around him, and a look of surprise came over his face. Then he put his notebook and pencil away, scratched his head and said, «Well, I»ll be blowed! I am in the wrong street!»
Раздел «Грамматика»
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Before the __________ war, officers in the navy had a lot more freedom when their ship was in port than they have nowadays. They __________ to lead a busy social life, and to take an active part in sport ashore. It was therefore rather difficult for __________ to find time to do all their other duties. Usually, all the officers in a ship used to have a regular meeting together once a week to receive orders from their captain, make reports and discuss any business that had to __________, such as who should represent the ship in the next football match. One such meeting __________ on board a ship one day, and after the regular business had been completed, the time __________ to discuss the date of the next meeting. Friday of the next week was suggested, and so was Monday of the week after, but both of them interfered with __________ arrangements for the weekend, and in the end it was generally agreed that the meeting should be held on Wednesday, as this would be the __________ likely day to inter fere with anybody»s convenience, since it was right in the middle of the week. As the officers __________, however, one of them was heard to say, «Wednesday is the |
LATE EXPECT THEY DISCUSS HOLD COME SOMEBODY LITTLE LEAVE |
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Text II
Before the last war, officers in the navy had a lot more freedom when their ship was in port than they have nowadays. They were expected to lead a busy social life, and to take an active part in sport ashore. It was therefore rather difficult for them to find time to do all their other duties.
Usually, all the officers in a ship used to have a regular meeting together once a week to receive orders from their captain, make reports and discuss any business that had to be discussed, such as who should represent the ship in the next football match.
One such meeting was being held on board a ship one day, and after the regular business had been completed, the time came to discuss the date of the next meeting. Friday of the next week was suggested, and so was Monday of the week after, but both of them interfered with somebody»s arrangements for the weekend, and in the end it was generally agreed that the meeting should be held on Wednesday, as this would be the least likely day to inter fere with anybody»s convenience, since it was right in the middle of the week.
As the officers were leaving, however, one of them was heard to say, «Wednesday is the
worst
day, because it interferes with
two
weekends!»
Раздел «Грамматика»
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Mr. and Mrs. Williams had always spent their summer holidays in England in the past, in a small boarding-house at the seaside. One year, however, Mr. Williams __________ a lot of money in his business, so they decided to go to Rome and stay at a really good hotel while they went around and __________ the sights of that famous city. They __________ to Rome, and arrived at their hotel late one evening. They expected that they would have to go to bed hungry, because in the boarding-houses they __________ in the past, no meals were served after seven o»clock in the evening. They were therefore surprised when the clerk who __________ them in the hall of the hotel asked them whether they __________ dinner there that night. «________you still ________ dinner then?» asked Mrs. Williams. «What __________ the times of meals then?» asked Mr. Williams. «Well, sir,» __________ the clerk, «we serve breakfast from seven to half past eleven in the morning, lunch from twelve to three in the afternoon, tea from four to five, and dinner from six to half past nine.» «But that hardly leaves any time for __________ to see the sights of Rome!» said Mrs. Williams in a disappointed voice. |
MAKE USE TO RECEIVE TAKE SERVE ANSWER |
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Text III
Mr. and Mrs. Williams had always spent their summer holidays in England in the past, in a small boarding-house at the seaside. One year, however, Mr. Williams made a lot of money in his business, so they decided to go to Rome and stay at a really good hotel while they went around and saw the sights of that famous city.
They flew to Rome, and arrived at their hotel late one evening. They expected that they would have to go to bed hungry, because in the boarding-houses they had been used to in the past, no meals were served after seven o»clock in the evening. They were therefore surprised when the clerk who received them in the hall of the hotel asked them whether they would be taking dinner there that night.
«Are you still serving dinner then?» asked Mrs. Williams.
«Yes, certainly, madam,» answered the clerk. «We serve it until half past nine.»
«What are the times of meals then?» asked Mr. Williams.
«Well, sir,» answered the clerk, «we serve breakfast from seven to half past eleven in the morning, lunch from twelve to three in the afternoon, tea from four to five, and dinner from six to half past nine.»
«But that hardly leaves any time for us to see the sights of Rome!» said Mrs Williams in a disappointed voice.
Раздел «Грамматика»
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Mrs. Black was having a lot of trouble with her skin, so she __________ to her doctor about it. He could not find anything wrong with her, however, so he __________ her to the local hospital for some tests. The hospital, of course, sent the results of the tests direct to Mrs. Black»s doctor, and the next morn ing he telephoned her to give her a list of the things that he __________ she should not eat, as any of them might be the cause of her skin trouble. Mrs. Black carefully wrote all the things down on a piece of paper, which she then __________ beside the telephone while she went out to a ladies» meeting. When she got back home two hours later, she found her husband __________ for her. He had a big basket full of packages beside him, and when he saw her, he said, «Hullo, dear. I __________ all your shopping for you.» «Well, when I got home, I __________ your shopping list beside the telephone,» answered her husband, «so I went down to the shops and bought every thing you __________ down.» Of course, Mrs. Black had to tell him that he __________all the things the doctor __________ her to eat! |
SEND THINK LEAVE WAIT FIND WRITE NOT ALLOW |
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Text IV
Mrs. Black was having a lot of trouble with her skin, so she went to her doctor about it. He could not find anything wrong with her, however, so he sent her to the local hospital for some tests. The hospital, of course, sent the results of the tests direct to Mrs. Black»s doctor, and the next morn ing he telephoned her to give her a list of the things that he thought she should not eat, as any of them might be the cause of her skin trouble.
Mrs. Black carefully wrote all the things down on a piece of paper, which she then left beside the telephone while she went out to a ladies» meeting.
When she got back home two hours later, she found her husband waiting for her. He had a big basket full of packages beside him, and when he saw her, he said, «Hullo, dear. I have done all your shopping for you.»
«Done all my shopping?» she asked in surprise. «But how did you know what I wanted?»
«Well, when I got home, I found your shopping list beside the telephone,» answered her husband, «so I went down to the shops and bought every thing you had written down.»
Of course, Mrs. Black had to tell him that he had bought all the things the doctor did not allow her to eat!
Раздел «Грамматика»
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Some young soldiers who had recently joined the army __________ in modern ways of fighting, and one of the things they __________ was how an unarmed man could trick an armed enemy and take his weapon away from him. First one of __________ two instructors took a knife away from the other, __________ only his bare hands; and then he took a rifle away from him in the same way. After the lesson, and before they __________ on to train the young soldiers to do these things themselves, the two instructors asked them a number of questions to see how well they __________ what they had been shown. One of the questions __________ this: «Well, you now know what an unarmed man can do against a man with a rifle. Imagine that you __________ a bridge at night, and that you have a rifle. Suddenly you see an unarmed enemy soldier coming towards you. What will you do?» The young soldier who __________ answer this question thought carefully for a few seconds before he answered, and then said, «Well, after what I have just seen, I think that the first thing I __________ would be to get rid of my rifle as quickly as I could so that the unarmed enemy soldier couldn»t take it from me and kill me with it!» |
TRAIN SHOW THEY UNDERSTAND GUARD HAVE TO |
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Text V
Some young soldiers who had recently joined the army were being trained in modern ways of fighting, and one of the things they were shown was how an unarmed man could trick an armed enemy and take his weapon away from him. First one of their two instructors took a knife away from the other, using only his bare hands; and then he took a rifle away from him in the same way.
After the lesson, and before they went on to train the young soldiers to do these things themselves, the two instructors asked them a number of questions to see how well they had understood what they had been shown. One of the questions was this: «Well, you now know what an unarmed man can do against a man with a rifle. Imagine that you are guarding a bridge at night, and that you have a rifle. Suddenly you see an unarmed enemy soldier coming towards you. What will you do?»
The young soldier who had to answer this question thought carefully for a few seconds before he answered, and then said, «Well, after what I have just seen, I think that the first thing I would do would be to get rid of my rifle as quickly as I could so that the unarmed enemy soldier couldn»t take it from me and kill me with it!»
Раздел «Грамматика»
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A certain poet __________ a play, and arrangements were being made to perform it. Of course, the poet __________ to give his advice on the scenery, the lighting, and all the other things that help to make a play successful, and he __________ to be a very difficult man to please, as he had his own very definite ideas of how each scene should look. In one of the scenes in the play, it __________ necessary to produce the effect of a wonderful sunset, which the young lovers watched together before __________ one of their great love songs. The theatre electricians worked very hard to produce this sunset effect. They tried out all kinds of arrangements and combinations of __________-red lights, orange lights, yellow lights, blue lights, lights from above, lights from behind, lights from the front, lights from the sides-but nothing __________ the poet, until suddenly he __________ exactly the effect that he _________ of producing ever since he had written his play. That»s |
WRITE PROVE SING LIGHT SATISFY DREAM PRODUCE |
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Text VI
A certain poet had written a play, and arrangements were being made to perform it. Of course, the poet was asked to give his advice on the scenery, the lighting, and all the other things that help to make a play successful, and he proved to be a very difficult man to please, as he had his own very definite ideas of how each scene should look.
In one of the scenes in the play, it was necessary to produce the effect of a wonderful sunset, which the young lovers watched together before sing ing one of their great love songs.
The theatre electricians worked very hard to produce this sunset effect. They tried out all kinds of arrangements and combinations of lights-red lights, orange lights, yellow lights, blue lights, lights from above, lights from behind, lights from the front, lights from the sides-but nothing satisfied the poet, until suddenly he saw exactly the effect that he had been dreaming of producing ever since he had written his play.
«That»s it!» he shouted excitedly to the electricians behind the stage. «That»s just right! Keep it exactly like that!»
«I»m sorry, sir,» answered the chief electrician, «but we can»t keep it like this.»
«Why ever not?» asked the poet angrily.
«Because the theatre is on fire, sir,» answered the chief electrician.»
That»s
what»s producing the effect you can see now!»
Раздел «Грамматика»
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Mrs.Baker»s sister __________ ill. She had someone to look after her from Monday to Friday, but not at the weekend, so every Friday evening Mrs. Baker used to go off to spend the weekend with __________ at her home in a neighbour ing town. But as Mr.Baker could not cook, she had arranged for This meant that Mr. Baker had quite a busy time when he came home from work on Friday evenings. __________ he had to drive home from the railway station. Then he had to drive his wife to the station to catch her train. And then he __________wait until his sister»s train arrived, so as to take her to his house. Of course, on Sunday evening he had to drive his sister to the station to catch her train back home, and then wait for his __________ train, so as to bring One Sunday evening he had seen his sister off on her train and __________ for his wife»s arrival when a porter, who had often seen him at the station, came over and __________ to him. «You __________ a lot of fun,» he said. «But one day one of those __________ is going to catch you with the other, and then you will be in real trouble!» |
LOOK HAVE TO WIFE WAIT SPEAK HAVE WOMAN |
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Text VII
Mrs. Baker»s sister was ill. She had someone to look after her from Monday to Friday, but not at the weekend, so every Friday evening Mrs. Baker used to go off to spend the weekend with her at her home in a neighbour ing town. But as Mr. Baker could not cook, she had arranged for
his
sister to come over and spend the weekend looking after him at their home.
This meant that Mr. Baker had quite a busy time when he came home from work on Friday evenings. First he had to drive home from the railway station. Then he had to drive his wife to the station to catch her train. And then he had to wait until his sister»s train arrived, so as to take her to his house.
Of course, on Sunday evening he had to drive his sister to the station to catch her train back home, and then wait for his wife»s train, so as to bring
her
home.
One Sunday evening he had seen his sister off on her train and was wait ing for his wife»s arrival when a porter, who had often seen him at the station, came over and spoke to him.
«You are having a lot of fun,» he said. «But one day one of those women is going to catch you with the other, and then you will be in real trouble!»
Раздел «Грамматика»
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A young man, who earned his living as a drummer in a band, __________ just __________, and he and his wife __________ for somewhere to live. They saw a lot of places, but there was always something that one of __________ did not like about them. At last, however, they found a block of new __________ which both of them really liked. However, there was still the problem of whether they should take one of the ground-floor flats, which had a small garden, or one of the upstairs ones. At last they decided on a first-floor flat-not too low down and not too high up-and moved in. After they __________furniture, carpets, curtains, and all the rest, they gave a big party to celebrate the setting up of their __________ home together. It was a gay and noisy party, as all the __________ friends from the band came and played their instruments. The guests danced, sang and practised on their host»s drums. Soon after one a.m. the telephone __________. The hostess went to answer it in the hall, and after she had finished, came back with a happy smile on her face and said to her husband, «That was the man who has just moved into the flat downstairs __________, dear. I am so glad we decided not to choose it. He says it __________ terribly noisy down there.» |
MARRY LOOK THEY FLAT HOST RING TELEPHONE |
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Text VIII
A young man, who earned his living as a drummer in a band, had just married, and he and his wife were looking for somewhere to live. They saw a lot of places, but there was always something that one of them did not like about them. At last, however, they found a block of new flats which both of them really liked. However, there was still the problem of whether they should take one of the ground-floor flats, which had a small garden, or one of the upstairs ones.
At last they decided on a first-floor flat-not too low down and not too high up-and moved in. After they had bought furniture, carpets, curtains, and all the rest, they gave a big party to celebrate the setting up of their first home together.
It was a gay and noisy party, as all the host»s friends from the band came and played their instruments. The guests danced, sang and practised on their host»s drums.
Soon after one a.m. the telephone rang. The hostess went to answer it in the hall, and after she had finished, came back with a happy smile on her face and said to her husband, «That was the man who has just moved into the flat downstairs telephoning, dear. I am so glad we decided not to choose it. He says it is terribly noisy down there.»
Раздел «Грамматика»
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Just after the __________ war, people were very willing to give money to help those who __________ from it. But not everyone who collected money was honest. The newspapers were full of stories of people who __________ by men who went from house to house saying that they __________ for soldiers who had been seriously wounded in the war, or for people who had lost their homes, or for some other noble cause, while all the time they __________ the money they collected into their own pockets instead of __________ it for the purposes they claimed to be collecting it for. One day Mr. Smith __________ back with another story of this kind. He told his wife that a group of people had collected thousands of dollars for the widow of the Unknown Soldier. Then someone __________ to the papers about it, and they had written articles to warn other people. Mr. Smith said that he and his friends at the office had had a good laugh about the story when they had read it in the newspaper. «Can you imagine anyone __________ so stupid as to believe that story and give money for the widow of the Unknown Soldier?» he asked his wife. Government |
LATE SUFFER CHEAT COLLECT COME WRITE |
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Text IX
Just after the last war, people were very willing to give money to help those who had suffered from it. But not everyone who collected money was honest. The newspapers were full of stories of people who had been cheated by men who went from house to house saying that they were collecting for soldiers who had been seriously wounded in the war, or for people who had lost their homes, or for some other noble cause, while all the time they were putting the money they collected into their own pockets instead of using it for the purposes they claimed to be collecting it for.
One day Mr. Smith came back with another story of this kind. He told his wife that a group of people had collected thousands of dollars for the widow of the Unknown Soldier. Then someone had written to the papers about it, and they had written articles to warn other people. Mr. Smith said that he and his friends at the office had had a good laugh about the story when they had read it in the newspaper.
«Can you imagine anyone being so stupid as to believe that story and give money for the widow of the Unknown Soldier?» he asked his wife.
She looked puzzled at first, but then her face brightened. «Oh, yes! I see now!» she answered. «Of course, the
government
pays the widow of the Unknown Soldier!»
Раздел «Грамматика»
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Mr. and Mrs. Davies had left _________ Christmas shopping very late. There were only a few days more before Christmas, and of course the shops and streets __________ terribly __________, but they had to get presents for their family and friends, so they started out early one morning for the big city, and spent several tiring hours __________ the things they wanted in the big shops. By lunch-time, Mr. Davies _________ down with parcels of all shapes and sizes. He could hardly see where he _________as he and his wife left the last shop on their way to the railway station and home. Outside the shop they had to cross a busy street, made even _________ than usual by the thousands of people who had come by car to do their last-minute Christmas shopping. Mr. and Mrs. Davies had to wait for the traffic lights to change, but as Mr. Davies could not see in front of __________ properly, he gradually moved forward into the road without __________ it. Mrs. Davies saw this and became worried. Several times she urged her husband to come back off the road, but without success. He could not hear her because of the noise of the traffic. Finally she shouted in a voice that could __________clearly above all the noise, «Henry! If you intend to stand in that dangerous position a moment __________, give |
THEY CROWD LOAD BUSY REALIZE HEAR LONG |
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Text X
Mr. and Mrs. Davies had left their Christmas shopping very late. There were only a few days more before Christmas, and of course the shops and streets were terribly crowded, but they had to get presents for their family and friends, so they started out early one morning for the big city, and spent several tiring hours buying the things they wanted in the big shops.
By lunch-time, Mr. Davies was loaded down with parcels of all shapes and sizes. He could hardly see where he was going as he and his wife left the last shop on their way to the railway station and home. Outside the shop they had to cross a busy street, made even busier than usual by the thousands of people who had come by car to do their last-minute Christmas shopping.
Mr. and Mrs. Davies had to wait for the traffic lights to change, but as Mr. Davies could not see in front of him properly, he gradually moved forward into the road without realizing it. Mrs. Davies saw this and became worried. Several times she urged her husband to come back off the road, but without success. He could not hear her because of the noise of the traffic.
Finally she shouted in a voice that could be heard clearly above all the noise, «Henry! If you intend to stand in that dangerous position a moment longer, give
me
the parcels!»
Давно уже ничего не писала на блог! Вернее у себя то я пишу, причем несколько статей уже в процессе, но никак не могу их полностью закончить. Всё таки не хватает мне 24 часа в сутки!!! Ну никак!
Небольшие новости или почему так долго не писала?
Вообще, не думала, что в декретном отпуске буду так много работать. В смысле репетиторствовать. Думала, буду как все! Сидеть в декрете, гулять с малышкой, заниматься бытом, ну и парочку занятий в неделю, чтобы уж совсем не забыть свои навыки. Какой там!
Моя малышка растёт, а она чем больше становится, тем больше внимания требует. Только и успеваю смотреть, как куда-нибудь не заползла или не упала. Все мои ящички уже начала открывать. Пора обезопаситься!
Пора закрывать все мои ящики!!! Алиске всё интересно!
Ну и занятий у меня столько, что можно и не работать на основной работе! Сразу предвещаю вопросы, кто сидит с моей Алиской пока у меня занятия? Конечно же моя мама!
В соседней комнате они играют или спят, пока её мамочка трудится. Я частенько выхожу из комнаты, чтобы удостовериться всё ли в порядке, ничего не нужно ли. Вообщем, пока всех устраивает такое положение.
Перейдём к главному или почему так много внимания к разделу «Лексика и грамматика»?
Когда к вам приходит ученик, которому нужно сдавать ЕГЭ, мы всегда прощупываем почву. Сейчас речь будет идти именно о грамматическом разделе. Ко мне приходят совершенно разные ученики и, соответственно, у всех разный уровень подготовленности.
С Эльвирой на занятии. Штудируем отдельно раздел Лексика и грамматика
Кто-то из учеников говорит, что он хорошо владеет темами и его просто надо натаскать, кто-то признается, что лучше пройти весь курс сначала. Так вот именно последние ученики нас больше всего интересуют!
Скачайте тот файл с грамматическими темами и рассчитайте примерно, сколько часов или занятий у вас уйдёт на этот экспресс грамматический курс. У меня обычно выходит не больше полугода при регулярных занятий один раз в неделю по 1,5 часа. Чаще занимается ученик — значит быстрее пройдёте.
Оформляем темы в тетрадки!
И вот так, потихонечку, мы берем тему за темой (необязательно строго по списку, иногда меняем местами темы), я пишу в тетрадке обычно своей рукой, часто использую два цвета ручек (красный и синий), цветные маркеры.
Часто копирую материал из New Round-Up, особенно когда много писать некогда или когда хочется, чтобы материал был компактно умещён в тетрадке (обычно это таблицы).
Мой быстрый канцелярский набор для оформления тем в ученических тетрадках
Поэтому в моём арсенале всегда есть клей-карандаш, ножницы. Я быстренько через принтер вывожу материал, вырезаю, а ученики мне помогают приклеить материал в их тетради.
Особенно их забавляет клеить цветными клеями (синий, розовый, зеленый). Они делают это с удовольствием и немного разряжают атмосферу разговорами пока клеют.
Когда материал у них в тетрадях, мы его тщательно разбираем, где-то подписываем перевод, где то уточнения. И потом начинаем уже делать упражнения. Кто читает мой блог регулярно, тот уже в курсе, какие обычно книги и ресурсы я использую.
Часто беру упражнения и этих книг. Несмотря на то, что написано 7-8 класс, задания там есть нелегкие
В течение работы я использовала так много пособий, перебрала всевозможные грамматические упражнения, но, к сожалению, меня не устраивает ни одна книга целиком. Что-то возьму из одной книги, что-то из другой.
Люблю всё то, что делает Музланова. Слева — одно из новых её пособий, включая, кстати, раздел по устной части!
Иногда хочется побольше упражнений на сравнение конструкции to be going to и Future Simple, но часто представлены только на Future Simple, Future Continuous или Present Simple и Future Simple.
Пару слов о моём грамматическом сборнике упражнений!
Вообщем, как я и планировала, легче составить свой сборник и написать только те упражнения, которые я из года в год использую и люблю давать своим ученикам.
Этот процесс уже начался и скоро вы увидете первую часть моего сборника. В первой части будут темы Present Simple, Present Continuous и они же в сравнении (около 65 упражнений получилось). Сборник составлен, сейчас он проходит корректировку.
В будущем хочу собрать все темы, вернее упражнения, чтобы потом просто распечатать как книгу и не копировать по сотни раз одно и то же. Думаю, сделаю вам подарок к Новому Году. По крайней мере постараюсь очень!
P.S. Как и обещала, сборник готов! И вы его можете скачать, прочитав и найти в !
Задания B4-B10 (памятка ученикам)
Какие могут быть советы по данным заданиям? Что обычно я говорю своим ученикам и даю им в качестве памятки.
- Прежде чем выполнять задания B4-B10, заполняя пропуски, нужно прочитать обязательно весь рассказ или текст целиком, чтобы понять содержание.
- Подсказка на выбор правильной грамматической формы слова необязательно находится в самом предложении, а может быть, например, в предыдущем предложении.
- Если требуется поставить глагол в нужную форму, прежде всего, определи, в каком залоге (активном или пассивном) стоит сказуемое. (этот момент очень важен, так как дети часто не видят этого, поэтому я постоянно акцентирую на это внимание!)
- При определении временной формы глагола обрати внимание на ключевые слова (или как я их называю «слова-подсказки»). Поищи в предложении те слова, которые помогут определить нужное время. Если их нет, то прочитай предыдущее предложение и посмотри, в каком времени стоит глагол. Обычно в тексте все предложения взаимосвязаны.
- Часто в задании требуется образовать от глагола причастие (третья форма глагола) или герундий (к глаголу прибавляется окончание -ing). Определи, какое это причастие — активное (герундий) или пассивное (третья форма глагола).
- Если в задании стоит числительное, например, two, то скорее всего, требуется образовать порядковое числительное например, second. Вспомни правила их написания!
- Если необходимо преобразовать местоимение, определи, какая форма требуется, например стоит местоимение We. Подумай, что здесь может быть: our (за ним сразу стоит существительное), us, ourselves или ours (без существительного). Если речь идёт об указательном местоимении, то посмотри какое может быть число ед. или мн.
- Если нужно преобразовать существительное, то здесь нужно вспомнить правила образования множественного числа существительных. Часто бывают именно исключения. Повтори их!
- Если нужно преобразовать прилагательное, то здесь речь идёт о степенях сравнения. Это либо сравнительная, либо превосходная. Вспомни правила образования степеней сравнения прилагательных!
Вот такие советы я обычно даю своим детишкам. Именно задания данного типа я довожу до автоматизма и ученики с лёгкостью их выполняют. Рекомендуемое время на этот тип заданий — 10 минут. Но натасканные ученики справляются и за 5 минут!
Тренируем грамматический раздел по этим книгам
Задания B11-B16 (Словообразование)
Задания А22-А28 (Повышенный уровень)
Это задания повышенного уровня и направлены на распознавание и употребление изученных лексических единиц с акцентом на их лексическую сочетаемость. Составлены они в виде теста с множественным выбором.
Многим ученикам кажется такой тип заданий неисполнимым. В основном, что не знают, делают наугад, авось попадут.
Конечно, тут нужно иметь богатый словарный запас, ведь именно здесь проверяются фразовые глаголы, предлоги, устойчивые словосочетания, а также слова, близкие по форме или по значению, которые легко спутать (например, make и do).
Очень хорошее пособие! Отлично тренирует по фразовым глаголам, словам похожими по форме или значению, предлогам и т.д
Л. И. Романова — Английский язык. Лексика в тестах — купить в интернет-магазине Лабиринт
- Прочитай полностью текст, не обращая внимание на пропуски, чтобы понять его основное содержание, и подумай, какое слово могло бы подойти. Даже если ты не сможешь вспомнить подходящее слово, оно начнёт «вертеться у тебя на языке», и ты сразу узнаешь его, когда почитаешь предполагаемые ответы.
- При выборе ответа обрат внимание на слова, прилегающие к пропуску, так как очень часто именно они определяют правильный ответ. Часто выбор правильного ответа может зависеть от предлога, который стоит сразу после пропуска.
- Если ты не знаешь, какой ответ выбрать, попробуй сначала исключить варианты, которые точно не подходят.
- Если уж ты всё-таки не можешь определить правильный ответ, положись на свою интуицию и попытайся отгадать, но ни в коем случае не оставляй пустую клетку в бланке.
Напоследок
Почему такое пристальное внимание я уделяю этому разделу?
А все потому, что очень многое в данном разделе зависит от ученика. Если разделы Аудирование или Чтение непредсказуемые, то есть мы заранее не можем знать, какой текст попадётся или какое произношение будет у говорящего, то от раздела Лексика и Грамматика мы ожидаем то, что учили всё это время.
И тут нужно постараться сделать всё возможное, зависящее от нас. Ведь грамматика не бесконечна, её можно изучить и очень даже хорошо преуспеть в ней. Единственное, что может нас страшить, так это лексика. Вот с ней работать и работать!!!
P. S.
Увеличить словарный запас и потренировать грамматику можно также не только по учебникам и пособиям. Всегда интересно делать это интерактивно. А уж ученики просто обожают делать задания на компьютере!
Сама я активно использую в своей работе как в школе, так и на индивидуальных занятиях. Более подробно об этих курсах, я писала в своих обзорах и .
Не упустите такую возможность-приобрести два диска по цене одного! Акция действительна до 7 декабря!!!
Заканчиваю писать, надеюсь я с вами ещё встречусь до Нового Года, сильно пропадать не буду. Также заглядывайте в мою
Статья опубликована при поддержке Компании «KIWI-ZONE». Компания KIWI-ZONE осуществляет поддержку и посредничество российским гражданам в вопросах связанных с бизнесом, покупкой недвижимости и туризмом в Новой Зеландии. А языковые школы Новой Зеландия прекрасно подойдут для людей желающих быстро освоить английский язык. Посетите официальный сайт Компании www.new-zeland.org и ознакомьтесь подробнее с предоставляемыми ею услугами.
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Раздел ЕГЭ “Лексика и грамматика”
Система проверяемых знаний, навыков и умений. Типы тестовых заданий в ЕГЭ. Система упражнений для развития лексических и грамматических навыков.
Третий раздел письменной части ЕГЭ по английскому языку «Лексика и грамматика» оценивает сформированность достаточно широкого спектра лексико-грамматических навыков на основе употребления лексических и грамматических единиц в коммуникативно-ориентированных контекстах. Раздел состоит из трёх заданий, в объектах контроля и особенностях технологии выполнения которых нам предстоит разобраться в данной лекции. Прежде всего, обратим внимание на то, что все три задания строятся на основе связных текстов, с прочтения которых (после внимательного изучения инструкции) должна начинаться работа над каждым из субтестов. В отличие от заданий предыдущего раздела ЕГЭ чтение здесь является не целью, а средством проверки и необходимо для предварительной ориентации в тексте перед дальнейшей работой над его языковой стороной.
Задание № 1 раздела
«Грамматика и лексика» ЕГЭ
Проверяет умение использовать в соответствии с контекстом грамматические формы существительных, глаголов, прилагательных, наречий, местоимений, числительных. Тип задания — краткий ответ, для получения которого необходимо заполнить пропуски в тексте грамматически согласующимися с контекстом формами слов, представленных на полях справа от текста.
Приведём пример из демоверсии ЕГЭ 2007 г.
Albert Schweitzer,
a Nobel Peace Prize Winner
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Albert Schweitzer is known throughout the world for his missionary work in Africa. He was born on January 14, 1875 in Alsace, which was part of Germany and __________Part of France after World War I. |
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He was a talented person. By the age of thirty, he __________________ as an author, a lecturer, and a musician. |
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It was at this time that he learned of the great need of medical doctors in Africa. He decided to become a doctor of medicine. In 1913, Doctor Schweitzer and his wife __________for Africa. |
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The morning after the Schweitzers arrived, they started to treat their patients in an old farmhouse. However, a new hospital building __________________ with the help and the trust of the African people. |
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Their work was interrupted by World War I. Only in 1924, Dr. Schweitzer was finally able to return to Lambarene to rebuild |
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In 1953 Dr. Schweitzer _________________ the Nobel Peace Prize. |
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He was grateful, but said, “No man has the right to pretend that he __________ enough |
WORK |
Из приведённого примера видно, что в данном задании учащиеся должны проявить навыки образования и употребления сравнительной степени прилагательных, пассивной формы глагола в Past Indefinite, глагола в активном залоге в Past Indefinite и Present Perfect. Однако в разных вариантах экзамена спектр объектов контроля может быть значительно шире. В спецификации ЕГЭ по иностранному языку в качестве объектов контроля в данном задании указаны следующие элементы содержания: 5.2.1., 5.2.2., 5.2.3., 5.2.4., 5.2.6. (см. Кодификатор элементов содержания ЕГЭ по английскому языку, лекция №1).
Данный тип тестового задания диктует следующий алгоритм его выполнения: после ознакомительного чтения целого текста для понимания его темы и логики развития повествования учащиеся приступают к внимательному прочтению последовательно каждого предложения и определению требуемого контекстом грамматического значения пропущенного слова. Далее необходимо образовать форму слова, передающую это значение, и вписать её в текст. Для проверки выполненного задания после заполнения пропусков следует ещё раз прочитать весь текст, чтобы убедиться, что смысл всех предложений восстановлен правильно и не нарушена логика текста.
Перед непосредственным выполнением тестового задания учащимся будет полезно проделать ряд подготовительных упражнений для усвоения на практике алгоритма его выполнения. Приведем примеры подобных упражнений из «Сборника тестов для подготовки к ЕГЭ» (изд-во Oxford: Macmillan Education).
TEST 1
Задание из теста:
Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика
Задание 1
Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски в предложениях под номерами
В4 — В11 соответствующими формами слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами справа от каждого предложения.
The Platypus
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In the rivers of south-eastern Australia, you can find an animal called a ‘platypus’. The platypus is one of the __________ animals in the world. |
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It __________ only in Australia and belongs to a group of animals called ‘monotremes’. |
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When Europeans first saw an example of the animal in the 1700s, they __________ it was a joke. |
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They __________ anything like it before and they refused to believe that it was a real animal. |
NEVER SEE |
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A __________ example arrived from Australia, and then more, and the scientists realised that this unusual creature was real. |
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Today, the platypus __________ in the waters around south-east Australia. |
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It is not very rare, but some people worry that water pollution could be a problem as the water around Sydney gets __________. |
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We still __________ much about this mysterious animal and we have a lot to learn. |
[Key:
B4. strangest, B5. exists, B6. thought, B7. had never seen, B8. second, B9. lives, B10. dirtier, B11. do not know / don’t know]
Подготовительные упражнения:
1. Quickly read the text and answer the questions.
Как уже было отмечено выше, тестовые задания № 1 в рассматриваемом разделе ЕГЭ оценивают умение использовать грамматические формы в цельном связном тексте, без понимания содержания которого невозможно определить значения отдельных его частей. Данное упражнение настраивает учащихся на прочтение целого текста перед тем, как приступать к работе над отдельными предложениями.
1. In which country can you find the platypus?
________________
2. Does the platypus live in other countries?
________________
3. When did Europeans first see the platypus?
________________
4. Is the platypus a rare animal?
________________
5. Do we know a lot about the platypus?
________________
2. Complete the table.
Может показаться, что данное упражнение не вызовет затруднений даже у самых слабых учащихся старших классов. Без сомнения, порядковые числительные в пределах первого десятка знают все. Однако обратим внимание на то, что упражнение призывает учащихся обратить внимание на орфографию слова. В разделе «Грамматика и лексика» неправильное написание слова (например, forth вместо fourth или nineth вместо ninth) ведёт за собой потерю балла за тестовый вопрос.
TEST 5
Задание из теста:
Задание 1
Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски в предложениях под номерами В4 — В11 соответствующими формами слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами справа от каждого предложения.
The Automobile
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Cars are a common sight on roads today, but that wasn’t always true. Back in the days before the car ___________________, the only personal means of transport were the horse and the bicycle. |
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The first cars ____ their power from steam and gas, and had a maximum speed of around nine miles an hour. |
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In Britain, there was a law ________cars from going over 2 miles an hour in towns. |
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At the end of the nineteenth century, cars started to use petrol and became much ________________ than they had been. |
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Very few people at that time said that cars ______________ the world in the future. |
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That is exactly what has happened, though, and since then we ________close to 18 million miles of roads on the Earth. |
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Perhaps the _________________ sign of the success of the car is the fact that there are over 800 million of them in the world. |
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However, having more cars on the road ________________ more pollution, and that’s a major worry for many people. |
[Key:
B4. was invented, B5. got, B6. stopping, B7. faster, B8. would change, B9. have built, B10. biggest, B11. means]
Подготовительные упражнения:
1. Read the text. For each gap in the text
B4 — B11
, decide whether the following statements are true or false.
Упражнение способствует тому, чтобы в данном типе задания перед заполнением пропусков в тексте учащиеся привыкали внимательно прочитывать предложение с пропуском, понимать его смысл и определять, какое грамматическое значение должно быть передано пропущенной единицей контекста.
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1 (B4) |
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2 (B5) |
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3 (B6) |
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4 (B7) |
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5 (B8) |
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6 (B9) |
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7 (B10) |
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8 (B11) |
[Key:
1. T; 2. F; 3. F; 4. T; 5. T; 6. F; 7. F; 8. F]
2. Choose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence. Use the words in bold to help you.
Данное упражнение привлекает внимание учащихся к грамматическим формам и лексическим единицам контекста, которые служат сигналами, помогающими восстановить смысл предложения и правильно определить грамматическое значение пропущенного слова.
1. Since
the start of the 20th century, cars ______very popular.
A. became; B. have become; C. were becoming
2. Cars now are much ________________than
they used to be.
A. quick; B. quicker; C. quickest
3. In 1900, Mr. Daimler said
that in the future
everyone __________________a car.
A. drove; B. will drive; C. would drive
4. Driving
fast near schools ______________more chance of an accident.
A. mean; B. means; C. is meaning
[Key:
1. B; 2. B; 3. C; 4. B]
Задание № 2 раздела
«Грамматика и лексика» ЕГЭ
По своему дизайну первое и второе задание в рассматриваемом разделе экзамена одинаковы. Однако в задании №2 объектом контроля является умение использовать не формообразующие, а словообразовательные аффиксы английского языка (см. элемент содержания 5.3.1. кодификатора). Тип задания — краткий ответ, для получения которого необходимо заполнить пропуски в тексте лексически и грамматически согласующимися с контекстом словами, преобразуя с помощью словообразовательных элементов слова, представленные на полях справа от пропусков. После выполнения данного задания необходимо внести слова, вписанные в пропуски в тексте, в бланки ответов строго под соответствующими номерами (то же самое необходимо сделать по выполнении первого задания).
Tourism in Britain
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Every year more than eleven million tourists visit Britain. In fact, tourism is an __________________ industry, employing thousands of people. |
IMPORTANCE |
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Most ________________ come in the summer months when they can expect good weather. |
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Tourists __________________ spend a few days in London, then go on to other well-known cities. |
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Perhaps the least visited places in England are old ______________________ towns. |
INDUSTRY |
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But many people think that nineteenth-century cities show the _________________of Britain. |
Приведённый пример (демонстрационный вариант 2007 г.) показывает, что в данном задании учащиеся должны образовать слово, а не форму слова (как это требуется в первой части раздела «Грамматика и лексика»): importance — important, usual — usually, industry — industrial и т.д. Как правило, здесь учащиеся оперируют только словообразовательными аффиксами, однако следует обратить внимание на то, что в некоторых (редких) случаях контекст может требовать использования и соответствующих формообразующих аффиксов: visit — visitors.
Данному типу тестового задания соответствует следующий алгоритм его выполнения:
1. Ознакомительное чтение целого текста для понимания его основного содержания (как и в первом задании, чтение выступает здесь как средство для дальнейшего восстановления пропущенных единиц).
2. Внимательное прочтение каждого предложения, восстановление по его смыслу значения пропущенной единицы, определение грамматической категории, к которой она принадлежит (какая часть речи пропущена?).
3. Использование соответствующего аффикса (или аффиксов) для образования нужной лексической единицы.
4. Прочтение текста после заполнения всех пропусков для проверки правильности его восстановления.
Знание словообразовательных аффиксов английского языка и навык их использования необходимы как в рецептивных, так и в продуктивных видах речевой деятельности. Развитию этой части лингвистического компонента коммуникативной компетенции учащихся следует уделять должное внимание на старшем этапе обучения в средней школе.
«Сборник тестов для подготовки к ЕГЭ» (изд-во Oxford: Macmillan Education) в каждом из включённых в его состав 20 тестов содержит задания, аналогичные приведённому нами примеру из демонстрационного варианта ЕГЭ 2007 г. Эти задания (а также сопровождающие их подготовительные упражнения) помогают учащимся вспомнить широкий спектр словообразовательных аффиксов, потренироваться в их использовании в коммуникативно-ориентированных контекстах, а также на практике освоить алгоритм выполнения задания в формате ЕГЭ.
Приведём пример одного из подобных заданий и подготовительных упражнений из упомянутого сборника.
TEST 2
Задание из теста:
Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика
Задание 2
Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами после номеров
B12 — B18 так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы
B12 — B18.
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Before the ____________ of the hot air balloon, no human had ever successfully flown above the ground. |
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Two ____________ brothers, Josef and Etienne Montgolfier, were responsible for designing the world’s first hot air balloon. |
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The first successful ____________ was in 1783, and the Montgolfier brothers immediately |
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became ______________ throughout the world. |
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The design of hot air balloons is based on the _____________ law that hot air rises. A burner at the bottom of the balloon provides the |
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As the air inside the balloon gets hotter, the balloon takes off. Its height above the ground is determined by how |
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hot the air inside is and its |
Подготовительные упражнения:
Read the text with questions
B12 — B18
in Section 3. Grammar and vocabulary. For each gap, decide what kind of word (noun, adjective, etc.) fills each gap.
B12 _____________
B13 _____________
B14 _____________
B15 _____________
B16 _____________
B17 _____________
B18 _____________
[Key:
B12. noun; B13. adjective; B14. noun; B15. adjective; B16. adjective; B17. noun; B18. noun]
Complete the table:
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inventor |
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fly |
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director |
Задание № 3 раздела
«Грамматика и лексика» ЕГЭ
Объектом контроля в данном задании служат лексико-грамматические навыки. Тип задания — выбор ответа из четырёх предложенных. В задании требуется заполнить пропуски в тексте лексическими единицами, соответствующими контексту. После выполнения задания необходимо отметить выбранный вариант в части А бланка ответов (верхняя часть бланка) под соответствующим номером.
“It’s Only Me”
After her husband had gone to work, Mrs. Richards sent her children to school and went upstairs to her bedroom. She was too excited to do any housework A22
____________ that morning, because in the evening she would be going to a fancy dress party with her husband. She intended to dress up as a ghost and she had made her costume the night before.
Now she was A23
______________ to try it on. Though the costume consisted only of a sheet, it was very effective. Mrs. Richards put it A24
_________, looked in the mirror, smiled and went downstairs. She wanted to find out whether it would be
A25
___________ to wear.
Just as Mrs. Richards was entering the dining-room, there was a A26
____________________ on the front door. She knew that it must be the baker. She had told him to come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on the kitchen table. Not wanting to A27
______________________ the poor man,
Mrs. Richards quickly hid in the small store-room under the stairs. She heard the front door open and heavy footsteps in the hall. Suddenly the door of the store-room was opened and a man entered. Mrs. Richards realized that it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come to read the meter. She tried to A28
_________________________ the situation, saying “It’s only me”, but it was too late. The man let out a cry and jumped back several paces. When Mrs. Richards walked towards him, he ran away, slamming the door behind him.
A22
1) show; 2) performance; 3) party; 4) programme
A23
1) nervous; 2) restless; 3) ill at ease; 4) impatient
A24
1) up; 2) on; 3) over; 4) down
A25
1) attractive; 2) exciting; 3) comfortable; 4) cozy
A26
1) knock; 2) kick; 3) hit; 4) crash
A27
1) fear; 2) worry; 3) disturb; 4) frighten
A28
1) describe; 2) explain; 3) interpret; 4) clear
Из приведённого примера (демоверсия ЕГЭ 2007 г.) видно, что в данном задании оценивается знание и умение пользоваться лексико-грамматической сочетаемостью лексических единиц в контексте. Для успешного выполнения задания необходимо различать нюансы близких по значению лексических единиц и понимать, какое из этих значений востребовано контекстом. Кроме того, важно учитывать, с какими структурными языковыми единицами может сочетаться слово в контексте (предлогами, инфинитивом, герундием и т.д.)
Система тестовых заданий и подготовительных упражнений для совершенствования упомянутых лексико-грамматических навыков и умений, а также для знакомства с алгоритмом выполнения тестового задания представлена в упомянутом нами сборнике тестов для подготовки к ЕГЭ.
Приведём пример одного из заданий и упражнений к нему.
TEST 4
Задание из теста:
Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика
Задание 3
Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами
А21 — А28. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям
А21 — А28, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа.
How was Jackson going to A21
______________ rid of Simon? That was the question that had kept him awake for the previous three nights, and which he pondered as he now walked home from work. It had all started so innocently, as a favour to a friend.
‘Could you put me A22
_______________, Jackson?’ Simon had asked. ‘Just for a couple of nights.’ Jackson of course had said yes, thinking that it would be just for two nights. How wrong he had been.
Now, more than four months on, Simon was still in the flat and there seemed little evidence to suggest he was A23
______________ to leave. The evidence, in fact, pointed to quite the opposite conclusion. Simon seemed to have A24
________________ in so comfortably, Jackson wondered sometimes if it was actually Simon’s flat, and he, Jackson, was the one staying there as the guest.
Jackson knew he should A25 _
_____________ his feelings clear to Simon — that he valued his own privacy, that he didn’t want to live with someone else on a permanent basis, that he felt Simon was abusing his hospitality — but the truth was he was scared. Not scared of how Simon would react physically, but scared that Simon would take offence, and would A26
___________________ him of being selfish and not caring about a friend who was in trouble. And Simon was in trouble. With no job, no money and nowhere else to stay, where would Simon go if Jackson A27
________________ him out? ‘Maybe I am being selfish,’ Jackson thought, ‘but the situation just can’t go on like this.’
He made the decision to bring the subject up sometime that evening. ‘I won’t ask him to leave immediately,’ he reasoned. ‘That would be unfair, and would put him in a difficult A28
___________.
But I’ll explain that the whole arrangement was meant to be temporary, has gone on for a very
long time now, and that, while it’s been nice
having Simon as a flatmate it just can’t go on indefinitely.’
For the rest of the walk home, he rehearsed exactly what he was going to say.
A21
1) have; 2) get; 3) take; 4) set
A22
1) in; 2) out; 3) over; 4) up
A23
1) intending; 2) assuming; 3) devising;
4) conceiving
A24
1) settled; 2) established; 3) launched; 4) relaxed
A25
1) convey; 2) express; 3) make; 4) tell
A26
1) charge; 2) condemn; 3) blame; 4) accuse
A27
1) let; 2) sent; 3) threw; 4) did
A28
1) location; 2) position; 3) point; 4) site
[Key:
A21. 2; A22. 4; A23.1; A24. 1; A25. 3; A26.4; A27. 3; A28.2]
Подготовительные упражнения:
1. Read the text with gaps
A21 — A28 in Section 3. Grammar and vocabulary and answer the questions.
В рассматриваемом тестовом задании особенно важно внимательно прочесть текст и понять смысл контекста для точного определения значений пропущенных слов. Данное упражнение формирует необходимое для выполнения задания умение прогнозировать содержание пропущенной части по окружающему контексту.
1. How was Jackson going to A21
____________ rid of Simon?
Jackson wants Simon to:
a. leave.
b. stay.
2. ‘Could you put me A22
_______________, Jackson?’
Simon is asking Jackson for:
a. financial help.
b. somewhere to stay.
3 …there seemed little evidence to suggest he was A23
_______________ to leave.
The word that fits in the gap probably means:
a. creating.
b. planning.
4 Simon seemed to have A24
________________in so comfortably…
This suggests that Simon was treating the flat as if:
a. it was his home.
b. he was a temporary guest.
5 Jackson knew he should A25
_______________his feelings clear to Simon…
Jackson knew he should:
a. tell Simon exactly how he felt.
b. change how he felt about Simon.
[Key:
1. a; 2. b; 3. b; 4. a; 5. a]
2. Circle the correct word to complete the patterns.
Знание и навык использования фразовых глаголов — один из объектов контроля в тестовом задании № 3 раздела «Грамматика и лексика» ЕГЭ. Именно этот навык необходим для правильного выбора ответа на тестовый вопрос А26 приведённого нами тестового задания из сборника тестов. В подготовительном упражнении внимание учащихся привлекается к тому, что выбор ответа зависит от содержащегося в контексте послелога.
1. charge someone with/for
(doing) something
2. condemn someone with/for
(doing) something
3. blame someone with/for
(doing) something
4. accuse someone for/of
(doing) something
[Key:
1. with; 2. for; 3. for; 4. of]
Контрольные вопросы:
1. Из каких заданий состоит раздел ЕГЭ «Грамматика и лексика»?
2. Какие навыки и умения являются объектами контроля в данных заданиях?
3. Каков алгоритм выполнения заданий в разделе?
4. Почему важно начинать каждое из заданий с прочтения текста, предъявляемого в задании?
5. Что необходимо знать и уметь для заполнения пропусков в текстах в первом задании, во втором задании, в третьем задании?
Экзамен ЕГЭ проверяет:
- грамматические навыки базового уровня;
- навыки словообразования;
- лексический запас.
Как подготовиться к лексико-грамматической части ЕГЭ?
- решить как можно больше упражнений по грамматике
; - вспомнить
или освоить навык
словообразования; - пройти тестовые варианты ЕГЭ
и понять, где именно встречаются ошибки, над которыми нужно работать.
Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.
Для того чтобы понять, в какой форме необходимо использовать глагол be
, нужно посмотреть на предложение с пропуском. Так, это предложение написано в прошедшем времени (phoned
). Соответственно, нам нужно поставить глагол be в Past
Simple
в отрицании. Для местоимения she
эта форма — wasn’
t
.
Глагол build
(«строить
») — неправильный. Его вторая и третья формы — built, built. В данном предложении важно понять, стена ли кого-то строила или ее строили. Логично, что строили стену. Это значит, что здесь необходимо употребить пассивный залог во времени Past
Simple
. Таким образом, правильным ответом будет was
built
, так как пассивный залог (Passive
Voice
) — это глагол be
в нужной форме (в зависимости от времени) и третья форма смыслового глагола (Participle
II/
V 3
).
Глагол become
(«становиться
») — неправильный. Его вторая и третья формы — became, become. Для того чтобы понять, какую форму этого глагола необходимо использовать в данном предложении, нужно выяснить, нет ли в предложении «сигнальных» слов. Такое слово есть — since
, и оно указывает на Present
Perfect
. Правильным ответом будет форма has become
.
Слово nature
(«природа
») является существительным
. После пропуска также стоит существительное — beauty
(«красота
»), то есть на месте пропуска должно стоять некое определение. Роль определения в предложении обычно играет прилагательное, и от слова nature
прилагательным
будет natural
.
|
Most of the land in National Parks is privately owned, but administered by an independent National Park Authority which works to balance the expectations of __________ with the need to conserve these open spaces for future generations. |
visit |
Слово visit
(«посещать
») — это глагол
. Посмотрев на слова перед пропуском — the
expectations
of
(«ожидания кого-то/чего-то
») — можно понять, что нам необходимо существительное — «ожидания посетителей
» (visitors
). На то, что существительное
должно стоять во множественном числе
, указывает отсутствие неопределенного артикля перед пропуском.
В данном предложении пропущено подлежащее, то есть из существительного science
(«наука
») необходимо образовать другое существительное, способное исполнить роль этого подлежащего. Более того, новое существительное должно стоять во множественном числе
, так как в сказуемое входит глагол be в форме множественного числа — are
. Новым существительным
будет слово scientists
— «ученые
».
- строго следуйте инструкции
и внимательно читайте задание
; - прежде чем заполнить пропуск, внимательно прочитайте предложение и найдите «сигнальные» слова
, которые подскажут вам, в какое время необходимо поставить глагол или какая часть речи требуется; - не оставляйте пропуски незаполненными
, даже если вы не знаете правильный ответ; - пишите четко
и аккуратно
.
Список литературы
- Афанасьева О.В., Дули Д., Михеева И.В. Английский язык (базовый уровень). — Просвещение, 2012.
- Биболетова М.З., Бабушис Е.Е., Снежко Н.Д. Английский язык (базовый уровень). — Титул, 2009.
- Кауфман К.И., Кауфман М.Ю. Английский язык (базовый уровень). — Титул, 2010.
- Музланова Е.С. 120 учебно-тренировочных заданий для подготовки к ЕГЭ. — АСТ, 2010.
- Correctenglish.ru ().
- Interactive-english.ru ().
- Begin-english.ru ().
Домашнее
задание
- Test 1 Елена Музланова, Елена Кисунько Английский язык: Экспресс-репетитор для подготовки к ЕГЭ: «Грамматика и лексика». — Астрель, 2010. — С. 6.
- Test 6 Елена Музланова, Елена Кисунько Английский язык: Экспресс-репетитор для подготовки к ЕГЭ: «Грамматика и лексика». — Астрель, 2010. — С. 9.
- Test 3 Елена Музланова, Елена Кисунько Английский язык: Экспресс-репетитор для подготовки к ЕГЭ: «Грамматика и лексика». — Астрель, 2010. — С. 28.
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Оставьте свой комментарий
1) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Albert Schweitzer, a Nobel Peace Prize Winner
Albert Schweitzer is known throughout the world for his missionary work in Africa. He was born on January 14, 1875 in Alsace, which was part of Germany and ___ (LATE) Part of France after World War I.
2) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
He was a talented person. By the age of thirty, he ___ (KNOW) as an author, a lecturer, and a musician.
3) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
It was at this time that he learned of the great need of medical doctors in Africa. He decided to become a doctor of medicine. In 1913, Doctor Schweitzer and his wife ___ (LEAVE) for Africa.
4) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
The morning after the Schweitzers arrived, they started to treat their patients in an old farmhouse. However, a new hospital building ___ (BUILD) with the help and the trust of the African people.
5) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Their work was interrupted by World War I. Only in 1924, Dr. Schweitzer was finally able to return to Lambarene to rebuild the hospital. When Mrs. Schweitzer came back to Africa in 1929, the hospital was much ___ (LARGE).
6) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
There was a growing staff of doctors and nurses. In 1953 Dr. Schweitzer ___ (GIVE) the Nobel Peace Prize.
7) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
He was grateful, but said, ‘No man has the right to pretend that he ___ (WORK) enough for the cause of peace or declare himself satisfied.’
Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Tourism in Britain
Every year more than eleven million tourists visit Britain. Most ___ (VISIT) come in the summer months when they can expect good weather.
9) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Tourists ___ (USUAL) spend a few days in London, then go on to other well-known cities.
10) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
Perhaps the least visited places in England are old ___ (INDUSTRY) towns.
11) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
But many people think that nineteenth-century cities show the ___ (REAL) of Britain.
12) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
The ___ (GREAT) of the past is to be still seen in their old streets.
13) Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.
The cheap, concrete buildings of the 1960s look old and dirty, but for the ___ (ADVENTURE) tourists these cities are full of life and colour.
14) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Looking for a job
My new home was a long way from the center of London but it was becoming essential to find a job, so ___ I spent a whole morning getting to town and applying to London Transport for a job on the tube.
1) finally
2) at the end
3) lastly
4) in conclusion
15) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
It turned out that they were looking for guards, not drivers. This ___ me. I couldn’t drive a car but I could probably guard a train and perhaps continue to write poems between stations.
1) comforted
2) matched
3) fitted
4) suited
16) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
The next day I sat down, with almost a hundred other ___, for the intelligence test. Then I was sent into another room for a psychological test. The examiner sat at a desk.
1) contestants
2) participants
3) candidates
4) nominees
17) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
You were signaled forward to occupy the seat opposite him when the previous occupant had been ___.
1) declined
2) dismissed
3) accepted
4) abandoned
18) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Sometimes the person was rejected quickly and sometimes after quite a while. Obviously the longer interviews were the most successful ones. Mine was the only one that lasted a minute and a half. I can remember the questions now: ‘Why did you leave your last job? And the one before?’ I can’t ___ my answers, except they were short at first and grew shorter as we continued. His closing statement showed a lack of sensitivity, which helped to explain why as a psychologist he had risen no higher than the underground railway.
1) recall
2) memorize
3) forget
4) remind
19) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
‘You have failed this test and we are unable to ___ you a position.’ Failing to get that job was my low point. Or so I thought, believing that the work was easy.
1) suggest
2) offer
3) recommend
4) propose
20) Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Actually, such a job ___ exactly the sort of elementary responsibility a dreamer like me is unlikely to have. But, I was still far short of self-understanding as well as short of cash.
1) expects
2) orders
3) asks
4) demands
- Подробности
-
6695
 |
||
| Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски в предложениях под номерами В4-В11 соответствующими формами слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами справа от каждого предложения. TEST 01 (part 1) |
Albert Schweitzer, a Nobel Peace Prize Winner
|
B4 |
Albert Schweitzer is known throughout the world for his missionary work in Africa. He was born on January 14, 1875 in Alsace, which was part of Germany and later Part of France after World War I. (степень сравнения) |
Late |
|
B5 |
He was a talented person. By the age of thirty, he had been known as an author, a lecturer, and a musician. (past perfect passive, т.к. до определенного события в прошлом, что то было завершено, сделанно ) |
Know |
|
B6 |
It was at this time that he learned of the great need of medical doctors in Africa. He decided to become a doctor of medicine. In 1913, Doctor Schweitzer and his wife left for Africa. (past simple, т.к. говорится о конкретном событии в прошлом) |
Leave |
|
B7 |
The morning after the Schweitzers arrived, they started to treat their patients in an old farmhouse. However, a new hospital building was built with the help and the trust of the African people. (past passive, т.к. мы говорим о конкретном времени в прошлом) |
Build |
|
B8 |
Their work was interrupted by World War I. Only in 1924, Dr. Schweitzer was finally able to return to Lambarene to rebuild the hospital. When Mrs. Schweitzer came back to Africa in 1929, the hospital was much larger. (степень сравнения) |
Large |
|
B9 |
In 1953 Dr. Schweitzer was given the Nobel Peace Prize. (past passive, т.к. мы говорим о конкретном событии в прошлом) |
Give |
|
B10 |
He was grateful, but said, “No man has the right to pretend that he works enough for the cause of peace or declare himself satisfied.” (present simple, т.к. это общее утверждение) |
Work |
На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.
На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.
A recent discovery by Dr. Mary Schweitzer, however, has given reason for all but committed evolutionists to question this assumption.
Однако недавнее открытие доктора Мэри Швейцер заставило всех (за исключением идейных эволюционистов) усомниться в этом предположении.
Dr. Mary Schweitzer did something that anyone who knew about fossil dinosaurs wouldn’t have done.
Мэри Швейцер сделала то, чего никто из знающих об ископаемых динозаврах не сделал бы.
And one of my former doctoral students, Dr. Mary Schweitzer, actually had the background to do this sort of thing.
У одного из моих бывших докторантов, доктора Мэри Швайцер, действительно была необходимая квалификация для проведения подобных исследований.
Другие результаты
The remarkable discoveries by palaeontologist Dr Mary Schweitzer have rocked the scientific world.
RALEIGH-Twenty years ago, paleontologist Mary Schweitzer made an astonishing discovery.
Двадцать лет назад американский палеонтолог Мэри Швейцер сделала удивительное открытие.
Mary Schweitzer, an expert of the University of Carolina, announced that it is now quite possible to clone a dinosaur.
Специалист Университета штата Каролина, Мэри Швейцер, заявила, что появилась возможность клонировать динозавра.
On the other hand, they were still reptiles — their skin has lost scales in the same way, as did the ancestors of modern sea turtles, says Mary Schweitzer (Mary Schweitzer) from the University of Lund (Sweden).
С другой стороны, они все же были рептилиями — их кожа потеряла чешуйки так же, как это сделали предки современных морских черепах , — рассказывает Мэри Швайцер (Магу Schweitzer) из университета Лунда (Швеция).
Just a few months later, molecular biologist Mary Schweitzer and her colleagues reported on another way female dinosaurs could be identified through their pregnancies.
Всего через несколько месяцев молекулярный биолог Мэри Швейцер и ее коллеги сообщили о другом способе, которым можно идентифицировать динозавров женского пола во время беременности.
We gave samples to Mary Schweitzer, and she was actually able to determine that B-rex was a female based on medullary tissue found on the inside of the bone.
Мы дали образцы Мэри Швайцер, и она смогла установить, что Би-рекс был самкой, по мозговому веществу, которое сохранилось внутри кости.
Dinosaur soft tissues have been reported since 1987, but Mary Schweitzer found fresh T. rex femurs in 1991 and 2000, and a hadrosaur femur with blood cells in 2009.
Мягкие ткани динозавров ученые обнаруживали еще с 1987 года, однако, в 1991 и в 2000 годах Мэри Швайцер нашла бедренные кости динозавра, а в 2009 году — кость хадрозавра с кровяными сосудами.
«Mary Schweitzer‘s latest research shows that the presence of hemoglobin-the iron-containing molecule that transports oxygen in red blood cells-may be the key to both preserving and concealing original ancient proteins within fossils.»
«Последние исследования Мэри Швайцер показывают, что наличие гемоглобина — железосодержащей молекулы, которая транспортирует кислород в красных кровяных клетках, — может быть ключом к сохранению и сокрытию оригинальных древних белков внутри окаменелостей».
These photos are from a 2005 paper by Mary Schweitzer which reported on the discovery of soft tissue, in addition to strengthening the red blood cell identification-see Still Soft and Stretchy
Эти фотографии взяты из последующей статьи Швайцер 2005 г., которая сообщала об открытии мягких тканей, помимо дополнительных подтверждений идентификации эритроцитов — см. Всё ещё мягкие и эластичные
Результатов: 12. Точных совпадений: 3. Затраченное время: 186 мс
Documents
Корпоративные решения
Спряжение
Синонимы
Корректор
Справка и о нас
Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900
Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200
Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200
Тест № 9
Грамматика и лексика.
Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные в скобках, обозначенных номерами1-7, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.
A New Experience
Mark Basso had never seen real snow before. He lived with his parents in a part of the country where it was always too warm for there to be any snow, even in the coldest winters. So, the family (1)______(plan) for the past few weeks to visit the northern hills of Italy so that Mark could see this strange cold while substance and possibly learn how to ski. They (2)______(book) a hotel in the village of Molveno, near Trento for the first two weeks in January. Mark could hardly wait for the day to arrive. He kept saying,”If only we (3)_____(leave)for Italy tomorrow!”Finally, the day Mark had been looking forward to arrive. There was excitement in the Basso household – laughter and shouting filled the air. They loaded the car and it (4)____(not be) long before they were on their way. When they arrived at their hotel, the sky was grey and it was very cold but no snow covered the ground. Mark felt very disappointed. When he went to bed that night, Mark wondered if he would ever get touch snow or if it (5)____(remain) just an image in photographs. When he (6)_____(wake up)in the morning, he noticed that the light entering the room was different. He looked out of the window. The sky was as great as it had been the day before, but something was different – thousands of fluffy bits of cotton (7)_____(fall) from it. It was finally snowing.
Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные в скобках, обозначенных номерами 8-13, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.
Jumping Spiders
The jumping spider family is the largest family of spiders and includes more than 5,000 species. Jumping Spiders are small, usually less than 2cm in length, with plump bodies, short legs and large eyes. Many species are brightly-coloured and all can jump between 20 to 80 times the (8)_____(long) of their body. Jumping Spiders are known for their (9)______(curious). If a human hand approaches it, a jumping spider will jump towards the hand instead of running away as most spiders do. In fact, jumping spiders seem to be (10)_____(interest) in everything they come across and when something attracts their attention they usually follow it closed with their big eyes. Jumping Spiders do not catch their prey in webs; they use their excellent eyesight to track it and then they jump on it. Before each jump, they spin a silk(11)_______(safe) line just in case they miss their target. At the end of each leg, jumping spiders have hundreds of tiny hairs. These hairs are split into hundreds more tiny hairs, each one ending with a ‘foot’. These ‘feet’ (12)_____(able) them to climb across almost any type of surface. In fact, jumping spiders can even climb up glass, a trick which most other spiders find (13)______(possible)to do.
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An Amazing Story
It was a strange feeling. People kept coming up to Helen and (14)____ her as if they knew her. Then they would look at her strangely and say, “I’m terribly sorry, for a moment I thought you were somebody else,” and walk (15)_____. It had started happening shortly after she had become a student at the university and it made Helen feel very uncomfortable. Then a friend told her that she had met somebody who looked just like her at a party the (16)_____evening, a girl called Susan Jackson. Helen did not know anybody by that name, but she decided she had to (17)_____out who this person was. It did not take Helen very (18)_____to discover that there was indeed a student at the university called Susan Jackson. Helen quickly (19)_____to meet her. Well, what an amazing meeting! The two girls were in fact twins who had been adopted by different families almost (20)_____ after they had been born. Both girls knew they had been adopted, but neither of them had known they had a twin sister.
14. a)greeting b)contacting c)meeting d)speaking
15. a)away b)over c)by d)up
16. a)earlier b) past c)previous d)last
17. a)bring b)find c)look d)search
18. a)long b)much c)far d)soon
19. a)made b) designed c) fixed d)arranged
20. a)this minute b)briefly c)shortly d)immediately
Тест № 10
Грамматика и лексика.
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Late Delivery
These days, letters posted in one country can be sent to somebody (1)_____(live)on the other side of the world in less than a week, thanks to air mail. But this is not what happened to a letter (2)______(send)by a Mr Gray in 1937. He suddenly had to leave the country to go to France and so he quickly wrote a letter to his wife to say goodbye and tell her what a wonderful wife she was. He must have posted the letter just before he boarded the ship that would take him to France, but sadly the ship (3)_____(sink) and Mr Gray was never seen again. Mrs Gray finally received the letter last week – more than sixty years after her husband (4)______(write)it. An official explained that the letter had fallen behind a desk and it (5)_____(remain) undiscovered if the Post Office hadn’t decided to replace the old furniture. Today, Mr Gray could have sent his wife an email or a text message instead of a letter. In fact, the use of postal services for business correspondence, as well as for personal letters,(6)______(decline)all the time. In all probability, the number of daily postal deliveries (7)_____(continue) to drop in the future.
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Portuguese Water Dogs
The Portuguese Water Dogs, or ‘Portie’, is a muscular, medium-sized dog that is very sociable and loyal. It is an extremely intelligent dog that is quick to learn and understand (8)_______(instruct). As the name suggests, another (9)_______(character)of these dogs is that they love to swim. In fact, Porties were used by Portuguese fishermen for many centuries to catch fish, carry messages between fishing boats, guard the boats when they were in port and get back anything that fell overboard. Porties were so (10)______(use) on board the fishing ships that the fishermen considered them to be part of the crew and always gave them a share of the fish that had been caught. But technology (11)_______(eventual) replaced Porties. Tge fishermen began to use radios to send messages between ships and machines to pull up nets. By the 1930s, Porties were almost extinct. Luckily, however, a rich man called Vasco Bensaude took an interest in the Portie. He began a breeding programme to try to save the breed. The programme was very (12)_____ (success). Today, although the Portie is still quite a(n) (13)_____(common) breed, it is no longer in danger of disappearing.
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The Report Card
John had never been very good (14)_______sports. He simply wasn’t an athletic kind of person. He knew it, his friends knew it, and his gym teachers at school had known it, too. On his school report for the year 1992, his Physical Education teacher had written: ‘John tries very (15)____in class, but achieves below average results.’ The teacher had obviously thought that it would be a good idea to mention John’s effort, but he only (16)_____in emphasizing his failure. As an adult in his (17)_____thirties, John did everything he could to avoid playing any sort of sport. Whenever his friends were trying to organise a friendly game of football, or his boss needed to find a tennis partner, John would always (18)_____ an excuse. Once, he even faked an injury so that he didn’t have to take (19)______in a basketball game. But it was only when Lohn had to explain to his new girlfriend why he couldn’t play squash with her that he decided that his problem with sports had gone on for long enough. It was (20)_____to change.
14. a) for b) at c) to d) on
15. a) trongly b) well c) heavily d) hard
16. a) achieved b) succeeded c) managed d) ended
17. a) beginning b) young c) early d) opening
18. a) make up b) fine out c) puy up d) think over
19. a) position b) role c) place d) part
20. a) time b) moment c) season d) point
Tест № 11
Грамматика и лексика.
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Feeling Afraid
It was almost the end of term and Ann and Kate (1)______( sit) on Kate’s bed talking about what they were going to do during the summer break. ‘I’m so jealous you (2)______(go) to France, Kate!’ Ann said. ‘Well, why don’t you ask your parents if you can come to?’ replied Kate. “I can’t. last night, my parents told me that we (3)_______( spend) the summer in Brazil,’ said Ann. ‘Brazil?’ exclaimed Kate. ‘Ann, are you crazy? Why would you want to come to France with me when you have the opportunity to go to Brazil?’ ‘Because you can catch a boat to France, but you have to fly to Brazil,’ said Ann quietly. ‘You (4)______(not forget) that I’m scared of flying, have you?’ ‘Are you? Really? I don’t remember you (5)______(tell) me that,’ said Kate. ‘Yes, really scared. I get terrified even thinking about it,’ Ann replied. ‘Oh, Ann, don’t be afraid. Flying is really safe. And it’s a lot of fun, too.’ I wish I really (6)_____(believe)that,’ sighed Ann. ‘Look,’said Kate, squeezing her friend’s hand reassuringly. ‘I think that you (7)____(be)so busy watching films, listening to music and enjoying all the other on-board entertainment that you’ll soon forget that you’re even in the air. Just try to enjoy yourself!’’OK, I will try, Kate. Thanks for the encouragement!’
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Siberian Huskies
Three thousand years ago, the Chukchi people of northeastern Siberia depended on Siberian Huskies for their (8)______(survive). These cheerful dogs pulled sleds and herded reindeer in a very (9)______(challenge) environment. In the 1900s, fur traders took huskies to North America. They gained (10)____(globe) recognition when they rushed urgent medicine to sick Alaskans in 1925. Consequently, they became well known for their speed and endurance. However, it is the huskies’ gentle and sociable character that makes them (11)______(excel)family pets. If you are looking for a guard dog, however, then this breed is not for you, as huskies tend to like everyone. Also, if huskies are left alone, they can became bored and (12)______(behave). They show their boredom by howling like a wolf!it is better to get a husky when it is a puppy so that you can train it and show it who is boss. This will (13)______(sure) that your husky becomes a wonderful pet.
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Harrods
Harrods is a world-famous department store in Knightsbridge, London. Known for its quality merchandise and excellent customer service, Harrods is one of London’s biggest tourist (14)_____. Harrods, which was (15)_____by Charles Henry Harrod in 1835, started out as a tiny grocery and tea shop in London’s East Currently, Harrods comprises over 330 departments on seven floors and has a staff of about 5,000 people. Harrods’ motto is ‘All things for people, everywhere’. And it is true that you can buy almost anything you need at Harrods. (16)______you want to get a haircut, buy a pet dog, find a wedding dress, buy some property in London, or simply choose a new coat, Harrods can help. What’s more, If you want to (17)______a break from your shopping, don’t worry because the shop has twenty-nine restaurants! So when in London, don’t forget to take a (18)_______at this famous department store. You can’t (19)____it – at night, Harrods is illuminated by about 11,500 lightbulbs, 300 of which are changed every day by the shop’s electrical engineers.
14. a) features b) attractions c) stops d) places
15. a) composed b) produced c) establised d) manufactured
16. a) situation b) post c) area d) location
17. a) whether b) including c) depending d) while
18. a) give b) take c) do d) make
19. a) view b) sight c) look d ) glance
20. a) lose b) miss c) leave d) pass
Test № 12
Грамматика и лексика.
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The Parking Ticket
Mary enjoyed driving around town, even during rush-hour. The only thing she disliked (1)_____(be) parking her car. The other drivers were always so impatient, beeping their horns while she (2)______(try) to reverse into a space. On one occasion, she’d simply given up and driven away. There were several multi-storey car parks in the town but they were very expensive. “maybe I (3)______(find)a space quickly today,” she thought as she drove slowly around the side-streets. Suddenly, Mary spotted a gap between two cars. She waited until the car behind her (4)______(pass) and then quickly drove into the space. After a pleasant afternoon wandering around the shops, Mary made her way back to her car. But then, just before she reached it, she saw something flapping under the windscreen wiper. “Oh no!’ she said to herself, ‘I (5)_______(give) a parking ticket!” But as Mary got closer, she realized that it wasn/t a ticket after all. A local resyaurant was promoting its new menu and someone (6)______(leave) one under the windscreen wipers of all the cars parked in the area. She sighed with relief. It was only after Mary had finished loading her shopping into the boot that she noticed the big yellow clamp (7)_____(fix) on the wheel of the car. ‘Oh no!” she said to herself. She would have to pay eighty pounds to get it removed!
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Fyodor Dostoevsky
Fyodor Dostoevsky was born in Moscow in 1821. He was the son of a doctor who worked in a hospital for the poor. The young Dostoevsky went to military school and held (8)_____(govern) posts until he resigned to become an author. He became one of the most important and influential writers that has ever lived. Fyodor Dostoevsky admired the works of the English writer Charles Dickens who wrote about difficult times during the (9)______(industry) Revolution in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Fyodor Dostoevsky also wrote novels about social issues. One of Dostoevsky’s most significant works is Crime and Punishment. The main character in the novel is Raskolnikov, a poor, (10)_____(employ) university drop-out. The novel tells the story of how Raskolnikov plans to murder a(n)(11)_____(greed) moneylender to solve his financial problems. Another major work is The Brothers Karamasov, which was Dostoevsky’s final novel and (12)______(possible) even his best. The novel focuses on a murder again but this time Dostoevsky examines other characters’ (13)______(react) to the crime. Fyodor Dostoevsky died in 1881 and is buried in Alexander Nevsky Monastery in St. Petersburg.
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Chasing a Dream
Cameron just knew that this was going to be a day that he would always remember. He had been riding horses since he was about six years old and had (14)_____ many competitions over the years. Today was different, though, because it was the day he and his favourite horse, Rock, were taking (15)______in the Grand Championships at Kettling Stables. Cameron quickly ate the huge breakfast that his mother had prepared for him and (16)_____out of the house and down to the stable where Rock was waiting for him. After loading him into the horse trailer, Cameron and his dad (17)____off on the ten mile drive to Kettling’s. (18)_____the way, his dad offered Cameron words of encouragement and quietly reminded him of all the important things that they had discussed as they had practiced together in the busy days, weeks and months leading up to these championships. Cameron’s dad, too, had (19)____of becoming a professional rider, but a terrible fall from a horse years ago, when he had badly broken his left leg in three places, had put an end to his hopes. A part of Cameron wanted to win the trophy just to see the proud (20)_____on his dad’s face. Of course, another part of him wanted to be victorious for more selfish reasons; he had worked incredibly hard and he deserved to succeed.
14. a) passed b) admitted c) entered d ) joined
15. a) part b) role c) place d ) position
16. a)wandered b) hiked c) crawled d) rushed
17. a) made b) set c) went d) left
18. a) on b) by c) over d) in
19. a) considered b) wished c) dreamt d ) imagined
20. a) sight b) look c) appearance d ) glance
Тест № 13
Грамматика и лексика.
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Counting Sheep
For several weeks now, I (1)______(be) unable to sleep. There is nothing worrying me in particular – my job is going fine and I think of myself as a generally happy, relaxed type of person. Recently, a friend of mine told me about an article he (2)_____(read) in a magazine. According to the article, insomnia is a very common problem which (3)______(affect) nearly everyone at some time in their life. So far, medical research hasn’t managed to find an effective cure for this condition although hopes are high that one (4)____(find) soon. Because of the lack of progress in research, sometimes experts recommend the traditional remedy of counting sheep. Like most people, I’d always considered that to be a joke. But, apparently, (5)______(have)something to take your mind off sleep 9 or the lack of it) is the best thing you can do. Tonight, then, I (6)_______(go)to try counting sheep. So hopefully, I (7)_____(get) my first good night’s sleep in weeks!
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Zorbing
Zorbing is an extreme sport and like several other extreme sports, such as bungee-jumping and jet boating, it was (14)_____ in New Zealand. A ‘zorb’ is a giant plastic ball with another smaller ball inside; the space between the two balls is (15)_____ with air. The participant climbs inside the smaller ball and is then pushed down a hill! The inflated ball is 3.2 metres in diameter and it rotates once every 10 metres, so as it goes down a hill that is 100 metres long, the zorb fully rotated only 10 times. Depending (16)______ how steep the slope is, a zorb can reach speeds of up to 50 kilometres an hour. You would probably expect the participants of zorbing to get out of the zorb (17)_____in bruises. Fortunately, however, the cushion of air between the two balls protects them. Many say they have the (18)_____ of being weightless like astronauts in space while zorbing. The zorb was originally designed for water but it was soon decided that it worked better on (19)_____. However, for those who would like to try ‘walking on water’, there is also hydro-zorbing. Zorbs have been adapted for snow, too, and NASA is considering developing a vehicle similar to a zorb to (20)______the surface of Mars.
14. a) manufactured b) discovered c) invented d ) made
15. a) filled b) poured c) put d ) crowded
16. a) on b) in c) to d) from
17. a) wrapped b) washed c) filled d) covered
18. a) reaction b) feeling c) idea d) opinion
19. a) soil b) earth c) dreamt d ) land
20. a) explore b) discover c) find d ) inquire
Тест № 14
Грамматика и лексика.
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Night Train to Panama
It was a beautiful tropical evening and the ocean breeze (1)_______(blow) gently as I passed the town clock on my way to the train station. I could see the train (2)_____(come) down the track. As the engine slowly passed, I heard someone yell, “Hey, you! (3)______(like) you to come and ride up here with me?” I looked up at the engine, and the driver gestured me to climb up beside him. I was very excited as I (4)_____(not be) inside the cab of a train before. After we had pulled out of the station, the driver even taught me how to control the speed of the train. It (5)______( not be) as difficult as I had thought. We shared the driving as we drove through the darkness with the jungle on our left and the Panama Canal on our right. I had to pinch myself to make sure that I (6)______(not dream). I just wish that my camera (7)___ (work) because I know that none of my friends will believe me when I tell them about my incredible experience – that I actually drove the night train to Panama.
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Cockney Rhyming Slang
Cockney rhyming slang is a (8)____(collect) of phrases used by people from East London, England, based on words that rhyme with the words someone wants to say. Some people believe that Londoners began to use cockney rhyming slang during the 16th century, but nobody knows for certain. This (9)_____( usual) way of speaking is often heard among the market traders of East London. Many say that they used to use this secret language among themselves so that their (10)_____(custom) were unable to understand what they were saying, others say that it was a way of keeping people together as the Cockneys had a strong sense of (11)______(commune) and wanted to exclude strangers. Today, many of the most common (12)_____(express) in cockneys rhyme slang are now used in normal everyday English. The saying ‘use your loaf’, which means ‘think’, comes from the rhyming slang ‘loaf of bread’, which rhymes with ‘head’. Some experts claim that cockneys rhyming slang used as (13)______(frequent)any more, but one thing is certain; just like any language, it is always changing and evolving.
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The Watchman
It was William’s first evening on the job, in October of 1862, and it was just getting (14)_____ . the lamplighter was busy lighting the street lamps with the wick at the end of his long pole. William’s task was clear; patrol the small cobbled streets of Whitechapel and make (15)_____the area was safe. Due to a shortage of watchmen, he was alone. However, he felt satisfied that he had received enough (16)_____ to do his job well. He wore a blue tailcoat and a top hat and (17)____ a lamp in one hand. “What was there to worry (18)_____?”he asked himself. “A drunkard sleeping at the side of the road?” Or if he witnessed a fight between two men, he could quickly separate them with his wooden baton. Indeed, it seemed that his first night was going to be a very quiet one. Suddenly, however, when he had only one hour (19)____blew out his lamp and ran after the man. Before long, he heard a second set of footsteps running in front of the man; those of a woman. Then, it all happened so quickly; the moment he turned the corner, the lady’s scream, the swing of his baton and (20)____a wanted criminal lying on the road.
14. a) dusk b) late c) dark d )night
15. a) positive b) sure c) clear d) settled
16. a) training b) exercise c) lessons d) learning
17. a) brought b) carried c) took d) moved
18. a) for b) from c) about d) at
19. a) extra b) over c) still d ) left
20. a) finally b) at last c) after all d ) latest
Тест № 15
Грамматика и лексика.
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Trip to London
It was Saturday afternoon and Ann (1)______(sit) in her bedroom talking on her mobile phone to her best friend Kelly. “ Look, we (2)____(talk) about going to London for a weekend break for months now,” said Ann. “I know!” laughed Kelly. “So when (3)______(go) we?””Well, what about the weekend after next?” asked Ann. “Are you free? I (4)_______(hear) on the radio this morning that there’s a big jazz festival in London then.” “Oh, I can’t that weekend,” Kelly replied. I’ve promised my grandmother that I’ll spend that Saturday with her and I really don’t want to cancel because we (5)_____(not see) each other for ages.””Never mind. What about the weekend after that?” said Ann. “My older brother and one of his friends (6)____(drive) down to London that weekend. We could get a lift with them.’” Sound great,” said Kelly excitedly, ‘but are you sure your brother and his friend (7)____(not mind) us going with them/” ‘Well, even if they do, my mum will make sure they don’t have any say in the matter!” laughed Ann. “So, it’s settled then. Now all we need to do is book a hotel.”
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Easter Food
In many countries, different (8)_____(tradition) foods are associated with Easter. In England, for example, many bakers make a type of small cake with a white cross on the top called a ‘hot cross bun’ on Good Friday. These buns taste like sweet bread and are (9)_____(absolute) delicious! Pancakes are also eaten in England the day before the Easter fast begins. This provides a good (10)______(opportune) to use up all uneaten eggs, fat and flour. Which some people don’t eat again until after Easter. Eggs are also associated with Easter in many countries because they symbolize new life. The (11)_____(decorate) of eggs dates back to 1290, when the English king, Edward I, ordered 450 eggs to be covered in gold and given as presents. Chocolate Easter eggs first appeared in Germany in the 1800s. nowadays, chocolate eggs are often wrapped in (12)____(colour) foil paper and given to children a gifts at Easter. The most (13)______(fame) Easter eggs were made by Faberge, a jeweler for the Czr of Russia, in the 19th century the eggs were covered in gold and precious stones. Nowadays, just one of these small eggs is worth millions of pounds.
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The Creature
It was evening, and I had been fishing all afternoon. I hadn’t had much (14)_____, however, so I decided to go home and try again the next day. My truck was parked close by so it didn’t take me long to load up my (15)____, but I had to make two trips. I made it to my truck with the first load. Then, as I turned to get the (16)_____of my things, I saw it. I could not believe my eyes. There was a large, hairy creature sitting (17)______the pond I had just been fishing in. it appeared to be drinking from the pond. It also seemed to be unaware that it was being watched or perhaps it knew, but didn’t (18)____. When the creature had finished drinking, it made a strange noise, stood up and walked away from the pond and out of (19)_____. I stood there for what seemed like hours. I could not make sense of what I had just seen. After all, I didn’t believed (20)_____such things! I suppose it might have been some kind of bear, but all the same, I am never going to fish in that pond again.
14. a) chance b) luck c) opportunity d ) possibility
15. a) equipment b) luggage c) appliances d) instruments
16. a) addition b) rest c) second d) others
17. a) down b) to c) by d) over
18. a) interest b) trouble c) concern d) care
19. a) appearance b) sight c) look d ) scene
20. a) to b) about c) in d ) of
Test 9: had been planning, 2- had booked, 3- were leaving, 4- wasn’t, 5- would remain, 6- woke up, 7- were falling 8- length, 9- curiosity, 10- interested, 11- safety, 12- enable, 13- impossible, 14- greeting 15- away, 16- previous, 17- find, 18- long, 19- arranged, 20- immediately.
Test 10: living, 2- sent, 3- sank/had sunk, 4- wrote/had written, 5- would have remained, 6- is declining, 7- will continue, 8- instructions, 9- characteristic, 10- useful, 11- eventually, 12- successful, 13- uncommon, 14- at, 15- hard, 16- succeeded, 17- early, 18- make up, 19- part, 20- time.
Test 11: were sitting, 2- are going, 3- are/will be/would be spending, 4- haven’t forgotten, 5- telling, 6- believed, 7- will be, 8- survival, 9- challenging, 10- global, 11- excellent, 12- misbehave 13- ensure, 14- attractions, 15- established 16- location, 17- whether, 18- take, 19- look 20- miss.
Test 12: was, 2- was trying, 3- will find, 4- had passed, 5- have been given, 6- had left, 7-fixed, 8- government, 9- industrial, 10- unemployed 11- greedy, 12- possibly 13- reaction, 14- entered, 15- part, 16- rushed, 17- set, 18- on, 19- dreamt, 20-look
Test 13: have been, 2- had read, 3- affects, 4- will be found, 5- having, 6- am going, 7- will get, 8- continuous, 9- amazing, 10- conversation 11- adventurous, 12- beautiful, 13- memorable, 14- invented, 15- filled, 16-on, 17-covered, 18-feeling, 19-land, 20- explore
Test 14: was blowing, 2-coming, 3- would you like, 4-hadn’t been, 5- wasn’t, 6- wasn’t dreaming, 7- had been working, 8- collections, 9- usual 10- customers, 11-community, 12-expressions 13-frequently, 14- dark, 15- sure 16-training, 17- carried, 18- about, 19- left, 20-finally.
Test 15: 1)-was sitting, 2)- have been talking, 3-are we going, 4- heard, 5-haven’t seen, 6- are driving,7- won’t mind 8- traditional, 9-absolutely, 10- opportunity, 11- decoration, 12- colourful, 13- famous, 14- luck, 15- equipment, 16- rest, 17- by, 18- care, 19- sight, 20- in.