Plagiarism the highest form of flattery the age of the internet where everything егэ

Internet is one of the greatest tools we have today. Billions of bits of information, unlimited ways to connect, games to play, videos to watch, things to learn. There’s something for everyone. We Facebook, tumble, stumble, and tweet more now than ever. Social media is connecting us in incredible ways. You can create communities of like-minded people that would never meet before on the Internet. But, due to this, we are spending copious amounts of time on the World Wide Web, and it’s slowly changing who you are as a person.
I went for a long period of time where I didn’t read a book. I finally got around to picking up a few new books and as soon as I started reading them, I struggled. I couldn’t hold concentration like I used to. I would read a whole paragraph with my mind elsewhere or had this constant anxious feeling to do something else, even when there was absolutely nothing else to do. My mind would jump from one thought to another and I barely could read a chapter in one sitting. A talked to a few people about this, and I even looked to the trusty Internet for my solution. I found that I’m not alone, many people report the same type of concentration shift. The reason for this is the information overload via Internet.
We take in 34 gigabytes of information each day now. That is 5 times more than we did 20 years ago. There is so much going on in our minds that we rarely spend any time on one particular bit of information because there is always something new and more intriguing just around the corner. When we land on a webpage, we spend the average of about 50 seconds, if that, and know that there are at least 5 other links we can click on the page. We can still concentrate, but our minds would much rather be focused on a series of things, not one thought.
Not only is it altering our concentration on reading long works, but it’s changing “how” we read. We no longer read; we skim. This is our way of adapting to this information overload. It would take too long to process all this information and we don’t need everything. We sift through the information and get to the main point or relevant material.
The way things are written online is changing for us as well. For anyone who has written a blog post, it’s a much different style of writing compared to novels and even newspaper articles. The things we read online are as clear and concise as possible. Adjectives are a thing of the past. The information is usually already condensed for you, and is separated into neat headlines that make it easy to scan the page in a few seconds. We don’t focus on comprehension anymore, we know what we’re looking for and we find it quickly.
The way we are reading things is just the start, the way we are thinking is changing too. Before, we had calm linear thoughts, one thing led to another. Now, our thoughts are jumping back and forth between so many things. We have one thought, which leads to four or five other non-related thoughts, and then some time later we return to the original thought. This is a direct result of our attention being focused on so many things for so little time on the web. There is always a link that can take us somewhere new and start a new train of thoughts.
We’ve developed a much more fluid way of thinking. And it’s not a bad thing. It’s making us more creative. You are much more efficient at combing and filtering through ideas, which in essence is what inspiration is. Linear thought is very organized and does not leave room for new ideas.
So, the Internet has become an essential part of our daily lives. But it’s also important to disconnect for a while and to take care of your body and mind. Create a balance of time online and in the real world, so you can reap the positive cognitive abilities the Internet is giving you and avoid forming an unhealthy set of habits that will cost you later in life.

ВОПРОС 1: According to the author, Internet changes people because
1) of the amount of information it provides.
2) it adds lots of friends.
3) they spend too much time online.
4) it helps to create new communities.

ВОПРОС 2: Why does Internet, according to the author, influence reading concentration?
1) It leaves less time for reading.
2) It provides excessive information.
3) The information there changes too fast.
4) The bits of information there are very short.

ВОПРОС 3: Which of the following is NOT a feature of an online text?
1) Lots of descriptive words.
2) Informative headline.
3) Reduced size.
4) Clarity.

ВОПРОС 4: The way people read has changed because
1) they had to read faster.
2) they lost interest in serious literature.
3) they don’t need all the information they read about.
4) they had to adjust to new conditions.

ВОПРОС 5: According to the author the new way of thinking helps people
1) filter useless information.
2) choose right things.
3) develop creativity.
4) browse the Internet effectively.

ВОПРОС 6: The author calls for
1) allowing more time for personal life.
2) giving equal attention to real world and Internet.
3) a healthy life style.
4) developing thinking abilities.

ВОПРОС 7: It can be implied from the text that the author’s attitude towards Internet is sooner
1) positive.
2) neutral.
3) skeptical.
4) negative.

Charles Caleb Colton once said, “Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery”. While this sentiment is certainly true, imitation is far from flattery when it comes to copying someone else’s work. Learn what plagiarism is and the different types of plagiarism (with examples) ⇣

By taking the words and ideas of others, whether it be written text, video content, music, or images, and pretending they are your own, is stealing. It’s never okay to copy or plagiarize, the work of others.

How well do you know plagiarism? Take this 8-question quiz to find out!

And yet, in a study conducted by the Josephson Institute Center for Youth Ethics, one out of every three high-schoolers surveyed admitted to using the internet to plagiarize an assignment. And things don’t fare better at the university level either.

Table of contents:

• What is plagiarism?
  • Plagiarism vs copyright infringement vs trademark violation
• Common types of plagiarism (with examples)
  • Clone plagiarism
  • CTRL + C plagiarism
  • Remix plagiarism
  • Find and replace plagiarism
  • Recycle plagiarism
  • Hybrid plagiarism
  • 404 error plagiarism
  • Aggregator plagiarism
  • Mashup plagiarism
  • Re-tweet plagiarism
• Common forms of plagiarism summary (and an infographic)
• The consequences of plagiarism (real-life examples)
• Online plagiarism detection tools
• How to cite sources
• Plagiarism Quiz
• Final thoughts

In a study performed by Donald McCabe, it was discovered that:

• 36% of undergraduates admitted to “paraphrasing/copying few sentences from Internet source without footnoting it.”
• 7% reported copying work “almost word for word from a written source without citation.”
• 3% of students admitted to getting their papers from a term paper mill.

Shocking right?

Using another person’s words, ideas, information, or creative work (such as art, music, or photography) is allowed, but only if you acknowledge the original author and give credit where credit is due. If you don’t, you’re plagiarizing their work.

Unfortunately, many people don’t understand the seriousness of copying the work of others.

That’s why today we’re going to take a closer look at what plagiarism is, the different types of plagiarism, and the consequences you face if you commit plagiarism.

According to the Merriam Webster dictionary, to plagiarize means to:

• Steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own
• Use (another’s production) without crediting the source
• Commit literary theft
• Present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source

That said, plagiarism is a complex concept that expands beyond simply taking someone’s work and passing it off as your own.

Plagiarism vs copyright infringement vs trademark violation

Though different, the terms plagiarism, copyright infringement, and trademark violation are often used interchangeably. However, each have their own distinct meanings and applications:

Plagiarism

Plagiarism is using someone else’s work or ideas without attributing proper credit and presenting the work or ideas as your own. It is considered an academic violation, though it is not illegal in a criminal or civil sense. When someone commits plagiarism, the act is against the author of the work.

Some examples of plagiarism include:

• Creating false citations to ‘credit’ ideas that are not your own
• Quoting the words of someone without acknowledging them
• Copying or buying a research/term paper and turning it in as your own
• Using the exact words of someone else in your own work without citing the source or crediting the author
• Paraphrasing or restructuring ideas while relying too heavily on the author’s original work

Copyright infringement

Copyright infringement happens when someone uses a copyrighted work and reproduces, distributes, performs, or publicly displays the work without the permission of the copyright owner.

Copyrights give people an easy way to inform the public that the work is theirs and receive proper recognition when it’s used.

Copyrighted work usually has a copyright notice placed on it, though it’s not required. It is the responsibility of others to research the work they’re using to ensure there are no copyrights attached to it.

Here are the most common types of works with copyrights:

• Literature
• Music
• Audio-visuals
• Sound recordings
• Art
• Architectural plans and drawings

One of the most obvious examples of copyright infringement is the use of music in video content that you don’t have permission to use. If you’re interested in reading about a famous copyright infringement case, check out the case of Napster versus various recording companies.

Trademark violation

Unlike copyright, which protects primarily literary and artistic works, a trademark protects works such as names, symbols, colors, and sounds of goods and services. They give companies a way to protect things that help “brand a business” and build recognition amongst customers.

For example, the popular Acme Publishing Company would copyright books and movies it created but trademark the company name and logo.

Other works protected by trademarking include:

• Titles, slogans, and taglines
• Procedures and methods
• Ingredient lists
• Familiar symbols, such as a “No Smoking” sign

One easy to understand example of a trademark infringement involved Apple Corps (a music company started by the Beatles) and Apple Inc. (a tech company founded by Steve Jobs).

Common types of plagiarism (with examples)

In an attempt to clarify plagiarism for both educators and students, Turnitin performed a worldwide survey of nearly 900 secondary and higher education instructors to identify the most common forms of plagiarism and place them on what has been termed the Plagiarism Spectrum.

Here we’ll look at the Plagiarism Spectrum and provide examples for clarity using a simple passage about elephants, found in The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition.

1. Clone plagiarism
2. CTRL + C plagiarism
3. Remix plagiarism
4. Find and replace plagiarism
5. Recycle plagiarism
6. Hybrid plagiarism
7. 404 error plagiarism
8. Aggregator plagiarism
9. Mashup plagiarism
10. Re-tweet plagiarism

1. Clone plagiarism

Clone plagiarism is the act of taking someone else’s work, word-for-word, and submitting it as your own. This is often seen in schoolwork submitted by students or on websites that scrape content from reputable websites and paste it on their own site as though it were their own writing.

Example of clone plagiarism:

The writer has taken a passage from the original work, cut and paste it word-for-word, and made it seem as though it was their own.

2. CTRL + C plagiarism

CTRL + C plagiarism much like clone plagiarism, though there are some small changes to the content. Most of the work, however, is cut and pasted and appears to be the work of the writer.

Example of CTRL + C plagiarism:

Notice how the majority of the writer’s passage is a word-for-word copy of the original source, with small transition changes.

3. Remix plagiarism

Remix plagiarism is the act of collecting information from multiple sources, combining into one work by paraphrasing, and then claiming it as your own work. This is considered plagiarism when there are no citations stating the sources of the information.

Example of remix plagiarism:

With remix plagiarism, there is a mixture of clone plagiarism and CTRL + C plagiarism. Some phrases are copied word-for-word while others are paraphrased and have transitions to make the text flow. The key here is, however, that there is not a single source citation.

4. Find and replace plagiarism

Find and replace plagiarism involves changing keywords and phrases of the original content, but keeping the main parts of the original source intact. This type of plagiarism is very close to both clone and CTRL + C plagiarism.

Example of find and replace plagiarism:

Here, the writer changes some of the keyword and phrases, without changing the main content. Again, there are no sources to cite where the information originated.

5. Recycle plagiarism

Also known as self-plagiarism, recycle plagiarism is borrowing from one’s own previous work without properly citing the sources. It is not usually intentional, though there are some instances where it is.

For example, using the same term paper for two different classes is considered plagiarism. Even if the first paper you turned in was original (not plagiarized), the minute you turned the same paper in the second time, it is considered plagiarism because that work is no longer considered original.

Example(s) of recycle plagiarism:

• Turning in a paper that you previously turned in to another class
• Using the same data from a previous study for a new one
• Submitting a piece for publication knowing it contains work that has already been shared or published
• Using old papers in new ones without citing yourself

This is not the most serious form of plagiarism you can commit. However, many universities look down upon reusing work and can result in a failing grade, suspension, or even expulsion. When it comes to the internet, publishing duplicate content on multiple websites is not only self-plagiarism; it hurts your overall SEO efforts and can lead to lower search rankings.

6. Hybrid plagiarism

Hybrid plagiarism is a blend of work that is properly cited alongside copied passages from an original source that is not cited. This type of work gives off the essence that it is not plagiarized, thanks to the few citations, but still contains clone plagiarism.

Example of hybrid plagiarism:

As you can see, there is one instance where the writer properly cited the source of information. However, unbeknownst to the reader, the rest of the passage is clone plagiarism.

7. 404 error plagiarism

404 error plagiarism applies to both physical sources of information and sources found on the internet. When you commit 404 error plagiarism, you are citing a non-existent source or are providing inaccurate source information. This is often done to add proof to an academic paper without having actual source information to back it up. It gives the false pretense that the information you’re providing is real and true.

Example of 404 error plagiarism:

Here the example shows that if a reader were to click on the provided source that is non-existent, they would get a 404 error on the screen. The same can be done using fake publications.

8. Aggregator plagiarism

Aggregator plagiarism involves properly citing sources. The catch is there is very little original work in the piece, meaning the writer simply cut and paste whole passages from sources, cited them, and turned in or published the work under their own name.

Example of aggregator plagiarism:

In this example of plagiarism, there are no transitions, no original thoughts, and no new information from the writer. There are only facts copied and pasted into a document.

9. Mashup plagiarism

Mashup plagiarism is the act of mixing up copied information from multiple sources to create what you feel is a new and original work, despite the fact that there are no original thoughts. There are also no citations, which makes this a serious form of plagiarism.

Example of mashup plagiarism:

If you read the two original sources, and then the writer’s work, you’ll see the copy and paste sections of each original work ‘mashed up’ to make what seems like new work. However, there are no source citations or original thought making this document the writer’s own work.

10. Re-tweet plagiarism

Re-Tweet plagiarism includes proper citations but relies heavily on the original work when it comes to structure and wording, and lacks original thought, ideas, or arguments.

Example of re-tweet plagiarism:

Here, the writer does cite the sources, which is great. But rather than copy the passage word-for-word and quote the original author, the writer makes it seem as though only a few thoughts are from the source and the rest is original.

It might seem at first glance that many of these common forms of plagiarism are the same. But when you look closer, it’s the tiny details such as citing with no original thought, only using transitional words, or simply cutting and pasting whole passages that set each type of plagiarism apart.

Common forms of plagiarism summary (and an infographic)

Here’s a brief summary of the most common types of plagiarism:

1. Clone plagiarism: Copying an exact passage (or entire work) and passing it off as your own. There are no citations.
2. CTRL +C plagiarism: Copying an exact passage (or entire work) and making tiny changes to the content to create smooth transitions and make it seem as though the content is not copied. There are no citations.
3. Remix plagiarism: A combination of paraphrasing and copying passages with no citations. There are small changes made to the content to create smooth transitions.
4. Find and Replace plagiarism: Copying exact passages (or entire works) and changing keywords throughout the piece without changing the main portion of the content. There are no citations.
5. Recycle plagiarism: Also known as self-plagiarism. Includes re-using your own work or failing to cite yourself in subsequent work that references the original. There are no citations.
6. Hybrid plagiarism: A combination of perfectly cited sources and copying of passages with no citations.
7. 404 Error plagiarism: Citing sources that are inaccurate or non-existent to back your claims.
8. Aggregator plagiarism: Properly citing all sources in the work, however, leaving out any original thought, ideas, or arguments.
9. Mashup plagiarism: Copying passages from multiple sources and mixing them up within the new work. There are no citations.
10. Re-Tweet plagiarism: Properly citing all sources in the work, but relying too much on the original work’s wording and structure.

and here is an infographic you are free to use:

The consequences of plagiarism (real-life examples)

Although plagiarism in any form is not considered illegal, you face consequences if caught plagiarizing the work of another. The severity of those consequences will depend on the seriousness of the type of plagiarism you commit.

Here’s a look at some real-life examples of how plagiarism can affect your life:

• Former Vice President of the United States of America, Joe Biden, failed a course in law school for using “five pages from a published law review article without quotation or attribution” in an article he wrote for the Fordham Law Review. Most notably, however, Biden had to withdraw from the presidential race in 1988 for plagiarizing speeches made by the Kennedys, Hubert Humphrey, and Britain’s Neil Kinnock.

• Harold Courlander accused Alex Haley, best known for his book Roots (which was turned into a well-known multi-series and resulted in a Pulitzer Prize for Haley), of using parts of his book The African. Courlander sued Haley and Haley eventually admitted to plagiarism, which tarnished his reputation and cost him what was presumed to be hundreds of thousands of dollars in an undisclosed settlement.

• Kaavya Viswanathan, an up and coming writer from Harvard University, ruined her own career before it could reach its potential when she plagiarized parts of her first novel How Opal Mehta Got Kissed, Got Wild and Got a Life. Afterwards word got out that she had committed plagiarism, her published refused to release the second novel.

• Allison Routman of Ohio University was caught plagiarizing Wikipedia in an essay she submitted for a chance to partake in a Semester at Sea. As per university rules, she was expelled from the school. The worst part of it all was that she was already at sea (in Greece) when she was expelled and had to find her own way back home.

• Even as recently as 2018, reputable newspaper reporter Anne Blythe lost her job as a result of failing to credit sources and characters in her stories.

These are just some of the examples of plagiarism in the real world, and how it doesn’t just affect students, but creators of all kinds. In the end, plagiarism is serious and it’s best to avoid it all costs. Put simply, just cite your sources and cover your bases.

There are a wide range of helpful tools on the Internet that can detect if essays, documents, and papers have been plagiarized. Here are some of the best ones:

• Plagium is a basic but powerful free plagiarism detection tool where you can upload 5,000 characters of text and compare the text against other uploaded files, to perform a quick scan or a deep search.

• Grammarly is an easy-to-use premium plagiarism checker that can detect plagiarism from billions of web pages on the Internet as well as check against the ProQuest academic database

• Dupli Checker is free and easy to use plagiarism checker tool. You can either copy and paste the text, or upload a file from your computer to check for plagiarism. Dupli Checker allows you to do 50 free checks per day.

• Plagiarisma is another free and simple to use online tool that also comes as a Firefox and Google Chrome browser extension. You can either copy and paste the text, or upload a file from your computer to check for plagiarism.

How to cite sources

You should must always cite the sources of information you use in your academic work because it’s an ethical requirement and it makes your work more credible, and it tells your readers where you found your information.

The three most commonly used style guides in academia for citing sources are the APA Style, MLA Style, and Chicago Style..

First, you need to determine what citation style you need to use. There are many different citation styles used in different areas of academia. You should ask your supervisor which style to use for your work.

The most common styles used in academic writing are the Modern Language Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA), and Chicago (A and B).

• American Psychological Association — APA Style
• Chicago Manual of Style Online
• Modern Language Association — MLA Style

Plagiarism Quiz

How well do you know plagiarism? Take this quick 8-question plagiarism quiz to find out!

Final thoughts

So, just to quickly recap:

Trust me, citing your sources and giving recognition to others and their hard work is flattering enough.

Plagiarism is the fraudulent representation of another person’s language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one’s own original work.^[1][2] Although precise definitions vary, depending on the institution,^[3] such representations are generally considered to violate academic integrity and journalistic ethics as well as social norms of learning, teaching, research, fairness, respect, and responsibility in many cultures.^[4] It is subject to sanctions such as penalties, suspension, expulsion from school^[5] or work,^[6] substantial fines,^[7][8] and even imprisonment.^[9][10]

Plagiarism is typically not in itself a crime, but like counterfeiting, fraud can be punished in a court^[11][12] for prejudices caused by copyright infringement,^[13][14] violation of moral rights,^[15] or torts. In academia and in industry, it is a serious ethical offense.^[16][17] Plagiarism and copyright infringement overlap to a considerable extent, but they are not equivalent concepts,^[18] and many types of plagiarism do not constitute copyright infringement, which is defined by copyright law and may be adjudicated on by courts.

Not all countries hold the same beliefs about personal ownership of language or ideas. Although some, such as India and Poland, consider plagiarism to be a crime liable for imprisonment,^[19] in other countries the reiteration of another professional’s work can be a sign of respect or flattery.^[20] Students who move to the United States and other Western countries from countries where plagiarism is not frowned upon may find the transition difficult.^[21]

Etymology and ancient history[edit]

In the 1st century, the use of the Latin word «plagiarius» (literally «kidnapper») to denote stealing someone else’s creative work was pioneered by the Roman poet Martial, who complained that another poet had «kidnapped his verses». Plagiary, a derivative of plagiarus, was introduced into English in 1601 by dramatist Ben Jonson during the Jacobean Era to describe someone guilty for literary theft.^[16][22] The derived form plagiarism was introduced into English around 1620.^[23] The Latin plagiārius, «kidnapper», and plagium, «kidnapping», have the root plaga («snare», «net»), based on the Indo-European root *-plak, «to weave» (seen for instance in Greek plekein, Bulgarian «плета» pleta, and Latin plectere, all meaning «to weave»).

It is frequently claimed that people in antiquity had no concept of plagiarism, or at least did not condemn it, and it only came to be seen as immoral much later, anywhere from the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th century to the Romantic movement in the 18th century. Although people in antiquity found detecting plagiarism difficult due to the paucity of literate persons as well as long travel times, there are a considerable number of pre-Enlightenment authors, who accused others of plagiarism and considered it distasteful and scandalous, including the respected historians Polybius and Pliny the Elder.^[24] The 3rd century Greek work Lives of the Eminent Philosophers mentions that Heraclides Ponticus was accused of plagiarizing (κλέψαντα αὐτὸν) a treatise on Heliod and Homer.^[25][26] In Vitruvius’s 7th book, he acknowledged his debt to earlier writers and attributed them. He also passed a strong condemnation of plagiarism: «Earlier writers deserve our thanks, those, on the contrary, deserve our reproaches, who steal the writings of such men and publish them as their own. Those, who depend in their writings, not on their own ideas, but who enviously do wrong to the works of others and boast of it, deserve not merely to be blamed, but to be sentenced to actual punishment for their wicked course of life.»^[27] Vitruvius went on to claim that «such things did not pass without strict chastisement».^[27] He recounted a story where the well-read Aristophanes of Byzantium judged a poetry competition. Aristophanes caught most of the contestants plagiarizing others’ poems as their own. The king ordered the plagiarizers to confess that they were thieves, and they were condemned to disgrace. Although the story may be apocryphal, it shows that Vitruvius personally considered plagiarism reprehensible.^[28]

Legal aspects[edit]

Although plagiarism in some contexts is considered theft or stealing, the concept does not exist in a legal sense. The use of someone else’s work in order to gain academic credit may however meet some legal definitions of fraud.^[29] «Plagiarism» specifically is not mentioned in any current statute, either criminal or civil.^[30][17] Some cases may be treated as unfair competition or a violation of the doctrine of moral rights.^[17] In short, people are asked to use the guideline, «if you did not write it yourself; you must give credit».^[31]

Plagiarism is not the same as copyright infringement. Although both terms may apply to a particular act, they are different concepts, and false claims of authorship generally constitute plagiarism regardless of whether the material is protected by copyright. Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of a copyright holder, when material whose use is restricted by copyright is used without consent. Plagiarism, in contrast, is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing author’s reputation, or the obtaining of academic credit, that is achieved through false claims of authorship. Thus, plagiarism is considered a moral offense against the plagiarist’s audience (for example, a reader, listener, or teacher).

Plagiarism is also considered a moral offense against anyone who has provided the plagiarist with a benefit in exchange for what is specifically supposed to be original content (for example, the plagiarist’s publisher, employer, or teacher). In such cases, acts of plagiarism may sometimes also form part of a claim for breach of the plagiarist’s contract, or, if done knowingly, for a civil wrong.

In academia and journalism[edit]

Within academia, plagiarism by students, professors, or researchers is considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud, and offenders are subject to academic censure, up to and including expulsion for students and termination of contracts for professors and researchers. Some institutions use plagiarism detection software to uncover potential plagiarism and to deter students from plagiarizing. However, plagiarism detection software does not always yield accurate results and there are loopholes in these systems.^[32] Some universities address the issue of academic integrity by providing students with thorough orientation, including required writing courses and clearly articulated honor codes.^[33] Indeed, there is a virtually uniform understanding among college students that plagiarism is wrong.^[33] Nevertheless, each year students are brought before their institutions’ disciplinary boards on charges that they have misused sources in their schoolwork.^[33] However, the practice of plagiarizing by using sufficient word substitutions to elude detection software, known as rogeting, has rapidly evolved.^[34][35]

A form of plagiarism known as «contract cheating» involves students paying someone else, such as an essay mill, to do their work for them.^[29] As on 2021, few parts of the world have legislation that prohibits the operation or the promotion of contract cheating services.^[36]

Predicated upon an expected level of learning and comprehension having been achieved, all associated academic accreditation becomes seriously undermined if plagiarism is allowed to become the norm within academic submissions.^[37]

For professors and researchers, plagiarism is punished by sanctions ranging from suspension to termination, along with the loss of credibility and perceived integrity.^[38][39] Charges of plagiarism against students and professors are typically heard by internal disciplinary committees, by which students and professors have agreed to be bound.^[40] Plagiarism is a common reason for academic research papers to be retracted.^[41] Library science is developing approaches to address the issue of plagiarism at institutional levels.^[42]

Scholars of plagiarism include Rebecca Moore Howard,^{[43][44][45][46]} Susan Blum,^[47][48] Tracey Bretag,^[49][50][51] and Sarah Elaine Eaton.^[3][52][53]

In journalism, plagiarism is considered a breach of journalistic ethics, and reporters caught plagiarizing typically face disciplinary measures ranging from suspension to termination of employment.^[54] Some individuals caught plagiarizing in academic or journalistic contexts claim that they plagiarized unintentionally, by failing to include quotations or to give the appropriate citation. Although plagiarism in scholarship and journalism has a centuries-old history, the development of the Internet, where articles appear as electronic text, has made the physical act of copying the work of others much easier.^[55]

Academia[edit]

No universally adopted definition of academic plagiarism exists.^[3] However, this section provides several definitions to exemplify the most common characteristics of academic plagiarism. It has been called, «The use of ideas, concepts, words, or structures without appropriately acknowledging the source to benefit in a setting where originality is expected.»^[56]

This is an abridged version of Teddi Fishman’s definition of plagiarism, which proposed five elements characteristic of plagiarism.^[57] According to Fishman, plagiarism occurs when someone:

• Uses words, ideas, or work products
• Attributable to another identifiable person or source
• Without attributing the work to the source from which it was obtained
• In a situation in which there is a legitimate expectation of original authorship
• In order to obtain some benefit, credit, or gain which need not be monetary^[57]

Furthermore, plagiarism is defined differently among institutions of higher learning and universities:

• At Stanford it is the «use, without giving reasonable and appropriate credit to or acknowledging the author or source, of another person’s original work, whether such work is made up of code, formulas, ideas, language, research, strategies, writing or other form».^[58]
• At Yale it is the «… use of another’s work, words, or ideas without attribution», which includes «… using a source’s language without quoting, using information from a source without attribution, and paraphrasing a source in a form that stays too close to the original».^[59]
• At Princeton it is the «deliberate» use of «someone else’s language, ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source».^[60]
• At Oxford College of Emory University it is the use of «a writer’s ideas or phraseology without giving due credit».^[61]
• At Brown it is «… appropriating another person’s ideas or words (spoken or written) without attributing those word or ideas to their true source».^[62]
• At The U.S. Naval Academy it is «the use of the words, information, insights, or ideas of another without crediting that person through proper citation».^[63]

Forms of academic plagiarism[edit]

Different classifications of academic plagiarism forms have been proposed. Many classifications follow a behavioral approach by seeking to classify the actions undertaken by plagiarists.

For example, a 2015 survey of teachers and professors by Turnitin,^[64] identified 10 main forms of plagiarism that students commit:

• Submitting someone’s work as their own.
• Taking passages from their own previous work without adding citations (self-plagiarism).
• Re-writing someone’s work without properly citing sources.
• Using quotations but not citing the source.
• Interweaving various sources together in the work without citing.
• Citing some, but not all, passages that should be cited.
• Melding together cited and uncited sections of the piece.
• Providing proper citations, but failing to change the structure and wording of the borrowed ideas enough (close paraphrasing).
• Inaccurately citing a source.
• Relying too heavily on other people’s work, failing to bring original thought into the text.

The authors of a 2019 systematic literature review on academic plagiarism detection^[65] derived a four-leven typology of academic plagiarism, from the total words of a language (lexis), from its syntax, from its semantics, and from methods to capture plagiarism of ideas and structures. The typology categorizes plagiarism forms according to the layer of the model they affect:

• Characters-preserving plagiarism
  • Verbatim copying without proper citation
• Syntax-preserving plagiarism
  • Synonym substitution
  • Technical disguise (e.g., using identically looking glyphs from another alphabet)
• Semantics-preserving plagiarism
  • Translation
  • Paraphrase
• Idea-preserving plagiarism
  • Appropriation of ideas or concepts
  • Reusing text structure
• Ghostwriting
  • Collusion (typically among students)
  • Contract cheating

Sanctions for student plagiarism[edit]

In the academic world, plagiarism by students is usually considered a very serious offense that can result in punishments such as a failing grade on the particular assignment, the entire course, or even being expelled from the institution.^[5] The seriousness with which academic institutions address student plagiarism may be tempered by a recognition that students may not fully understand what plagiarism is. A 2015 study showed that students who were new to university study did not have a good understanding of even the basic requirements of how to attribute sources in written academic work, yet students were very confident that they understood what referencing and plagiarism are.^[66] The same students also had a lenient view of how plagiarism should be penalised.

For cases of repeated plagiarism, or for cases in which a student commits severe plagiarism (e.g., purchasing an assignment), suspension or expulsion may occur. There has been historic concern about inconsistencies in penalties administered for university student plagiarism, and a plagiarism tariff was devised in 2008 for UK higher education institutions in an attempt to encourage some standardization of approaches.^[67]

However, to impose sanctions, plagiarism needs to be detected. Strategies faculty members use to detect plagiarism include carefully reading students work and making note of inconsistencies in student writing and of citation errors, and providing plagiarism prevention education to students.^[68] It has been found that a significant share of (university) teachers do not use detection methods such as using text-matching software.^[69] A few more try to detect plagiarism by reading term-papers specifically for plagiarism, although the latter method might be not very effective in detecting plagiarism – especially when plagiarism from unfamiliar sources needs to be detected.^[69] There are checklists of tactics to prevent student plagiarism.^[70]

Plagiarism education[edit]

Given the serious consequences that plagiarism has for students, there has been a call for a greater emphasis on learning in order to help students avoid committing plagiarism.^[71][72] This is especially important when students move to a new institution that may have a different view of the concept when compared with the view previously developed by the student. Indeed, given the seriousness of plagiarism accusations for a student’s future, the pedagogy of plagiarism education may need to be considered ahead of the pedagogy of the discipline being studied. The need for plagiarism education extends to academic staff, who may not completely understand what is expected of their students or the consequences of misconduct.^[73][68][74] Actions to reduce plagiarism include coordinating teaching activities to decrease student load, reducing memorization, increasing individual practical activities, and promoting positive reinforcement over punishment.^[75][76][77]

Factors influencing students’ decisions to plagiarize[edit]

Several studies investigated factors predicting the decision to plagiarize. For example, a panel study with students from German universities found that academic procrastination predicts the frequency plagiarism conducted within six months followed the measurement of academic procrastination.^[78] It has been argued that by plagiarizing, students cope with the negative consequences that result from academic procrastination such as poor grades. Another study found that plagiarism is more frequent if students perceive plagiarism as beneficial and if they have the opportunity to plagiarize.^[79] When students had expected higher sanctions and when they had internalized social norms that define plagiarism as very objectionable, plagiarism was less likely to occur. Another study found that students resorted to plagiarism in order to cope with heavy workloads imposed by teachers. On the other hand, in that study, some teachers also thought that plagiarism is a consequence of their own failure to propose creative tasks and activities.^[75]

Journalism[edit]

Because journalism relies on the public trust, a reporter’s failure to acknowledge sources honestly undercuts a newspaper or television news show’s integrity and undermines its credibility. Journalists accused of plagiarism are often suspended from their reporting tasks while the charges are being investigated by the news organization.^[80]

Self-plagiarism[edit]

The reuse of significant, identical, or nearly identical portions of one’s own work without acknowledging that one is doing so or citing the original work is sometimes described as «self-plagiarism»; the term «recycling fraud» has also been used to describe this practice.^[81] Articles of this nature are often referred to as duplicate or multiple publication. In addition there can be a copyright issue if copyright of the prior work has been transferred to another entity. Self-plagiarism is considered a serious ethical issue in settings where someone asserts that a publication consists of new material, such as in publishing or factual documentation.^[82] It does not apply to public-interest texts, such as social, professional, and cultural opinions usually published in newspapers and magazines.^[83]

In academic fields, self-plagiarism occurs when authors reuse portions of their own published and copyrighted work in subsequent publications, but without attributing the previous publication.^[84][85] Identifying self-plagiarism is often difficult because limited reuse of material is accepted both legally (as fair use) and ethically.^[86] Many people (mostly, but not limited to critics of copyright and «intellectual property») do not believe it is possible to plagiarize oneself.^[87] Critics of the concepts of plagiarism and copyright may use the idea of self-plagiarism as a reductio ad absurdum argument.

Contested definition[edit]

Miguel Roig has written at length about the topic of self-plagiarism^{[85][88][89][90]} and his definition of self-plagiarism as using previously disseminated work is widely accepted among scholars of the topic. However, the term «self-plagiarism» has been challenged as being self-contradictory, an oxymoron,^[91] and on other grounds.^[92]

For example, Stephanie J. Bird^[93] argues that self-plagiarism is a misnomer, since by definition plagiarism concerns the use of others’ material. Bird identifies the ethical issues of «self-plagiarism» as those of «dual or redundant publication». She also notes that in an educational context, «self-plagiarism» refers to the case of a student who resubmits «the same essay for credit in two different courses.» As David B. Resnik clarifies, «Self-plagiarism involves dishonesty but not intellectual theft.»^[94]

According to Patrick M. Scanlon,^[95]
«self-plagiarism» is a term with some specialized currency. Most prominently, it is used in discussions of research and publishing integrity in biomedicine, where heavy publish-or-perish demands have led to a rash of duplicate and «salami-slicing» publication, the reporting of a single study’s results in «least publishable units» within multiple articles (Blancett, Flanagin, & Young, 1995; Jefferson, 1998; Kassirer & Angell, 1995; Lowe, 2003; McCarthy, 1993; Schein & Paladugu, 2001; Wheeler, 1989). Roig (2002) has offered a useful classification system including four types of self-plagiarism: duplicate publication of an article in more than one journal; partitioning of one study into multiple publications, often called salami-slicing; text recycling; and copyright infringement.

Codes of ethics[edit]

Some academic journals have codes of ethics that specifically refer to self-plagiarism (e.g., the Journal of International Business Studies).^[96] Some professional organizations such as the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) have created policies that deal specifically with self-plagiarism.^[97] Other organizations do not make specific reference to self-plagiarism such as the American Political Science Association (APSA). The organization published a code of ethics that describes plagiarism as «…deliberate appropriation of the works of others represented as one’s own.» It does not make any reference to self-plagiarism. It does say that when a thesis or dissertation is published «in whole or in part», the author is «not ordinarily under an ethical obligation to acknowledge its origins.»^[98] The American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) also published a code of ethics that says its members are committed to: «Ensure[ing] that others receive credit for their work and contributions,» but it makes no reference to self-plagiarism.^[99]

Factors that justify reuse[edit]

Pamela Samuelson, in 1994, identified several factors she says excuse reuse of one’s previously published work, that make it not self-plagiarism.^[86] She relates each of these factors specifically to the ethical issue of self-plagiarism, as distinct from the legal issue of fair use of copyright, which she deals with separately. Among other factors that may excuse reuse of previously published material Samuelson lists the following:

• The previous work must be restated to lay the groundwork for a new contribution in the second work.
• Portions of the previous work must be repeated to deal with new evidence or arguments.
• The audience for each work is so different that publishing the same work in different places is necessary to get the message out.
• The author thinks they said it so well the first time that it makes no sense to say it differently a second time.

Samuelson states she has relied on the «different audience» rationale when attempting to bridge interdisciplinary communities. She refers to writing for different legal and technical communities, saying: «there are often paragraphs or sequences of paragraphs that can be bodily lifted from one article to the other. And, in truth, I lift them.» She refers to her own practice of converting «a technical article into a law review article with relatively few changes—adding footnotes and one substantive section» for a different audience.^[86]

Samuelson describes misrepresentation as the basis of self-plagiarism.^[86] She also states «Although it seems not to have been raised in any of the self-plagiarism cases, copyrights law’s fair use defense would likely provide a shield against many potential publisher claims of copyright infringement against authors who reused portions of their previous works.»^[86]

Organizational publications[edit]

Plagiarism is presumably not an issue when organizations issue collective unsigned works since they do not assign credit for originality to particular people. For example, the American Historical Association’s «Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct» (2005) regarding textbooks and reference books stated that, because textbooks and encyclopedias are summaries of other scholars’ work, they are not bound by the same exacting standards of attribution as original research and may be allowed a greater «extent of dependence» on other works.^[100] However, even such a book does not make use of words, phrases, or paragraphs from another text or follow too closely the other text’s arrangement and organization, and the authors of such texts are also expected to «acknowledge the sources of recent or distinctive findings and interpretations, those not yet a part of the common understanding of the profession.»^[100]

In the arts[edit]

The history of the arts[edit]

Through all of the history of literature and of the arts in general, works of art are to a large extent repetitions of the tradition; to the entire history of artistic creativity belong plagiarism, literary theft, appropriation, incorporation, retelling, rewriting, recapitulation, revision, reprise, thematic variation, ironic retake, parody, imitation, stylistic theft, pastiches, collages, and deliberate assemblages.^{[101][102][30][103][104][105]} There is no rigorous and precise distinction between practices like imitation, stylistic plagiarism, copy, replica and forgery.^{[101][106][107][108]} These appropriation procedures are the main axis of a literate culture, in which the tradition of the canonic past is being constantly rewritten.^[105]

Publishing another’s art as one’s own is sometimes called «art theft,» particularly online.^[109] This usage has little direct relationship to the theft of physical works of art.

Ruth Graham quotes T. S. Eliot—»Immature poets imitate; mature poets steal. Bad poets deface what they take.»—she notes that despite the «taboo» of plagiarism, the ill-will and embarrassment it causes in the modern context, readers seem to often forgive the past excesses of historic literary offenders.^[110]

Praisings of artistic plagiarism[edit]

A passage of Laurence Sterne’s 1767 Tristram Shandy condemns plagiarism by resorting to plagiarism.^[111] Oliver Goldsmith commented:

Sterne’s Writings, in which it is clearly shewn, that he, whose manner and style were so long thought original, was, in fact, the most unhesitating plagiarist who ever cribbed from his predecessors in order to garnish his own pages. It must be owned, at the same time, that Sterne selects the materials of his mosaic work with so much art, places them so well, and polishes them so highly, that in most cases we are disposed to pardon the want of originality, in consideration of the exquisite talent with which the borrowed materials are wrought up into the new form.^[112]

A common turn of phrase, variously attributed to William Faulkner, Pablo Picasso, T. S. Eliot, and Steve Jobs, among others, claims that «good artists copy, great artists steal.» Though this phrase appears to be praising artistic plagiarism, it is more commonly taken to refer to constructively iterating upon the work of others, and being transparent about one’s influences.^[113][114]

In other contexts[edit]

On the Internet[edit]

Free online tools are becoming available to help identify plagiarism,^[115][116] and there are a range of approaches that attempt to limit online copying, such as disabling right clicking and placing warning banners regarding copyrights on web pages. Instances of plagiarism that involve copyright violation may be addressed by the rightful content owners sending a DMCA removal notice to the offending site-owner, or to the ISP that is hosting the offending site. The term «content scraping» has arisen to describe the copying and pasting of information from websites^[117] and blogs.^[118]

Reverse plagiarism[edit]

Reverse plagiarism, or attribution without copying,^[17] refers to falsely giving authorship credit over a work to a person who did not author it, or falsely claiming a source supports an assertion that the source does not make.^[119][120] Although both the term and activity are relatively rare, incidents of reverse plagiarism do occur typically in similar contexts as traditional plagiarism.^[87]

Impact of artificial intelligence[edit]

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-3 and ChatGPT raised global discussion about the impact of artificial intelligence on writing and plagiarism. Noam Chomsky called ChatGPT “nothing more than high-tech plagiarism”.^[121] In contrast, others have proposed that “the essay is dead”,^[122] declaring that artificial intelligence will transform academia and society. One scholar of plagiarism, Eaton, proposed the idea of a postplagiarism era,^[123] in which human and artificial-intelligence hybrid writing become normal. The impact of artificial intelligence on plagiarism has yet to be fully understood.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Works cited[edit]

• Arnau, Frank Translation from the German by Brownjohn, J. Maxwell (1961). The Art of the Faker. Little, Brown and Company.
• Derrida, Jacques, Roudinesco, Élisabeth [2001] (2004) De Quoi Demain, English translation 2004 by Jeff Fort as For what tomorrow—: a dialogue, ch.4 Unforeseeable Freedom
• Blum, Susan D. My Word!: Plagiarism and College Culture (2010)
• Eco, Umberto (1987) Fakes and Forgeries in Versus, Issues 46–48, republished in 1990 in The limits of interpretation pp. 174–202
• Eco, Umberto (1990) Interpreting Serials in The limits of interpretation, pp. 83–100, excerpt; link unavailable
• Gérard Genette (1982) Palimpsests: literature in the second degree
• Haywood, Ian (1987) Faking it
• Hutcheon, Linda (1985). «3. The Pragmatic Range of Parody». A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth-Century Art Forms. New York: Methuen. ISBN 978-0-252-06938-3.
• Joachimides, Christos M. and Rosenthal, Norman and Anfam, David and Adams, Brooks (1993) American art in the 20th century: painting and sculpture 1913–1993
• Paull, Harry Major (1928) Literary ethics: a study in the growth of the literary conscience Part II, ch.X Parody and Burlesque pp. 133–40 (public domain work, author died in 1934)
• Royal Shakespeare Company (2007) The RSC Shakespeare – William Shakespeare Complete Works, Introduction to the Comedy of Errors
• Ruthven, K. K. (2001) Faking Literature
• Spearing, A. C. (1987) Introduction section to Chaucer’s The Franklin’s Prologue and Tale
• Spearing, A. C. (1989) Readings in medieval poetry
• Steiner, George (1998) After Babel, ch.6 Topologies of culture, 3rd revised edition

Further reading[edit]

• Lipson, Charles (2008). Doing Honest Work in College: How to Prepare Citations, Avoid Plagiarism, and Achieve Real Academic Success (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226484778. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
• Jude Carroll and Carl-Mikael Zetterling (2009). Guiding students away from plagiarism (in Swedish and English) (1st ed.). Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology. pp. 86–167. ISBN 978-91-7415-403-0. Retrieved June 10, 2017.

External links[edit]

Plagiarism is derived from the Latin word “Plagiarius” meaning “kidnapper”. Plagiarism means stealing or copying another’s work and representing it as own work. On Internet, everything is available for free. We can share, upload, download, view, or search any text, audio, and video. Everything is there for free. The availability of anything and everything on the internet has made our lives easier but people make misuse of this advantage of the internet by representing other’s work as their own for fame, for academic benefits, for money, for personal interests, etc. 

Plagiarism is most commonly practiced in academics and researches. On the internet, we have all kinds of literary articles, educational content, research papers, etc available for free. This facilitates everyone and assists them in gaining knowledge and becoming literate. Earlier when there were no Internet people either had to visit libraries when they wanted to study or know anything or had to purchase expensive books. But now we just type the topic in our browser and we get thousands of search results. As a result, some people use these articles, research papers, educational content in an adverse manner.

Plagiarism can be intentional or unintentional. We should have the knowledge of what can be called plagiarized content and what not. Following are the key points to understand what can be called as plagiarism:

• If we use another person’s work under our name.
• If we copy other’s ideas and words and don’t give them the credit.
• If we download copyrighted images or music and present them as our own.
• If we copy maximum words and modify them so that we can cleverly use them under our own name.
• If we use someone else’s copyrighted music or video for our own music cover or video.
• If we recreate an image, video, music, article, etc in such a manner that it is quite similar to the original one.

Types of Plagiarism

There are several types of plagiarism. In this article, we will get to know the common ones:

• Complete Plagiarism: Complete Plagiarism is the most extreme form of plagiarism. In this plagiarism, a person completely copies someone else’s work such as a research paper, article, image, etc, and represents it as their own work. This form of plagiarism is similar to identity theft or stealing.
• Verbatim: Verbatim is also known as direct plagiarism. When we read a book we must have observed that if any statement that a famous person has made is always represented in double quotations and is highlighted so that we get to know that it is said by this particular person. Similarly consider a person writing an article and mentioning someone’s else work or words that too exactly the same. But this person doesn’t represent it in quotation marks. Then that person is said to be exhibiting direct plagiarism. Hence copying another person’s work word to word and not representing it in quotation marks is known as Verbatim or direct plagiarism.
• Self Plagiarism: This kind of plagiarism is the duplication of a person’s own work. It is also known as auto plagiarism. It occurs when a person copies some words of his own published work and uses the same for another work. This form of plagiarism is commonly observed in research journals. Researchers may make re-use of their research work for another research work, however, the percentage of re-usage must be according to those set by the publishing journals if they allow them to do so.
• Source-Based Plagiarism: This form of plagiarism is most commonly observed in research work. In the research paper one needs to provide references that have contributed to their work, If a person provides wrong references that do not exist, or that are not relating to the work then it is known as source-based plagiarism. The falsification of data or its fabrication is also source-based plagiarism. Falsification and fabrication of data are manipulating or representing false or non-existing data.
• Accidental Plagiarism: This kind of plagiarism mostly occurs due to a lack of knowledge. If we don’t know how to paraphrase, cite and quote a research work we leave the work as it is and it results in accidental plagiarism.

Why is plagiarism unethical?

• Plagiarism is unethical because we are representing someone’s other work as our own without giving them the right to. In the real world if someone else takes our things without our permission then we call that person a “thief” and doing so is considered as a punishable offense. Similarly if in the virtual world someone copies someone else’s work it is unethical and is a punishable offense.
• Plagiarism affects the integrity of academics. Researchers are given the degree of Ph.D. on basis of their research works, students are given grades according to their homework. If we will be practicing plagiarism we will not be gaining any knowledge. We may even succeed in getting our Ph.D. degree or good grades but that will put our career at risk and is a threat to our future. We will be a risk for society, organizations where we may work as we do not have the complete knowledge of the corresponding work.
• If we use the plagiarized content for our personal benefits such as monetary gains, fame, etc then it is unethical because we are being benefitted for what we actually have not done. We are being rewarded without actually performing well or giving our 100 percent to get that reward. It is immoral to do so.

How to avoid plagiarism?

There are certain steps we can follow in order to avoid plagiarism.

• Always give credit to the person whose work you are including in your own work. Make use of double quotations to prevent verbatim.
• Build your own ideas and thoughts and use them in your work. Do not copy another person’s ideas or work. Develop yourself and work on yourself so that you can enhance your thought process. Increase the domain of your knowledge.
• Make use of paraphrasing. Paraphrasing means the representation of an idea or thought in our own words in such a manner that the original essence of that idea remains the same. But we should also do paraphrasing in such a manner that it does not convert to plagiarism.
• Use online plagiarism checker tools. There are many sites that offer plagiarism checker tools. These sites check your work against thousands of other works available on the internet and give you a percentage of plagiarized or unique content. They can even tell from which site the content is copied. We should always use plagiarism checker tools in order to prevent plagiarism. Some of the plagiarism checking tools are – Grammarly, smallseotools, turnitin, quetext, etc.
• Always provide correct references in your research paper or article.
• Learn how to cite your articles, provide references, use double quotations, etc. You should know how to write a scholarly article or book or research paper before you begin writing.
• If you are using someone else’s videos, images, or audios in your own video, etc always ask them first, and even after that provide them the credit for the same.
• Keep your morals high. Be educated about plagiarism and be an ethical person. As in real life, you don’t do bad things as you know the differentiation between what is good and bad similarly teach your inner conscience that plagiarism is unethical and you should not make use of plagiarized content.

Laws against plagiarism

There are many laws against plagiarism. Some of them are mentioned below-

• In section 57 of the Indian Copyright Act 1957, authors have “the right to claim authorship of their works among other things. It grants the authors the special right to be attributed for their work. The statute recognizes the right to attribution analogous to the rights not to be plagiarized.”
• In section 63 of the ICA 1957, “a convicted infringer is liable to be imprisoned between six months to three years, and to be fined between fifty thousand and two lakh rupees”.
• University Grants Commission or UGC has provided a certain set of guidelines that need to be followed by universities in order to prevent plagiarism in academic activities.

Sample Questions

Question 1. What is plagiarism?

Solution:

Plagiarism is stealing or copying another’s work and representing it as our own work without giving them the credit.

Question 2. Why is plagiarism unethical?

Solution:

Plagiarism is unethical because we are representing someone else works as our own without giving them the right to. It also affects academic integrity adversely.

Question 3. What is verbatim?

Solution:

Copying another person’s work word to word and not representing it in quotation marks is known as Verbatim. Verbatim is also known as direct plagiarism.

Question 4. What is paraphrasing?

Solution:

Paraphrasing means the representation of an idea or thought in our own words in such a manner that the original essence of that idea remains the same

Question 5. Mention any law against plagiarism.

Solution:

In section 57 of the Indian Copyright Act 1957, authors have “the right to claim authorship of their works among other things. It grants the authors the special right to be attributed for their work. The statute recognizes the right to attribution analogous to the rights not to be plagiarized.”