Robb willer gossip is good for you егэ ответы

Английское произношение:

Forget all the advice people gave you about not gossiping. Researchers have just discovered that gossip may be good for our health. Scientists from the University of California say that having a good gossip has health benefits for both the gossip and the listener.

Забудьте, что люди советовали вам не сплетничать. Совсем недавно исследователи обнаружили, что сплетни могут быть полезны для нашего здоровья. Учёные из Университета Калифорнии говорят, что хорошая сплетня положительно влияет на здоровье как рассказчика, так и слушателя.

They say it can help control bad behaviour towards others and reduce stress levels. This means the office gossip may be more of a help than a nuisance. However, it may make the person being gossiped about more stressed.

Они заявляют, что это помогает контролировать негативное поведение по отношению к окружающим и снизить уровень стресса. Это значит, что офисные сплетни – это что-то вроде поддержки, а не досадные помехи. Тем не менее, сплетни может подвергнуть стрессу человека, о котором распространили слух.

The scientists did a large number of tests on people to see the effects of gossip on our brain. They asked those taking the test to listen to different kinds of «pro-social» gossip – this is information and warnings about untrustworthy people.

Учёные провели большое количество испытаний на людях, чтобы выявить влияние сплетен на мозг. Они попросили испытуемых прослушать различные виды «про-социальных» слухов – это информация и предупреждения насчёт ненадёжных людей.

Dr Robb Willer, co-author of the study said: “Gossiping made them feel better…. Gossip gets a bad rap, but we’re finding evidence that it plays a critical role in the maintenance of social order.” Maybe next time you’re feeling down, you should pass on some juicy gossip.

Доктор Robb Willer, соавтор исследования, заявил: «Сплетни улучшали их самочувствие… У сплетен плохая репутация, но мы находим свидетельства того, что они играют важную роль в поддержании общественного порядка». Возможно, когда в следующий раз вы будете в плохом настроении, вам стоит выслушать несколько «острых» сплетен.

1 GRAMMAR


a


2  didn’t like her parents
3  was getting divorced
4  ‘d been to the police station
5  hadn’t met his girlfriend
6  ‘d seen James with another woman
7  couldn’t cook
8  wouldn’t tell anyone
9  ‘d speak to her tomorrow / the next day
10  ‘d got a lot of work to do


b


2  I want a cup of coffee
3  We haven’t seen the new neighbours yet
4  I don’t want to go to the cinema
5  We’ll go the party
6  My computer has just broken
7  The city is very old
8  We’ll visit you


2 VOCABULARY


a


2  told   3   told   4  said   5  told   6  said   7  told   8  told   9  said   10  said


b


2  told   3  told   4  said   5  told   6  said   7  said   8  said   9  told   10  told


3 PRONUNCIATION


a


2  married   3  letter   4  middle   5  hurry   6  different   7  sorry   8  summer   9  message   10  happy


4 LISTENING


a


Jess gossips, but Alan doesn’t.


b


2  F   3  F   4  F   5  T   6  T   7  T   8  F

Другие языки

Why It’s Good If You’re Easily Embarrassed

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Gossip, especially gossip at work, is generally considered a bad thing. He recently co-authored a paper called , which was published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. As a new member of a group, such as when you start a new job, listening to what your new co-workers are chatting about can provide you with really valuable information about how to act on your new job. Laura Davies, a child and adolescent psychiatrist at California Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco, told the that the study focused on a specific kind of gossip that many people don’t consider gossip.

I guess historically gossip was news? Still, a large majority of observers agreed to take the financial hit just to send the gossip note. What do you think?

Why It’s Good If You’re Easily Embarrassed

Do you think that a bunch of colleagues chirping away at the water cooler are merely gossipers wiling their time away? Perhaps you should think again. By avoiding gossip, you could be missing out on crucial news. A study conducted at the University of California, Berkeley, last year demonstrated that gossip helps people exchange important information about intruders and unethical people within a community. We suspect that its existence is the reason that gossip as a whole tends to be viewed negatively. One analysis shows that 65 percent of any conversation is just gossip; trivial but tantalizing stuff about other people and the world around us. This is even true for conversations digital in nature. A 2012 Georgia Tech study found that around 15 percent of work emails qualify as gossip. According to the British anthropologist Robin Dunbar, our brains and language have evolved to facilitate gossip. Primates form alliances through social grooming to buffer themselves against this stress. According to Dunbar, hominid groups began to push for language abilities to facilitate broader communication. Grooming can only achieve so much. GOSSIP — GOOD FOR THE SOUL? As we know, gossip can be both negative and positive. In the first study, 51 participants were connected to a heart-rate monitor. Their heart rates were observed while they watched the scores of two players involved in a trust game. The results showed that heart rates went down as their frustration eased during the act of passing along gossip. So, in this way, gossiping can make you feel better. In another experiment by the same team, participants gladly sacrificed a portion of their study pay to warn a new player about an unfair competitor. Kevin Kniffin, postdoctoral research associate at Cornell University, says there are generally two types of gossip found in organizations, including ones like sports teams: positive group serving and harmful self-serving. Harmful self-serving gossip is what people usually define gossip to be e. In 2005, as part of a study, Kniffin signed up to join a university rowing team. The performance of the group as a whole depended on how much effort every player invested into practice. So the slacker by default invited criticism. Kniffin says organizations which reward group-level performance tend to be places where gossip more often serves group interests, whereas workplaces that reward individual-level performance tend to be places that cultivate self-serving gossip. A 2012 Dutch study showed that gossip facilitated friendship among co-workers who gossiped. Too much gossip, however, did not help people attract more friends. GOSSIP RESEARCH — AND DAILY LIFE Kniffin believes all of us can benefit from research on gossip. So, go ahead and gossip — it is good for your heart and may even help you land a top-notch career opportunity!

How did you research this. In the first study, 51 participants were connected to a heart-rate monitor. November 6, 2018 Caballeros can help boost civic engagement among young people. The responses suggested that people did indeed use gossip as a way of calibrating their behavior. But it is also the case that identities can be more easily faked or covered up online. First, they hooked 51 volunteers up to heart rate monitors. Primates form alliances through social grooming to buffer themselves against this stress. In the first study, we attached participants to heart-rate monitors and monitored their emotional reactions to events they observed in the lab. Some people have figured this out on their own. In the first experiment, 51 volunteers were hooked up to heart rate monitors as they observed the scores of two people playing the game. This type of gossiping should be used to convey information rather than a vicious assessment of individuals.

Robb Willer is an assistant professor of sociology at the University of California, Berkeley. He recently co-authored a paper called The Virtues of Gossip: Reputational Information Sharing as Prosocial Behaviour, which was published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

What were you hoping to explore with this research?

We’ve been doing research for several years about the ways in which reputational concerns encourage people to behave. This led us to get interested in gossip because gossip involves diffusing reputational information about people in groups. More specifically, we were interested in an apparent tension between the bad reputation gossiping and gossipers have, but how there’s a lot of ways gossip has useful social functions.

How did you research this?

In the first study, we attached participants to heart-rate monitors and monitored their emotional reactions to events they observed in the lab. One thing they observed was people doing economic exercises based on trust. We arranged so they would observe someone behave in a untrustworthy way repeatedly; then the participants would have a chance to warn someone else they thought would have to interact with that person next.

And what did you observe?

We found people very readily warned the next person, passing on socially useful information to them. But what was more interesting was the emotional register of the behaviour. As people saw a person behave in a untrustworthy way, they became frustrated and their heart rate increased. But when they had the opportunity to pass a warning on, that reduced or eliminated their frustration and also tempered their increased heart rate.

You call this type of gossip «prosocial» – what do you mean by that?

It is a subset of gossip that involves warning other people about untrustworthy others. We think it is pretty common. We find generous people are more likely to engage in it and they report doing so out of a motivation to help others. It is very different from malicious gossip, which might be driven by a desire to tarnish another’s reputation or advance oneself.

How did you refine your conclusions?

In one follow-up study, we focused on people’s motivations with prosocial gossip – that they had generous moral motivations and they would be willing to suffer a personal cost. So we set up a study where people had to pay to gossip. We documented this interesting paradox, which is that information about who can and can’t be trusted is tremendously valuable information that we ought to pay for. But it seems that people are itching to give it away, so we wanted to demonstrate that people would suffer to send it, not so much to acquire it. We found that when people could pay to increase the odds that the gossip would be transmitted, around three-quarters of participants were willing to do so.

You then explored the idea that gossip plays a role in maintaining social order…

For the final study, we recruited people via the internet and had them participate in a study where they could behave in a trustworthy way or not; if they were untrustworthy, they would make more money and benefit personally. We put them under conditions where they could be gossiped about in a future interaction and we found the threat of gossip deterred people from behaving in an untrustworthy way.

So why does gossip have such a bad reputation?

This research has just sharpened that question for me. Why would it be that gossip, which we need to function socially, to keep people behaving a bit better than they might otherwise, has a negative reputation? It could be that we don’t need gossip to have a positive reputation for people to do it. Even the people who pass judgment on gossipers are gossiping as they do so. It may be that socially we’re wired to gossip. Evolutionary theorists have argued that language evolved in part to facilitate gossip, so we’ve developed these social norms against excessive or malicious gossip to keep the system to from getting out of hand.

I guess historically gossip was news?

News in a lot of ways is dignified gossip. A broad definition of gossip would include the news.

So we shouldn’t hate ourselves for gossiping?

Definitely not, although it’s very important that we discriminate between different kinds of gossip and the people who do it. The kind where you warn people about untrustworthy others is valid, so we shouldn’t feel bad about that.

Social networking has added another dimension to gossip, making it more accountable and forcing the subject to comment on it. But it is also the case that identities can be more easily faked or covered up online. Also, it’s so easy to respond now, so people expect you to do so. In days gone by, a newspaper would say «calls to the person were not returned», which doesn’t sound incriminating, but if someone is talked about on Twitter and they don’t respond, you begin to think the gossip is true.

What next in gossip?

There are many things we find interesting: how the dynamics of gossip may vary across cultures; how much gossip could be considered prosocial in nature; the decay rates of the validity of gossip as it’s passed around. Finally, it would be interesting to get an answer to the question: why does all gossip have negative connotations when it’s not all bad?