Secondary education in the usa егэ ответы

Текст на английском языке Перевод The system of education in the United States is rather complicated. Система образования в США довольно сложна. It is exposed to the constant changes of federal policies, adaptation to various social needs, and the emergence of new pedagogical methods. Она подвержена постоянным изменениям федеральных правил, адаптации к различным нуждам общества и появлению новых педагогических методов. In most schools, it is divided into three levels: Во многих школах образование делится на три уровня: elementary school – grades 1 to 5, Начальная школа — с 1 по 5 класс, middle school — grades 6 to 8, Средняя школа — с 6 по 8 класс, high school — grades 9 to 12. Старшая школа — с 9 по 12 класс. This 12-year system is called “K-12”. Эти 12-летняя система называется «К-12». K-12 stands for the grades for students of various age groups from the kindergarten age (5 years old) to the 12th grade age (18 years old). «К-12» — это классы для студентов различных возрастных групп, от детсадовского возраста (5 лет), до 12 класса (18 лет). There are three types of schools in the United States: public, private, and home schools. В США три типа школ: государственные школы, частные, а также домашнее обучение. Public schooling is financed by federal, state, and local authorities. Государственные школы финансируются федеральными властями, властями штата и местными властями. Parents do not pay for their children’s education. Родители не платят за образование детей. Private schools have a right to choose their curriculum and establish their policies. This kind of education is not free of charge. Частные школы имеют право выбирать свой учебный план и устанавливать свои правила. Такой вид образования не является платным. Homeschooling addresses the needs of parents who do not want their children to attend regular schools for certain reasons. Домашнее обучение удовлетворяет потребность родителей, которые, по определенным причинам, не хотят, чтобы их дети посещали обычные школы. Among home school students are children with special needs and children whose parents support non-traditional methods of learning. К детям на домашнем обучении относятся дети с особыми потребностями и дети, чьи родители поддерживают нетрадиционные методы обучения. There are also young athletes and celebrities whose tight schedule do not leave them enough time for going to school. Также есть юные спортсмены и знаменитости, чей напряженный график не оставляет им времени на то, чтобы ходить в школу. About 3% of children are homeschooled in the USA. Около 3% детей в США находятся на домашнем обучении. The necessary standards of education in the United States are set by state governments. Необходимые стандарты образования в США устанавливаются правительством штата. As a rule, the key requirement for American students is to pass obligatory standardized tests developed for the K-12 schooling system. Как правило, главное требование к американским школьникам — это пройти обязательные стандартизированные тесты, разработанные для 12-летней школьной системы. After high school, children have several options. После старшей школы у детей есть несколько вариантов. First, they can choose a 4-year college or university program and get the education for the selected professional career. Во-первых, они могут выбрать 4-летнюю программу в колледже или университете и получить образование, необходимое для выбранной профессиональной карьеры. Second, children can choose a 2-year program in college and get prepared for their future career choice. Во-вторых, дети могут выбрать 2-летнюю программу в колледже и подготовиться к будущему выбору карьеры. Third, high school graduates can enter a vocational school and learn a trade to have an opportunity to be employed in a specific field of occupation such as design, baking or carpentry. В третьих, выпускники старшей школы могут поступить в профессиональное учебное заведение и изучить профессию, чтобы получить возможность найти работу в определенной обрасти или сфере деятельности, к примеру: профессия пекаря, дизайн, плотническое дело. Fourth, graduates of high schools can choose to serve in the US armed forces. В четвертых, выпускники старшей школы могут выбрать службу в Вооруженных силах США. Fifth, if children are not ready to continue their education, they can have a gap year. В пятых, если дети не готовы продолжать учебу, они могут взять перерыв в один год («gap year»). Most kids prefer to spend this time exploring their life preferences and individual interests through active involvement in various jobs, internships, volunteering work, or traveling. Многие дети предпочитают проводить это время, изучая их жизненные предпочтения и личные интересы через активное участие в различных работах, стажировках, волонтерских программах или путешествиях.

The federal government pays little attention to school education in the USA. There is neither a uniform school system in the USA, nor a uniform curriculum. Each state has its own system of schools. But there are some common features in the organization of school education in the country.

Schools in the USA can be divided into state, or public schools, and private schools. State schools are free, and private schools are fee-paying.

Elementary and secondary schools consist of twelve grades. Classes meet for about ten months a year, five days a week and five hours a day. At elementary school English, mathematics, science, social studies, music sports and other subjects are taught.

Elementary education begins at the age of six, when a child goes to the first grade. Secondary education is offered at high schools. At the age of 14 pupils go to junior high school. At the age of sixteen children leave junior high school and may continue their education at the upper grades of high school.

Besides giving general education some high schools teach some other subjects. Students choose these subjects if they want to enter colleges or universities or hope to find jobs in industry or agriculture. Many schools include classes teaching basic computer skills.

A growing number of young people go to colleges or universities. Nevertheless, many students of high school don’t finish it. One per cent of American citizens from the age of 14 can neither read nor write.

Topical Vocabulary

Answer the questions:

1. How can you characterize the organization of school education in the United States of America?
2. What groups can schools in the United States of America be divided into?
3. What subjects are taught at elementary school?
4. At what age do children study at a high school?
5. What kind of education do high schools give?

Translate into English:

1. В США нет единой системы школ и единой программы.
2. Школы в США подразделяются на бесплатные государственные и платные частные.
3. Начальное образование начинается в шесть лет и включает обучение математике, естественным наукам, общественным наукам, музыке, спорту и другим предметам.
4. Средняя школа включает средние и старшие классы.
5. Дети, продолжающие образование в старших классах средней школы, получают (receive) общее образование.
6. Кроме того (besides), им преподают предметы, необходимые для поступления в колледжи и университеты или для получения работы.

US Education System

A noteworthy fact is that the US Constitution does not control the educational system, allowing state authorities to independently resolve issues related to education. It is worth noting that the indicator of the degree of literacy depends on the financial capabilities of families. What are the levels of schooling in the US?

Studying in the USA can be carried out both in English only, and in several at the same time (relevant for diasporas and national areas with a high rate of foreigners).

Among educational structures, the following are often noted:

• preschool education;
• high school, starting from primary;
• higher education institutions.

The academic year is divided into three equal trimesters, starting from the autumn and ending with the summer. Classes can begin in late August or early September and last five days a week. The end of each trimester is marked by a short vacation.

Secondary education in the USA

Preschool education

The structure of education in the United States begins with pre-school institutions that prepare future students of institutions. The age category begins with three years and ends with five years. In some states, a certificate is required before entering high school. Institutions of this type can be both private and public.

Elementary and middle school in the USA

Schooling in the United States is divided into several stages. It always starts with an elementary school, encompassing an age category of five to twelve years. Most subjects are taught by one teacher who reads an established program that includes both humanitarian and precision subjects.

A bias is being made towards studying the native language of students. Classes are distributed through an IQ test, which determines the level of knowledge of students:

• C — students with a low rate;
• B — students with an average knowledge score;
• A — gifted students.

Secondary school (middle school) assumes the presence of students from eleven to fourteen years. Students acquire knowledge over three years from different teachers specializing in specific subjects. Among the areas of knowledge that must be present, there are English, natural sciences, physical education and mathematics. At this stage, a choice of optional subjects is possible. All students are divided into two classes — regular and advanced.

High school

In high school attended by children with fourteen of eighteen years. All students are separated by compulsory categorization, which includes three levels of different training:

• academic;
• professional (students gaining mainly practical knowledge about the future profession);
• multidisciplinary (obtaining general knowledge on the basis of which it is impossible to work by profession or enter college after graduation).

Vacation training

The education system in the United States implies the existence of special camps, which are divided into categories based on the knowledge gained. The most popular options include learning English and training in sports, theater or photography.

For foreign students, this is a great opportunity to learn useful skills. American Butler offers the following options for visiting American educational institutions:

• annual training at a public school under the experience exchange program;
• studying at a private school;
• obtaining the right to permanent residence in America and the subsequent selection of the educational structure for training.

Higher education in the USA

Higher education institutions in the USA are called colleges. The admission procedure provides for the presentation of not only a certificate of maturity, which is obtained by school graduates, but also a personal profile, test results and relevant certificates.

All US universities are divided into four categories according to area of knowledge and type of study. By field of knowledge there are:

• colleges, whose direction is associated with research activities;
• agricultural institutions focused on obtaining practical skills regarding agricultural technologies (land-grant);
• here the field of knowledge studied and applied in practice is aimed at the marine industry (sea-grant).

Often in colleges, all students have the right to choose subjects of interest to them. Consequently, there are no academic groups that are required to attend a fixed schedule. Thanks to the optional distribution, the acquired knowledge does not lose its relevance.

There are four main types:

• two-year colleges (equivalent to the first 2 years of a university);
• four-year colleges (obtaining a bachelor’s degree);
• community colleges;
• vocational schools.

After graduation from a community college or vocational school, a graduate awaits a certificate. Passing a two-year or four-year education means obtaining a bachelor’s degree, respectively. After this, further postgraduate studies at one of the universities are possible.

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