The avocado originated in the state of puebla mexico егэ ответы 6 вариант

The avocado (Persea americana) is a tree native to Central Mexico, classified in the flowering plant family Lauraceae along with cinnamon, camphor and bay laurel. Avocado or alligator pear also refers to the fruit (botanically a large berry that contains a single seed of the tree, which may be pear-shaped, egg-shaped or spherical.

Avocados are commercially valuable and are cultivated in tropical and Mediterranean climates throughout the world. They have a green-skinned, pear-shaped fleshy body that ripens after harvesting. Trees are partially self-pollinating and often are propagated through grafting to maintain a predictable quality and quantity of the fruit.

Americana, or the avocado, originated in the state of Puebla, Mexico. The native, undomesticated variety is known as a criollo, and is small, with dark black skin, and contains a large seed. The oldest evidence of avocado use was found in a cave located in Coxcatlán, Puebla, Mexico, that dates to around 10,000 BC. The avocado tree also has a long history of cultivation in Central and South America; a water jar shaped like an avocado, dating to AD 900, was discovered in the pre-Incan city of Chan Chan. The earliest known written account of the avocado in Europe is that of Martín Fernández de Enciso (c.1470–c.1528) in 1518 or 1519 in his book, Suma De Geographia Que Trata De Todas Las Partidas Y Provincias Del Mundo. The first written record in English of the use of the word ‘avocado’ was by Hans Sloane in a 1696 index of Jamaican plants. The plant was introduced to Indonesia in 1750, Brazil in 1809, the Levant in 1908, and South Africa and Australia in the late 19th century.

The word “avocado” comes from the Spanish aguacate which in turn comes from the Nahuatl word ahuácatl (testicle, a reference to the shape of the fruit). Avocados were known by the Aztecs as ‘the fertility fruit’. In some countries of South America, such as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay, the avocado is known by its Quechua name, palta. In other Spanish-speaking countries is known by the Mexican name and in Portuguese it is abacate. The fruit is sometimes called an avocado pear or alligator pear (due to its shape and the rough green skin of some cultivars). The Nahuatl ahuacatl can be compounded with other words, as in ahuacamolli, meaning avocado soup or sauce, from which the Spanish word guacamole derives.

The modern English name derives from the Spanish form avocado, “advocate”, which was formed as a folk etymology that substituted (and obscured) the Nahuatl origins of the word. The earliest known written use in English is attested from 1697 as “Avogato Pear”, a term which was later corrupted as “alligator pear”. The “advocate”-form appears in several other Germanic languages, such as the German Advogato-Birne, the Swedish advokatpäron, the Danish advokat-pære and the Dutch advocaatpeer. It is known as “butter fruit” in parts of India. In China it is known as è lí (鳄梨, a direct translation of “alligator pear”) or huángyóu guǒ (黄油果, “butter fruit”).

The tree grows to 20 m (69 ft), with alternately arranged leaves 12 centimetres (4.7 in) – 25 centimetres (9.8 in) long. The flowers are inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, 5 millimetres (0.2 in) – 10 millimetres (0.4 in) wide. The pear-shaped fruit is 7 centimetres (2.8 in) – 20 centimetres (7.9 in) long, weighs between 100 grams (3.5 oz) – 1,000 grams (35 oz), and has a large central seed, 5 centimetres (2.0 in) – 6.4 centimetres (2.5 in) long.

The subtropical species needs a climate without frost and with little wind. High winds reduce the humidity, dehydrate the flowers, and affect pollination. When even a mild frost occurs, premature fruit drop may occur, although the Hass cultivar can tolerate temperatures down to −1°C. The trees also need well-aerated soils, ideally more than 1 m deep. Yield is reduced when the irrigation water is highly saline. These soil and climate conditions are available only in a few areas of the world, particularly in southern Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Crete, the Levant, South Africa, Colombia, Peru, parts of central and northern Chile, Vietnam, Indonesia, parts of southern India, Sri Lanka, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Malaysia, Central America, the Caribbean, Mexico, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Florida, Hawai’i, Ecuador and Rwanda. Each region has different types of cultivars.

Commercial orchards produce an average of seven tonnes per hectare each year, with some orchards achieving 20 tonnes per hectare. Biennial bearing can be a problem, with heavy crops in one year being followed by poor yields the next. The avocado tree does not tolerate freezing temperatures, and can be grown only in subtropical or tropical climates. There are several cold-hardy varieties planted in the region of Gainesville Florida, which survive temperatures as low as 20 F with only minor leaf damage.

The avocado is a climacteric fruit (the banana is another), which means it matures on the tree, but ripens off the tree. Avocados used in commerce are picked hard and green and kept in coolers at 3.3 to 5.6°C (38 to 42°F) until they reach their final destination. Avocados must be mature to ripen properly. Avocados that fall off the tree ripen on the ground. Generally, the fruit is picked once it reaches maturity; Mexican growers pick Hass-variety avocados when they have more than 23% dry matter, and other producing countries have similar standards. Once picked, avocados ripen in a few days at room temperature (faster if stored with other fruits such as apples or bananas, because of the influence of ethylene gas). Some supermarkets sell pre-ripened avocados which have been treated with synthetic ethylene to hasten ripening. In some cases avocados can be left on the tree for several months, which is an advantage to commercial growers who seek the greatest return for their crop; but if the fruit remains unpicked for too long it falls to the ground.

The species is only partially able to self-pollinate because of dichogamy in its flowering. This limitation, added to the long juvenile period, makes the species difficult to breed. Most cultivars are propagated via grafting, having originated from random seedling plants or minor mutations derived from cultivars. Modern breeding programs tend to use isolation plots where the chances of cross-pollination are reduced. That is the case for programs at the University of California, Riverside, as well as the Volcani Centre and the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias in Chile.

The avocado is unusual in that the timing of the male and female flower phases differs among cultivars. There are two flowering types, “A” and “B”. “A” cultivar flowers open as female on the morning of the first day and close in late morning or early afternoon. Then they open as male in the afternoon of the second day. “B” varieties open as female on the afternoon of the first day, close in late afternoon and reopen as male the following morning.

“A” cultivars: Hass, Gwen, Lamb Hass, Pinkerton, Reed. “B” cultivars: Fuerte, Sharwil, Zutano, Bacon, Ettinger, Sir Prize, Walter Hole.

Certain cultivars, such as the Hass, have a tendency to bear well only in alternate years. After a season with a low yield, due to factors such as cold (which the avocado does not tolerate well), the trees tend to produce abundantly the next season. In addition, due to environmental circumstances during some years, seedless avocados may appear on the trees. Known in the avocado industry as “cukes”, they are usually discarded commercially due to their small size.

Propagation and rootstocks Avocado is usually treated with a special technique to assist its sprouting process A young avocado sprout

While an avocado propagated by seed can bear fruit, it takes roughly four to six years to do so, and the offspring is unlikely to resemble the parent cultivar in fruit quality. Rootstocks are propagated by seed (seedling rootstocks) and also layering (clonal rootstocks). After about a year of growing in a greenhouse, the young plants are ready to be grafted. Terminal and lateral grafting is normally used. The scion cultivar grows for another 6–12 months before the tree is ready to be sold. Clonal rootstocks have been selected for specific soil and disease conditions, such as poor soil aeration or resistance to the soil-borne disease (root rot) caused by Phytophthora.

Growing indoorsUsually, avocados are grown from pits indoors. This is often done by removing the pit from a ripe, unrefrigerated avocado. The pit is then stabbed with three or four tooth picks, about one third of the way up. The pit is placed in a jar or vase with tepid water. In four to six weeks, it should split and out should come roots and a sprout. If there is no change by this time, the avocado pit is discarded. Once the stem has grown a few inches, it is placed in a pot with soil. It should be watered every few days. Avocados have been known to grow large, so owners must be ready to repot the plant several times.

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Diseases Americana, avocado plant flowersMain article: List of avocado diseases

Avocado trees are vulnerable to bacterial, viral, fungal and nutritional diseases (excesses and deficiencies of key minerals). Disease can affect all parts of the plant, causing spotting, rotting, cankers, pitting and discoloration.

Cultivation in CaliforniaThe avocado was introduced from Mexico to the U.S state of California in the 19th century, and has become an extremely successful cash crop. About 59,000 acres (240 km2) – some 95% of United States avocado production – is located in Southern California, with 60% in San Diego County. Fallbrook, California, claims the title of “Avocado Capital of the World”, and both Fallbrook and Carpinteria, California, host annual avocado festivals.

A cultivars Two Hass avocadosChoquette A seedling from Miami, Florida on the property of Remi Choquette. Now a favored commercial cultivar in south Florida. Hass

While dozens of cultivars are grown, the Hass avocado is today the most common. It produces fruit year-round and accounts for 80% of cultivated avocados in the world. All Hass avocado trees are descended from a single “mother tree” raised by a mail carrier named Rudolph Hass, of La Habra Heights, California. Hass patented the productive tree in 1935. The “mother tree”, of uncertain subspecies, died of root rot and was cut down in September, 2002. Hass trees have medium-sized (150–250 g), ovate fruit with a black, pebbled skin. The flesh has a nutty, rich flavour with 19% oil. A hybrid Guatemalan type, it can withstand temperatures to −1°C (30°F).

Gwen is a seedling bred from Hass x Thille in 1982, Gwen is higher yielding and more dwarfing than Hass in California. The fruit has an oval shape, slightly smaller than Hass (100-200g), with a rich, nutty flavor. The skin texture is more finely pebbled than Hass, and is dull green when ripe. It is frost-hardy down to −1°C (30°F).

Lula A seedling reportedly grown from a ‘Taft’ avocado planted in Miami, Florida on the property of George Cellon, named after Cellon’s wife Lula. It was likely a cross between Mexican and Guatemalan types. Lula was recognized for its flavor and high oil content and propagated commercially in Florida. It is also very commonly used as a rootstock for nursery production. Hardy to −4°C (25°F)

Pinkerton First grown on the Pinkerton Ranch in Saticoy, California, in the early 1970s, Pinkerton is a seedling of Hass’ Rincon. The large fruit has a small seed, and its green skin deepens in color as it ripens. The thick flesh has a smooth, creamy texture, pale green color, good flavor and high oil content. It shows some cold tolerance, to −1°C (30°F) and bears consistently heavy crops. A hybrid Guatemalan type, it has excellent peeling characteristics.

Reed Developed from a chance seedling found in 1948 by James S. Reed in California, Reed has large, round, green fruit with a smooth texture and dark, thick, glossy skin. Smooth and delicate, the flesh has a slightly nutty flavor. The skin ripens green. A Guatemalan type, it is hardy to −1°C (30°F). Tree size is about 5 by 4 meters.

B cultivarsBacon Developed by a farmer, James Bacon, in 1954, Bacon has medium-sized fruit with smooth, green skin with yellow-green, light tasting flesh. When ripe, the skin remains green, but darkens slightly, and fruit yields to gentle pressure. It is cold-hardy down to −5°C (23°F).

Brogden Possibly a cross between Mexican and West Indian types, Brogden originated as a seedling grown in Winter Haven, Florida on the property of Tom W. Brogden. The variety was recognized for its cold-hardiness to −5°C (22°F) and became commercially propagated as nursery-stock for home growing. It is noted for its dark purple skin at maturity.

Ettinger A Mexican/Guatemalan cross seedling of Fuerte, this cultivar originated in Israel, and was put into production there in 1947. Mature trees tolerate four hours at −6°C (21°F). The fruit has a smooth, thin, green skin that does not peel easily. The flesh is very pale green.

Fuerte A Mexican/Guatemalan cross originating in Puebla, the Fuerte earned its name, which means strong in Spanish, after it withstood a severe frost in California in 1913. Hardy to −3°C (26°F), it has medium-sized, pear-shaped fruit with a green, leathery, easy to peel skin. The creamy flesh of mild and rich flavour has 18% oil. The skin ripens green. Tree size is 6 by 4 meters.

Monroe A Guatemalan/West Indian cross that originated from a seedling grown in Homestead, Florida on the property of J.J.L. Phillips, it was patented in 1937 and became a major commercial cultivar due to its cold hardiness and production qualities. The fruit is large, averaging over 2 pounds in weight, has an elliptical shape, and green, glossy skin. Hardy to −3°C (26°F).

Sharwil Predominantly Guatemalan, with some Mexican race genes, Sharwil was selected in 1951 by Sir Frank Sharpe at Redland Bay, southern Queensland, Australia. The name “Sharwil” is an amalgamation of Sharp and Wilson (J.C. Wilson being the first propagator). Scions were sent from Australia to Hawaii in 1966. A medium-sized fruit with rough green skin, it closely resembles the Fuerte, but is slightly more oval in shape. The fruit has greenish-yellow flesh with a rich, nutty flavor and high oil content (20–24%), and a small seed. The skin is green when ripe. It represents more than 57% of the commercial farming in Hawaii, and represents up to 20% of all avocados grown in New South Wales, Australia. It is a regular and moderate bearer with excellent quality fruit, but is sensitive to frost. Disease and pest resistance are superior to Fuerte.

Zutano Originated by R.L. Ruitt in Fallbrook in 1926, this Mexican variety is hardy to −4°C (25°F). The large, pear-shaped fruit has a shiny, thin, yellow-green skin that peels moderately easily. The flesh is pale green with fibers and has a light flavor.

Solmaz Hafezi & Alison Truery

Other cultivarsOther avocado cultivars include Spinks. The fruit of the cultivar Florida, grown mostly outside California, is larger and rounder, with a smooth, medium-green skin, and a less-fatty, firmer and fibrous flesh. These are occasionally marketed as low-calorie avocados. Historically attested varieties (which may or may not survive among Horticulturists) include the Challenge, Dickinson, Kist, Queen, Rey, Royal, Sharpless, and Taft.

Промежуточная аттестация 11 класс

Вариант № 1

I.       
Установите соответствие между заголовками A—H и текстами
1-7. Используйте каждую букву только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

A.
Harvest          
         E. Breeding

B.
Etymology      
          F. Cultivation

C.
Toxicity          
        G. Culinary uses

D.
Growing
indoors          H. History

1.
The
avocado originated in Mexico. The native uncultivated variety is small, with
dark black skin, and contains a large seed. The oldest evidence of avocado use,
which dates to around 10 000 BC, was found in a cave in Mexico. The avocado
tree also has a long period of cultivation in Central and South America. A
water jar shaped like an avocado, dating to AD 900, was discovered in the
pre-Incan city of Chan Chan.

2.
The
word ‘avocado’ comes from the Spanish ‘aguacate’. Avocados were known by the
Aztecs as ‘the fertility fruit’. In some countries of South America, such as
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay, the avocado is known by its
Quechua name ‘palta’. The fruit is sometimes called an ‘avocado pear’ or
‘alligator pear’ due to its shape

and
the rough green skin. It is known as ‘Butter Fruit’ in parts of India.

3.
The
avocado tree does not tolerate freezing temperatures, and can be grown only in
subtropical or tropical climates. High winds reduce the humidity, dehydrate the
flowers, and affect pollination. When even a mild frost occurs, premature fruit
drop may occur. The trees also need well-aerated soils, ideally more than 1 m
deep. These soil and climate conditions are available only in a few areas of
the world.

4.
An
average avocado tree produces about 500 avocados annually. Commercial orchards
produce an average of seven tonnes per hectare each year, with some orchards
achieving 20 tonnes per hectare. The avocado is a climacteric fruit, which
means it matures on the tree, but ripens off the tree. Avocados used in
commerce are picked hard and green and kept in coolers until they reach their
final destination.

5.
Avocados
are often grown from pits. This is done by removing the pit from a ripe,
unrefrigerated avocado. The

pit
is placed in a jar or vase with tepid water. In four to six weeks, it should
split and out should come roots and a

sprout.
Once the stem has grown a few inches, it is placed in a pot with soil. It
should be watered every few days.

Avocados
have been known to grow large, so owners must be ready to repot the plant
several times.

6.
The
fruit is not sweet, but fatty, and distinctly yet subtly flavoured. It is used
in both savoury and sweet dishes, though in many countries not for both. The
avocado is very popular in vegetarian cuisine as substitute for meats because
of its high fat content. Generally, avocado is served raw, though some cultivars
can be cooked for a short time without becoming bitter. Avocados are also used
to make salads.

7.
Avocado
leaves, bark, skin, or pit are documented to be harmful to animals. Cats, dogs,
cattle, and horses can be

severely
harmed or even killed when they consume them. Avocado leaves contain a fatty
acid derivative, persin, which in sufficient quantity can cause equine colic
and, without veterinary treatment, death. Birds also seem to be

particularly
sensitive to this compound. Negative effects in humans seem to be primarily in
allergic individuals.

II.     Прочитайте
текст и заполните пропуски 8–13 частями предложений, обозначенными буквами A—G. Одна из
частей в списке лишняя.

  
Every
invention has an official birth date. For the Cube this date is 1974 8
__________ . The inventor’s name is

now
a household word, Rubik’s Cube.

  
Although 1974 marks the appearance of the Cube, the processes that led to the
invention began a few years earlier. At the time, Erno Rubik was a lecturer at
the Academy of Applied Arts and Crafts in Budapest.

   
In the course of his teaching, Erno Rubik preferred to communicate his ideas by
the use of actual models, made from wood or plastic, 9 _________ . When
the Cube was completed, Erno Rubik demonstrated it to his students and let some
of his friends play with it. The effect was instantaneous. Once somebody laid
his hands on the Cube,

 10
_________! The compulsive interest of friends and students in the Cube
caught its creator completely by surprise and it was months before any thought
was given to the possibility of producing it on an industrial scale.

   
During 1978, the Cube began to make its way through the hands of fascinated
youths into homes and schools 11_________ . The challenge of trying to
master the Cube seemed to have a mesmeric effect on an amazing variety of

individuals.
Grandmothers, bank managers, pilots and librarians could be seen working away
at their Cubes at any hour of the day. But it was the young, schoolboys and students, 12 _________. Now the Cube is
part of a family

of
puzzles and games which bear the stamp of the genius who created the greatest
three dimensional puzzle the world has ever known.

    
Erno Rubik has not changed much over the years. Working closely with Seven
Towns, he is still deeply engaged in creating new games and puzzles, and
remains one of the

principal
beneficiaries of 13 ____________.

A.
it
was difficult to get it back

B.
which
was the first step on the long road that led finally to the Cube

C.
who
proved most adept at solving the puzzle

D.
where
it was finally rejected

E.
what
proved to be a spectacularly successful invention

F.
when
the first working prototype came into being

G.
without
any promotion or publicity

III.
Заполните пропуски существительными, образованными от слов, напечатанных в
конце строк заглавными буквами.

14.
A famous ____________ was killed yesterday.                                   REPORT

15.
Everyone understands the ____________ of  environmental protection.          IMPORTANT             
          

16.
Many rare species are threatened with ___________.                             EXTINCT

17.
We must struggle for the __________ of endangered species.                     EXIST

18.
Millions of people in the world are threatened with ___________.                 STARVE

19.
There is no _________ between him and his father.                               RESEMBLE

20.
This job loses its ____________ after a while.                                    EXCITE

21.
There are no simple __________ to the problem of air pollution.                  SOLVE

22.
You should make __________ for emergencies.                                  PROVIDE

23.
There were more than 1,000 ___________ in the race.                            COMPETE

IV.         
Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами
25–34. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 1–10, в которых представлены возможные
варианты ответов.

                       Hitchhiking in
Spain

  
Spain is such an obvious holiday destination that you almost take its beauty
for granted. (24) _________ , it’s the

second
country (after Italy) with the largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites!
Every village is a real

medieval
beauty! So if you are fond of photography, Spain is definitely the place to go.

  
(25) ___________ ,
the best way to explore Spain is hitchhiking. (26) ________, Spain is
really easy to hitchhike

in
terms of weather. (27) __________it can get quite hot in summer, the
weather is generally pleasant and it seldom

rains.
(28) ___________, Spanish people are friendly and they understand the
idea of hitchhiking, (29) _______ they don’t normally ask for money. (30)
________ being sociable, not many local people speak English, so it’s a
good idea to learn some Spanish expressions before you set off. If you speak a bit
of Spanish, it can get you a long way.

  
(31) ___________,
hitchhiking can be extremely time; consuming. The reason for this might be that
almost every

family
owns a car and they seem to use it for absolutely everything. (32) ____________,
they often visit friends in the

nearby
village or town. (33) ___________ when you finally get a lift, it may
only be for 10 km and then you will have to wait for another ten kilometer
lift.

  
So if you are a sociable person and have a lot of spare time, you’ll definitely
stand a chance of hitchhiking in Spain.

24.
1) Despite           2) Besides            3) Moreover              4) However

25.
1) Apart from that    2) In my opinion      3) For example           4) As a
result

26.
1) Nevertheless     2) What is more      3) First of all              4)
Secondly

27.
1) Despite           2) In spite            3) Although               4)
However

28.
1) Besides          2) Nevertheless       3) On the contrary        4) Yet

29.
1) for example      2) therefore           3) although               4) in
spite

30.
1) Despite          2) In spite             3) Otherwise             4) Though

31.
1) As a result       2) Moreover          3) That is why            4)
Nevertheless

32.
1) However         2) Therefore          3) For example          4) In my
opinion

33.
1) First of all       2) That is why         3) Apart from that       4) On the
contrary

Промежуточная аттестация 11 класс

Вариант № 2

I.       
Установите соответствие между заголовками A—H и текстами
1-7. Используйте каждую букву только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

A.
Last
minute offer                               E. Educational tour

B.
Best
catches without mistakes                  F. Green travel

C.
Package
holiday                               G. Mountain adventure

D.
A
holiday for independent travelers            H. Underwater exploration

1.
La
Baume is a holiday camping site that caters for tents and caravans. It is
divided into two main areas, each

with
their own pool area and facilities. They are a short walk apart so it is easy
to enjoy the benefits of both. La Baume

also
boasts a small gift shop, a swimwear shop and a supermarket, which offers most
of the goods you would expect from a local convenience store.

2.
Explore
the UK and Ireland knowing your guides care as deeply about the environment as
they do that you have a

blast!
SHAMROCKER and HAGGIS specialize in authentic tours of Ireland and Scotland.
Locals run the companies with the goal of showing you the best of their lands
while making as little negative impact as possible.

3.
Here’s
yet another great deal for an Alaska cruise. You’ll begin your adventure in
Vancouver and call in the

ports
of Ketchikan and Skagway before disembarking in Seward. If you thought that
being able to afford a dream cruise to Alaska was out of reach, think again.
Check out this seven-night cruise that starts at only $349 per person, but you
have to jump on it fast since the sailing date’s just days away.

4.
Let
us pick you up from selected locations for your day out at the Kennedy Space
Centre! Listen to expert narration

from
our knowledgeable guides as we stop to get a bird’s eye view of the Space
Shuttle launch pads. See other shows and exhibits at the Visitor Complex,
including a chance to meet a real astronaut at the Astronaut Encounter Show.
Try your hand at a mission control console and take a virtual moonwalk before
returning home!

5.
A
dive vacation is much more than someone handing you a tank, transporting you to
a dive site and saying, ‘Have Fun’. Divers want much more. Today, Aggressor
Fleet yachts span the globe in twelve different countries and the list of
exotic destinations keeps growing. The yachts have got private staterooms, an
onboard chef and a slide film

processing
lab — amenities that were unheard of on recreational dive boats.

6.
Experience
the centuries-old Inca Trail trek, the most famous of Peru hiking tours. If you
seek to explore the

culture,
history, and grandeur of the Peruvian Andes, this trip is for you. From the
well-preserved ruins of Machu

Picchu
to
lush cloud forests and snow-covered peaks, this ten-day tour promises the
ultimate experience in Peru

adventure
travel. Whatever itinerary you choose, this vacation is sure to meet your
wildest expectations.

7.
It
is not just the spring that offers great fishing. These Boundary Waters lakes
and rivers offer excellent fishing opportunities all season long. Our guides
live for fishing these waters and will help you eliminate hours of trial and
error on the water. They are there to put you on the fish! Not to mention the
addition of a camp cook. Wake in the morning to the smell of fresh brewed
coffee and breakfast cooking on the fire.

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текст и заполните пропуски 8–13 частями предложений, обозначенными буквами A—G. Одна из
частей в списке лишняя.

  
As
the saying goes … ‘water, water, everywhere’. Well, how much water is there;
where is this water; how does it

move
around?

  
It’s hard to imagine what it’s like to not have clean water to drink. Water is
not evenly divided around the world. Some places have lots and others have very
little. Water supply is a big problem in some countries. Some people in Africa
carry water from a hole 8 __________ . This water source might not even
be in their town and they will have to travel to get it. Some kids wrote about
how they have dirty water at their school and sometimes kids get sick from
drinking it. We wonder 9 __________ .

  
We thought that the United States didn’t have any of those problems but we were
wrong. Appalachia, in the southern part of the United States, has some homes 10
___________.

  
In Arizona, the Central Arizona Project gets water piped in from the Colorado
River. This is a problem for the places that used to get most of the Colorado
River water 11 __________ . There are rules about how much water can

be
taken out of rivers. Some rivers in the West have reached that limit. There are
‘water wars’ where people argue over 12 __________ .

  
The problem of water supply keeps a lot of people looking for new ways to use
water better. Every time we use it, we take water away from the Earth. We know
how it flows on the surface and underground 13 __________ . In the past few
years, many households have been using rain barrels attached to the downspout
of their gutters to store and use rain water for the lawn and garden. If we
don’t spend that extra five minutes in the shower, or run the water when we brush
our teeth, we can make a difference!

A.
who
has the right to use the water

B.
which
provide people with most of the water

C.
that
is bored or dug into the ground

D.
that
still don’t have running water

E.
until
it gets to us

F.
what
we can do about this

G.
because
they can’t get as much now

III.
Заполните пропуски существительными, образованными от слов, напечатанных в
конце строк заглавными буквами.

14.
A lot of money was spent on the __________ of the new
hospital.                          EQUIP

15.
I soon came to the __________ that she was
lying.                                         CONCLUDE

16.
Jane is the best ___________ in our group.                                                 SWIM

17.
Do you know the correct __________ of this
word?                                        PRONOUNCE

18.
__________ can have a variety of
causes.                                                  DISOBEY

19.
The painting was bought by a private
___________.                                        COLLECT

20.
I just need to make a few ___________ before we can print the article.                  
 CORRECT

21.
Technical __________ is provided free of charge.                                          ASSIST

22.
This ______________ appeared in three
newspapers.                                      ADVERTISE

23.
Mr. Porter is asking for a contract ____________
.                                       EXTEND

IV.         
Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами
25–34. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 1–10, в которых представлены возможные
варианты ответов.

                                              Hitchhiking
in Spain

  
Spain is such an obvious holiday destination that you almost take its beauty
for granted. (24) _________ , it’s the

second
country (after Italy) with the largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites! Every
village is a real

medieval
beauty! So if you are fond of photography, Spain is definitely the place to go.

  
(25) ___________ ,
the best way to explore Spain is hitchhiking. (26) ________, Spain is
really easy to hitchhike

in
terms of weather. (27) __________it can get quite hot in summer, the
weather is generally pleasant and it seldom

rains.
(28) ___________, Spanish people are friendly and they understand the
idea of hitchhiking, (29) _______ they don’t normally ask for money. (30)
________ being sociable, not many local people speak English, so it’s a
good idea to learn some Spanish expressions before you set off. If you speak a
bit of Spanish, it can get you a long way.

  
(31) ___________,
hitchhiking can be extremely time; consuming. The reason for this might be that
almost every

family
owns a car and they seem to use it for absolutely everything. (32)
____________, they often visit friends in the

nearby
village or town. (33) ___________ when you finally get a lift, it may
only be for 10 km and then you will have to wait for another ten kilometer
lift.

  
So if you are a sociable person and have a lot of spare time, you’ll definitely
stand a chance of hitchhiking in Spain.

24.
1) Despite           2) Besides            3) Moreover              4) However

25.
1) Apart from that    2) In my opinion      3) For example           4) As a
result

26.
1) Nevertheless     2) What is more      3) First of all              4)
Secondly

27.
1) Despite           2) In spite            3) Although               4)
However

28.
1) Besides          2) Nevertheless       3) On the contrary        4) Yet

29.
1) for example      2) therefore           3) although               4) in
spite

30.
1) Despite          2) In spite             3) Otherwise             4) Though

31.
1) As a result       2) Moreover          3) That is why            4)
Nevertheless

32.
1) However         2) Therefore          3) For example          4) In my
opinion

33.
1) First of all       2) That is why         3) Apart from that       4) On the
contrary

                                     
        Keys:

Вариант
№ 1

I.

1-      H

2-      B

3-      F

4-      A

5-      D

6-      G

7-      C

II.

8-      F

9-      B

10-  A

11-  G

12-  C

13-  E

III

   
14 —  reporter 

 15- importance

 16-  extinction

    
17- existence

    
18- starvation

    
19-  resemblance

    
20-  excitement

    
21-  solutions

    
22-  provisions

    
23-  competitors

IV.

    
24- 4

    
25-2

    
26-3

    
27-3

    
28-1

    
29-2

    
30-1

    
31-4

    
32-3

    
33-2

Вариант
№ 2

I.

1-      D

2-      F

3-      A

4-      E

5-      H

6-      G

7-      B

II.

8-      C

9-      F

10-  D

11-  G

12-  A

13-  E

III

   
14 — equipment

 15- conclusion

 16- swimmer

 17- pronunciation

    
18- Disobedience

    
19- collector

    
20-  corrections

    
21-  assistance

    
22-  advertisement

    
23-  extension

IV.

    
24- 4

    
25-2

    
26-3

    
27-3

    
28-1

    
29-2

    
30-1

    
31-4

    
32-3

    
33-2

Раздел “Чтение” включает три типа заданий:

• задание 10 — базового уровня — с кратким ответом на установление соответствия;

• задание 11 — повышенного уровня — с кратким ответом на установление соответствия;

• задания 12-18 — высокого уровня — с выбором ответа из четырёх предложенных вариантов.

Рекомендуемое время на выполнение заданий этого раздела — 30 мин. Максимально возможный первичный балл за весь раздел — 20.

Задание 10

Задание 10 направлено на проверку понимания основного содержания 7 небольших по объёму текстов. Это может быть единый текст, разделённый на смысловые абзацы, или отрывки из разных текстов. Ученику предлагается на выбор 8 заголовков, один из которых — лишний. Задача экзаменуемого — подобрать к каждому тексту заголовок, наилучшим образом отражающий основную идею отрывка. За каждое правильно установленное соответствие (т.е. за каждый правильно подобранный заголовок) учащийся получает 1 балл. Максимально возможное количество первичных баллов за это задание — 7.

Тексты обозначаются буквами А-G, а предлагаемые для выбора заголовки — цифрами 1-8. Под текстами есть табличка, в которую экзаменуемый записывает предварительные ответы.

По окончании выполнения этого задания следует перенести свои ответы в бланк ответов № 1 в окошко для задания 10. Не забудьте, что вы должны записать последовательность из 7 цифр без пробелов и знаков препинания.

РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ К ВЫПОЛНЕНИЮ ЗАДАНИЯ 10

• Это задание не требует внимательного, вдумчивого чтения. Используйте приёмы просмотрового и поискового чтения.

• Сначала внимательно прочитайте заголовки и подчеркните в них ключевые слова.

• Затем прочитайте весь текст, чтобы понять его основное содержание.

• Не волнуйтесь, если вы не знаете некоторых слов. Возможно, они не играют важной роли в определении общего смысла текста.

• После этого приступайте к подбору заголовков. Прочитав отрывок, определите его основную идею, а затем подберите заголовок, который ближе всего её отражает. Основная идея — это главное, что хотел сказать автор отрывка.

• Помните, что в заголовке не обязательно будут те слова, которые встречаются в тексте. Скорее всего, основная мысль будет выражена другими словами, поэтому при подборе заголовка следует опираться не на слова, а на смысл высказывания.

• Не забудьте, что один заголовок — лишний. После того, как вы подобрали заголовки ко всем текстам, убедитесь, что оставшийся заголовок не подходит ни к одному отрывку.

• Рекомендуемое время на выполнение данного задания — 7 мин.

ОБРАЗЦЫ ЗАДАНИЯ 10 В ФОРМАТЕ ЕГЭ

1. Установите соответствие между заголовками 1-8 и текстами A-G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовоклишний.

1. Harvest

2. Etymology

3. Toxicity

4. Growing indoors

5. Breeding

6. Cultivation

7. Culinary uses

8. History

A. The avocado originated in Mexico. The native uncultivated variety is small, with dark black skin, and contains a large seed. The oldest evidence of avocado use, which dates to around 10 000 BC, was found in a cave in Mexico. The avocado tree also has a long period of cultivation in Central and South America. A water jar shaped like an avocado, dating to AD 900, was discovered in the pre-Incan city of Chan Chan.

B. The word ‘avocado’ comes from the Spanish ‘aguacate’. Avocados were known by the Aztecs as ‘the fertility fruit’. In some countries of South America, such as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay, the avocado is known by its Quechua name ‘palta’. The fruit is sometimes called an ‘avocado pear’ or ‘alligator pear’ due to its shape and the rough green skin. It is known as ‘Butter Fruit’ in parts of India.

C. The avocado tree does not tolerate freezing temperatures, and can be grown only in subtropical or tropical climates. High winds reduce the humidity, dehydrate the flowers, and affect pollination. When even a mild frost occurs, premature fruit drop may occur. The trees also need well-aerated soils, ideally more than 1 m deep. These soil and climate conditions are available only in a few areas of the world.

D. An average avocado tree produces about 500 avocados annually. Commercial orchards produce an average of seven tonnes per hectare each year, with some orchards achieving 20 tonnes per hectare. The avocado is a climacteric fruit, which means it matures on the tree, but ripens off the tree. Avocados used in commerce are picked hard and green and kept in coolers until they reach their final destination.

E. Avocados are often grown from pits. This is done by removing the pit from a ripe, unrefrigerated avocado. The pit is placed in a jar or vase with tepid water. In four to six weeks, it should split and out should come roots and a sprout. Once the stem has grown a few inches, it is placed in a pot with soil. It should be watered every few days. Avocados have been known to grow large, so owners must be ready to repot the plant several times.

F. The fruit is not sweet, but fatty, and distinctly yet subtly flavoured. It is used in both savoury and sweet dishes, though in many countries not for both. The avocado is very popular in vegetarian cuisine as substitute for meats because of its high fat content. Generally, avocado is served raw, though some cultivars can be cooked for a short time without becoming bitter. Avocados are also used to make salads.

G. Avocado leaves, bark, skin, or pit are documented to be harmful to animals. Cats, dogs, cattle, and horses can be severely harmed or even killed when they consume them. Avocado leaves contain a fatty acid derivative, persin, which in sufficient quantity can cause equine colic and, without veterinary treatment, death. Birds also seem to be particularly sensitive to this compound. Negative effects in humans seem to be primarily in allergic individuals.

2. Установите соответствие между заголовками 1-8 и текстами A-G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовоклишний.

1. Last minute offer

2. Best catches without mistakes

3. Package holiday

4. A holiday for independent travellers

5. Educational tour

6. Green travel

7. Mountain adventure

8. Underwater exploration

A. La Baume is a holiday camping site that caters for tents and caravans. It is divided into two main areas, each with their own pool area and facilities. They are a short walk apart so it is easy to enjoy the benefits of both. La Baume also boasts a small gift shop, a swimwear shop and a supermarket, which offers most of the goods you would expect from a local convenience store.

B. Explore the UK and Ireland knowing your guides care as deeply about the environment as they do that you have a blast! SHAMROCKER and HAGGIS specialize in authentic tours of Ireland and Scotland. Locals run the companies with the goal of showing you the best of their lands while making as little negative impact as possible.

C. Here’s yet another great deal for an Alaska cruise. You’ll begin your adventure in Vancouver and call in the ports of Ketchikan and Skagway before disembarking in Seward. If you thought that being able to afford a dream cruise to Alaska was out of reach, think again. Check out this seven-night cruise that starts at only $349 per person, but you have to jump on it fast since the sailing date’s just days away.

D. Let us pick you up from selected locations for your day out at the Kennedy Space Centre! Listen to expert narration from our knowledgeable guides as we stop to get a bird’s eye view of the Space Shuttle launch pads. See other shows and exhibits at the Visitor Complex, including a chance to meet a real astronaut at the Astronaut Encounter Show. Try your hand at a mission control console and take a virtual moonwalk before returning home!

E. A dive vacation is much more than someone handing you a tank, transporting you to a dive site and saying, ‘Have Fun’. Divers want much more. Today, Aggressor Fleet yachts span the globe in twelve different countries and the list of exotic destinations keeps growing. The yachts have got private staterooms, an onboard chef and a slide film processing lab — amenities that were unheard of on recreational dive boats.

F. Experience the centuries-old Inca Trail trek, the most famous of Peru hiking tours. If you seek to explore the culture, history, and grandeur of the Peruvian Andes, this trip is for you. From the well-preserved ruins of Machu Picchu to lush cloud forests and snow-covered peaks, this ten-day tour promises the ultimate experience in Peru adventure travel. Whatever itinerary you choose, this vacation is sure to meet your wildest expectations.

G. It is not just the spring that offers great fishing. These Boundary Waters lakes and rivers offer excellent fishing opportunities all season long. Our guides live for fishing these waters and will help you eliminate hours of trial and error on the water. They are there to put you on the fish! Not to mention the addition of a camp cook. Wake in the morning to the smell of fresh brewed coffee and breakfast cooking on the fire.

3. Прочитайте рекомендации учёных как построить счастливую семью. Установите соответствие между заголовками 1-8 и текстами A-G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Head-and-heart listening

2. Clear responsibilities

3. Family discussions

4. Flexibility

5. Balanced communication

6. Caring and appreciation

7. Family roots

8. Encouragement

A. Building a successful family is like building a home. Both need a plan. A successful family based on unity and love takes careful planning, but it’s worth every moment. The best way to be organized as a family is to talk together about family matters. By doing this, families enjoy a special closeness and stability. Memories made together during this time will bond and sustain your family through the years.

B. Family traditions promote feelings of warmth and unity. Trace your family tree and collect all the photographs of your ancestors that you can find. Public libraries and bookstores have books on genealogy for you to get you started. Compile a family oral history. Ask older relatives to talk about their parents and childhood and record their comments. These stories contain a glimpse of the past that would be lost otherwise.

C. How much time should families spend together? That varies from family to family. Families with young children usually spend most of their time together. Families with teenagers may spend less time together because teens naturally want to spend more time with their friends. Healthy families keep a good balance between ‘too much’ and ‘not enough’ time together. They spend enough time to satisfy all family members.

D. Strong families take time to talk to one another. They share their hopes and dreams, feelings and concerns. It means laying aside personal views and really trying to understand the other person’s point of view. This involves listening beyond words to the meanings and feelings attached to them. A good listener can better understand and respond to the needs and concerns of others if he or she cares about them.

E. Members of successful families feel they really belong in their family. They feel accepted for what they are and promote one another’s self-esteem. They celebrate their victories and help each other learn from mistakes. However, sometimes life gets rough and we need all the support we can get. A cheering word from a family member can really come in handy. Put the words on sticky notes and stick them in places where they can be easily found.

F. Strong families develop predictable routines and rules that govern their everyday life. Stable patterns empower a family to deal with challenges inevitable in family life; without such patterns, chaos would result. At the same time, strong families adapt their relationships and family rules when the need arises. Since no family knows what tomorrow will bring, being adaptive is a good trait for family members to develop.

G. Recent studies confirm the importance of love in families. Research shows that expressions of affection towards children enhance their development. Strong families notice positive aspects of each member. They notice the talents, skills and achievements that make a person unique. They find ways to be positive even when another family member makes a mistake and make a conscious effort to develop closeness and show love at home.

4. Прочитайте короткие тексты о спорте и спортсменах. Установите соответствие между заголовками 1-8 и текстами A-G. Занесите свои ответы, в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Various applications

2. Changing styles

3. Benefits of sport

4. Choosing equipment

5. A sport or a hobby?

6. Unexpected victory

7. Breaking world record

8. Challenging sport

A. Playing sports is a great way to make exercise fun and help children to develop healthy habits. Sports can also help children improve their agility, balance, and coordination. Participating in sports can help build a child’s self-esteem. Studies show that children who play sports work harder in the classroom. Children also learn problem-solving skills and time management skills when they are part of a team.

B. Late last week BMX legend, Kevin Robinson, made history by flying higher than any human has ever gone on a BMX bike as part of Red Bull Experiment in New York City! Thousands of fans and spectators were on-site to catch all the action. This awesome feat had been a lifelong dream of Kevin’s which until now no one else has ever been able to pull off!

C. American tennis star Venus Williams has lost her place at the Madrid Open when she was beaten in the second- round part of the contest by Russian teenager Alisa Kleybanova. Williams is the current world number three and her 19-year-old opponent was unseeded so the defeat came as a big shock. Williams said she thought Kleybanova had won ‘by just being aggressive from both sides of the court’.

D. Skateboarding traces its roots to the seventies but it really reached the peak of its popularity in the mid-eighties to the present when major skateboard manufacturers propelled it to new heights. First, they started with half-pipe and very ramp skateboarding. As the years went by, the focus shifted to street skateboarding, which brought about a few changes in deck shape and wheel size.

E. While the majority of scuba diving is recreation, there are those that do it for a living as well. Scientific exploration and research is another area with a lot of scuba diving demand. They spend a lot of time in the water watching sea life cycles, and how microorganisms fit the whole underwater environment. There are also others that work in constructing underwater platforms that are often used for research as well as offshore oil.

F. Surfing is a sport which is undertaken by almost every individual in the U.S. This term is often referred to as a surface water sport in which the person surfing is carried along the face of a breaking ocean wave standing on a surfboard. Surfboards can also be used on rivers on standing waves. Some people practise this as a hobby while others become professional surfers.

G. If you’re interested in snowboarding, you will need to find out which length and width board is best for you. Both of these factors are critical to the success of snowboarding. Be aware that shorter boards are easier to manoeuvre, therefore making them great if you are just learning to snowboard. When it comes to width, it is important to consider foot size when choosing the width of a board.

Задания 19-25 направлены на распознавание и употребление морфологических форм и грамматических структур.Учащимся надо преобразовать слова, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста, и заполнить пропуски полученными словами.

On September 10, 2013 by Lazer Horse

I was looking at the seed of an avocado the other day, and I thought to myself “wow, that’s a big seed”. I ate a section of the pulp and I thought “this is a weird thing to eat”. It’s kind of slimy, kind of nice, but definately weird. What even is it? A vegetable? A fruit? So I went to my old friend Wikipedia to fill in the blanks. And here’s what I found.

Origin of the Avocado

The avocado, or alligator pear – Persea americana – is in fact a large berry. What makes it a berry? Well, it’s the matured ovary of a flower. The avocado originated in the state of Puebla, Mexico. It’s native, undomesticated variety – criollo, is smaller with a dark black skin. Here:

It turns out that this gucamole hero has been with humanity for quite some time. There is evidence of of its use at a settlement dated to 10,000 BC. At a pre-Incan city called Chan Chan they found an avocado shaped jar dating to AD 900. This less than humble berry is thought to be one of the earliest foods to have been farmed by our slightly hairier ancestors. The crazy Aztecs may have used the avocado as a sex stimulant, their name for the avocado was ahuacatl, meaning “testicle.”

The plant has been spread far and wide from it’s American home, it was taken to Indonesia in 1750, Brazil in 1809, Levant in 1908, South Africa and Australia in the late 19th Century, and finally hit the big time on the shelves of Sainsbury’s in the UK in the 60’s under the name ‘avocado pear’. Supermarkets nowadays sell the fruit pre-ripened. They leave it in a room with synthetic ethylene to hasten the process. I never knew that, did you? Apparently that’s “industry standard”. Ethylene is produced by many plants in the wild as a natural plant hormone and it’s been used in the food sector for decades.

These are the regions where it’s now possible to grow the avocado:

Each country has its own way of serving these weird fruits. In Ethiopia it’s common to serve it crushed up as a juice with sugar, milk, water, lemon and Vimto; and in Chile they serve it as a puree with chicken, burgers or hot dogs.

Avocado Contents

As for the contents of these green milky beasts, they are significantly more fatty than most other fresh produce – about 14% fat. When you compare that to brocooli 0.4%, carrots 0.2% and tomatoes 0.1% you can see it really is the porker of the salad bowl. As such they make for a useful staple in populations that don’t have access to unlimited gateaux and chips.

Beyond their fat content they are packed with other nutritional goodies including Vitamins A, B6, C, E and K, Potassium, Folate, Niacin, Thiamin, Magneisum, Manganese and Zinc. 100g of an avocado gives you almost a third of your RDA in pantothenic acid too, which is probably a good thing(?)

Health Benefits of Avocado?

The avocado is being studied for use in combating a miriad of ailments, including high cholesterol, diabetese and cancer. The flesh also seems to have an anti-bacterial function. If you read a nutritionist’s website they will probably tell you that an avocado is the panacea for all ills, but let’s hold our horses there, the scientists are having a good look but we mustn’t jump the gun.

For instance, did you know that despite the ever present TV adverts telling us how awesome antioxidants are for us, there is actually no proper evidence of their health benefits in humans. How about that? It’s touted as a scientific fact by the big guns of media marketing, but it has literally no basis in fact at all. The theory that it helps protect DNA from being broken down is only true in the test tube. How the advertisers are allowed to dupe us like this on a constant basis I will never know. Also, whilst I’m on the topic, there’s no evidence that Vitamin C helps prevent a cold. How about that?

Prehistoric Avocado

Sorry, I rambled there. This last point partially answers my first question: “what’s with the humongous seed?” In 1982, the evolutionary biologist Daniel H. Janzen came up with a theory that stated that the massive seed co-evolved with the massive creatures of the Pleistocene era, things like giant sloths. In the same way that the flower evolved to be attractive to bees, the avocado evolved to be massive so that it could survive the guts of megafauna and be passed far and wide.

Although it’s a tricky theory to prove, the thought that these things may have been eaten by huge ancient beasts is enough for me.

I’m still not sold on the taste though.