Which came first the chicken or the egg believe it or not егэ

Вот такой я

Профи

(954)

14 лет назад

Почитайте теорию Дарвина. Мне этот вопрос еще в школе в первом классе задавали. А уже в четвертом классе дети знают ответ.

Dulat SabyrbayevУченик (137)

14 лет назад

Я пока в садике….

Dulat Sabyrbayev
Ученик
(137)
Смотри раздел в котором вопрос задан. Ведь не просто так наверное.

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Which came first, the chicken or the egg?

Believe it or not, this question has its roots in ancient Greece, where philosophers used it as an excuse to argue about cause and effect. What’s more, it’s what is known as a paradox — a situation or statement that appears to present contradicting facts, both of which can logically be true.

Some might say the chicken came first, since you can’t have an egg without a chicken to lay it. But others might argue the egg came first, since all chickens begin life inside of an egg.

A paradox, right? Not if you want to get technical. The question has a rather simple answer if you talk to an ancient egg expert.

“It’s pretty straightforward,” said Jasmina Wiemann, a molecular paleobiologist at Yale University. (Paleobiology is the science of fossil organisms.) “The egg is much older, evolutionarily, than the chicken.”

Chickens, as we know them, probably became domesticated about 10,000 years ago. But the animals that they descend from, known as jungle fowl or Gallus, can be dated back 21 million years.

Now that might sound pretty ancient, but the incredible, edible egg has been around for hundreds of millions of years.

For instance, scientists recently discovered a fossilized bird from northwestern China with an egg stuck inside its body. At 110 million years old, this species, known as Avimaia schweitzerae, would have flitted about in a world dominated by dinosaurs. It’s the most ancient bird egg ever discovered.

Eggs were around long before this, even. Dinosaurs, birds, reptiles and even mammals are known as amniotes, a branch of the vertebrate family tree that evolved approximately 300 million years ago, Wiemann said.

This pushes the origins of the egg back even further. However, these eggs would have looked quite a bit different from what’s in your refrigerator.

The earliest eggs would have been soft, sort of like turtle eggs you might see on the beach, Wiemann said. The crunchy, brittle, protective coating came later.

By the way, if you thought it odd to see the mammals lumped into a group with egg-laying stegosauruses, crocs, ostriches and tortoises, you should know that egg-laying is part of our evolutionary history. In other words, if you go back far enough in time, humans have ancestors that would have laid eggs. And mature female humans today still produce eggs through a process called ovulation. The eggs stay inside of humans — and they’re squishy and lack a shell.

Even weirder, some mammals still reproduce by laying eggs that can survive outside the body. They’re known as monotremes, which include species such as the duck-billed platypus and echidna (pronounced ih-KID-nuh).

Now, here’s a question for you — which came first, the egg or the echidna?

Установите соответствие тем 1 — 8 текстам A — G. Занесите свои ответы в соответствующее поле справа. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании одна тема лишняя.

1. То take from home

2. Evening drinks

3. Food for relaxation

4. Skipping the meal

5. Foreign cuisine

6. Unusual meals

7. Traditional morning meal

8. Take it ready to eat

A. If you go to a hotel in Britain and ask for a typical English breakfast, you will probably get bacon and eggs, sausage, mushrooms, baked beans, tea and toast. When porridge juice are offered as well, the meal is sometimes advertised as a «full Engilsh breakfast». Many years ago people couldn’t imagine their breakfast without a bowl of cerea or usual bacon and eggs.

B. But how many people in England actually eat an English breakfast? Only one person in ten. One in five people say all they have for breakfast is a cup of coffee, and many children go to school without eating anything. That is happening because people lack time. They are always in a hurry and prefer to choose something light and ready-made, especially in the morning.

C. If in Britain you stay with a family, you will almost certainly be given a «packed lunch» to eat for your midday meal. Some factories and schools have canteens where a packed lunch is the most common thing to eat. A packed lunch usually consists of some sandwiches, a packet of crisps, an apple, and a can of something to drink, for example, Coca-Cola. The quality of the packed lunch can vary.

D. Fish and chips is the classic English takeaway food. It is usually bought ready cooked at special shops — fish and chip shops, or «chippies» as they are sometimes called. This takeaway food is wrapped in paper to be eaten at home or outside. If you go to a fish and chip shop, you’ll be asked if you want salt and vinegar to be sprinkled over your chips. Be careful because sometimes they give you too much.

E. If you have trouble getting off to sleep, don’t panic. There are plenty of healthy, low fat alternatives to pills to help you nod off. Why not try a glass of warm skimmed milk, or even a cup of camomile tea? These natural and low-fat drinks will help you to get asleep. They can also relax you after a difficult day.

F. Every British town has Indian or Chinese restaurants. There are more Chinese takeaways than there are fish and chips shops in the UK. But most people are eating curry Curry is now Britain’s most popular meal because the majority of British people like spicy food. But British people like food from other countries, too. They say it allows them to understand other cultures better.

G. Eating carbohydrate-rich foods like bread, cereal, rice and pasta causes the production of serotonin, which makes us feel calm. Fruit and vegetables also set off the production of this chemical. Milk and cheese are also useful. The next time you feel stressed, try a little piece of bread and a glass of milk and you’ll feel better in no time.

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке лишняя.

1. depending on the survey and the time of year

2. rotating disk with holes arranged in a spiral pattern

3. could be measured in the thousands

4. could capture moving images

5. funding a number of research programmes

6. transmitting images 16 years before

7. had lived in a house without electricity

Television

Few inventions have had as much effect on contemporary society, especially American society, as television. Before 1947 the number of U.S. homes with television sets A ______ . By the late 1990s, 98 percent of U.S. homes had at least one television set, and those sets were on for an average of more than seven hours a day. The typical American spends (B ______ ) from two-and-a-half to almost five hours a day watching television.

The invention of TV is not credited to one single person. Vladimir Zworykin and Philo Farnsworth both played instrumental roles. Electronic television was first successfully demonstrated in San Francisco on Sept. 7, 1927. The system was designed by Philo Taylor Farnsworth, a 21-year-old inventor who C ______ until he was 14. While still in high school, Farnsworth had begun to think of a system that D ______ in a form that could be coded onto radio waves and then transformed back into a picture on a screen. Boris Rosing and Vladimir Zvorykin in Russia had conducted some experiments in E ______ Farnsworth’s first success.

Also, a mechanical television system, which scanned images using a F ______ , had been demonstrated by John Logic Baird in England and Charles Francis Jenkins in the United States earlier in the 1920s. However, Farnsworth’s invention and Vladimir Zvorykin’s electronic TV system are the direct ancestors of modern television.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12—18, обводя цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую номеру выбранного вами варианта ответа.

Lesson in humility

I was nine when this started. That was in 1964, the year my mother left us. Chess led me to Horatio — chess and my father and my absent mother and the fact that on that day, I broke the rule about not showing what you feel. My form-master of that year at the private day-school I went to was a chess enthusiast. He explained the rules to us, he encouraged us to play. He was kind to me and I admired him, more than admired: I wanted to be where he was. I suppose I was more than usually responsive to kindness just at that time. To please him I tried hard to be good at chess and I discovered that I was good. I had a natural talent, the master said.

I joined the school chess club. I took part in tournaments and distinguished myself. Shining at few things, for a brief season I shone at chess. I studied the game, I read the accounts of historic encounters, the ploys of long-dead masters, and I played them out alone. I would set out the pieces at random, then sweep them off and try to replace them from memory. At night, I would picture the chess board, go through the moves of some legendary end-game and find consolation.

A colleague of my father was there one Sunday afternoon — my father was a senior official at the Treasury. «Your father tells me you are quite a chess-player.” On his reddish face an indulgent look. «At least by his own report,” my father said with a sarcastic smile. He seemed to suggest I had boasted. Perhaps I had. “Not up to your level, Henry, not yet.» Henry, Harry, Humphrey. A chessplayer ot note. Fancy a game, young man?

We played and I won. He still had half his pieces on the board when l checkmated him. I leasure in victory, expectation of praise — face and voice were not yet practiced enough, I suppose I showed my feelings too clearly. My father looked at me, but uttered no word. He went out, came back with a book from his study, brought it over for me to see. “Look here,” he said, the colleague meanwhile looking on. “Look at these people here.”

He had opened the book roughly in the middle. There were two faces, one on either side: William Pitt the Younger and Horatio Nelson. Neither name meant anything to me at the time. Later, ot course, I knew them tor close contemporaries -Horatio was a year older and died three months earlier.

“Take a good look,” my father said. “These two men saved our country, they had reason to be pleased with themselves.”

He meant it for my benefit or so I like to think. He did not want me to be jubilant in victory, to overrate small achievements. He wanted to inspire me with worthy ambitions. But in his mannei and tone I sensed displeasure; he was not pleased at my success, it had disturbed his sense of the natural order.

My interest in chess did not long survive that day, the lesson in humility proved the death-blow to it. I continued to play during what was left of the term, but my heart was not in it, I lost the appetite for victory, my game fell off. In the autumn, Monty and I were sent away to boarding school and I never played chess again.

The narrator started playing chess because of the encouragement from …

1. his father.

2. his mother.

3. his teacher.

4. Horatio.

In paragraph 2 the words “shining at few things” mean that the boy …

1. did not have many achievements.

2. won a few tournaments.

3. perfected his chess skills.

4. devoted himself to many activities.

The father spoke about his son’s chess talent …

1. enthusiastically.

2. boastfully.

3. happily.

4. ironically.

The father was displeased with his son because …

1. his colleague was hurt by the defeat.

2. the boy couldn’t hide his pleasure.

3. he had hoped for his loss.

4. the boy broke the rules of the game.

What did the boy think about William Pitt and Horatio Nelson?

1. They were models for the boy.

2. He didn’t want to be like them.

3. He knew nothing about them at the time.

4. He liked William Pitt but disposed Horatio Nelson.

The father’s words were meant to …

1. teach his son some history.

2. show his son how wrong he was.

3. show his son how to celebrate a victory.

4. teach his son to evaluate one’s achievements.

The boy stopped playing chess because …

1. he had to leave his school.

2. he lost interest.

3. his father wouldn’t let him play.

4. he had started losing games.

10
Saturday
Mar 2012

Science does in fact have an answer to the oft-repeated conundrum, Which came first, the chicken or the egg? This of course means that you should never let anyone offer this as a riddle ever again without correcting them.

The Egg

In nature, organisms evolve through small changes in their DNA. This is because DNA copying during reproduction is never 100% accurate, and these minor mistakes in copying are the fuel for natural selection. Beneficial mutations that allow an organism to better pass on its DNA are naturally selected by various environmental pressures (sexual, predatory, etc.), and can eventually become dominant in a population of organisms, resulting in new species.

In an animal like a chicken, DNA from a male sperm cell and a female ovum (egg) meet and combine to form a zygote: the first cell of a new baby chicken. This first cell divides innumerable times to form all of the cells of the complete animal. In any animal, every cell contains exactly the same DNA, and that DNA comes from the zygote.

From zygote to hatchling, the first chicken (or what we would consider a chicken) would have to be produced from mutations resulting from non-chicken parents. All new species arise this way, through small mutations in the DNA that are eventually realized in the new offspring. But two completely different animals did not suddenly plop out a chicken; the parents of the first true chicken would be genetically very similar to the newborn, yet not quite modern chickens. The first chicken would pass on its genetic material and, through the pressures of natural selection, the mutations that gave rise to the first chicken would permeate a community, creating a population of “true” chickens.

Chickens evolved from non-chickens through small changes caused by the mixing of male and female DNA or by mutations to the DNA. These changes and mutations only have an effect at the point where a new zygote is created. That is, two non-chickens mated and the DNA in their new zygote contained the necessary mutation(s) to the embryonic body plan to make the first true chicken. That one zygote cell then divided and formed a biologically modern chicken.

Prior to that first true chicken zygote, there were only non-chickens. The zygote cell is the only place where DNA mutations could produce a new animal, and the zygote cell is housed in the egg. So, the egg must have come first.

[Excerpted with editing from How Stuff Works]

This is OBVIOUS!

Which came first: the chicken or the egg?
It’s that old riddle that’s sparked many arguments through the ages: was it the chicken or the egg that came first? It’s such a tricky question because you need a chicken to lay an egg, But chickens come from eggs, Leaving us with an intractable circle of feathery life that has no clear starting point.

Thankfully, There’s no need to keep brooding over this forever. This is a riddle we can unscramble with the tools of science—more specifically, The principles of evolutionary biology.

Let’s get cracking.

The first eggs
Eggs are found throughout the animal kingdom. Technically speaking, An egg is simply the membrane-bound vessel inside which an embryo can grow and develop until it can survive on its own.

Scientific illustration of a range of different eggsEggs of all shapes and sizes exist throughout the animal kingdom.

But let’s focus on the type of bird’s egg we recognise today. These first came on the scene with the evolution of the first amniotes many millions of years ago. Prior to their arrival, Most animals relied on water for reproduction, Laying their eggs in ponds and other moist environments so that the eggs didn’t dry out.

At some point, A different kind of egg began to evolve, Which had three extra membranes inside: the chorion, Amnion and allantois. Each membrane has a slightly different function but the addition of all these extra layers provided a conveniently enclosed, All-in-one life support system: an embryo can take in stored nutrients, Store excess waste products and breathe without the need of an external aquatic environment. The extra fluids encased in the amnion, Plus the tough outer shell, Provide extra protection too.

The first chickens
The very first chicken in existence would have been the result of a genetic mutation (or mutations) taking place in a zygote produced by two almost-chickens (or proto-chickens). This means two proto-chickens mated, Combining their DNA together to form the very first cell of the very first chicken. Somewhere along the line, Genetic mutations occurred in that very first cell, And those mutations copied themselves into every other body cell as the chicken embryo grew. The result? The first true chicken.

Back to our original question: with amniotic eggs showing up roughly 340 million or so years ago, And the first chickens evolving at around 58 thousand years ago at the earliest, It’s a safe bet to say the egg came first.

An evolutionary tree diagram showing the evolution of eggs and chickensEggs were around way before chickens even existed.

The first chicken eggs
But wait—weren’t there some scientists who claimed that, In fact, The chicken came first?

At the end of the day, The question is something of a false dichotomy. Eggs certainly came before chickens, But chicken eggs did not—you can’t have one without the other. However, If we absolutely had to pick a side, Based on the evolutionary evidence, We’re on Team Egg.

At some point, Some organism which we would not consider a chicken had a genetically mutated egg that contained a chicken (by our standards). That chicken then hatched and reproduced with the non-chicken species which it was bourne from. From that reproduction would be produced a generation of genetic hybrids between chicken and non-chicken. That generation’s offspring would then be able to have children with eachother and create a population of chickens.

In a way, The egg.

Believe it or not, Eggs are a type of cell. Some of the most ancient forms of life are Eukaryota, Or single cells with a nucleus. Eggs and sperm fall into the same category. Chickens, Being multicellular and far more advanced, Naturally appeared later. . . . . . .

Oi listen m8

Heya squidward, Hit me up with some eggs, *crack* o hel yeh. VROOM VROOM NEAAEAEAR NEAAAEeEAAR VROOM VROM, GET ON SQUIDWARD. I GOT THEM HORSES IN THE BACK, NO BLACKS FLIPPING ATAXEDSJIUOj neeudhiosf hdsuifb sdifuu sdibfsuibdf sd fibusdf hsbdf d vhdv nd vdnvn dv dnvd vdnv dvdv dvndnv f f

The egg came first, No matter what logical explanation you use.

It’s very simple: genetic mutation. Genetic mutation is basically a form of evolution. While regular evolution involves the creature slowly adapting to its climate and its new food, Genetic mutation is nearly completely random. Regular evolution goes on a basis, Meaning that it will happen over time, Slowly it’s genes changing in order to help it survive. However, Genetic mutation is completely random, And, In fact, Can put the creature at a disadvantage. Most likely, What happened with the case of the chicken, Is that another bird (preferably one that somewhat resembles a chicken. . . ) laid multiple mutated eggs, That hatched into chickens. There are also two other theories, That both use the egg. The second theory is that the bird (again, Preferably one that somewhat resembles a chicken. . . ) ended up slowly evolving to adapt to a new environment, Or a new food source. Causes like this could be created by things like new creatures migrating here, Or climate change. This could topple the food chain, And leave our bird (again, Prefer— you get the point) having to eat a new food source. Climate change could leave the bird in freezing cold weather, Or a arid, Hot desert. When things like this happen, They can alter a creature’s lifestyle, And what it must do to survive. A 1st-generation bird would lay a slightly different egg, As its DNA has slowly changed. The bird that hatches out of it would then proceed to evolve even further, And lay a 3rd-generation egg. This egg would resemble a chicken even better than its predecessors. This process would go on until the egg that finally holds the chicken is laid. Therefore, The egg would come before the chicken. The third and last theory is that two bird-like creatures accidentally (or maybe on purpose) mated, Merging their completely different DNA structures and laying an egg, Inside of which housed a completely different species: The chicken. So yet again, This proves that the egg came first. Actually, Now that I think about it, This isn’t so simple after all. . .

It was the egg

I think it was the egg because you know what nevermind im just gonna use filler until i can actually say what i want to say so yeah anyone who criticizes what im about to say i don’t care this debate is pretty uch pointless anyways IT WAS THE EGG BECAUSE AGGS ARE DELICIOUS

Egg came first

I think that two different species of birds that lived in the dinosaur times bred and made chicken egg which I think is he logical answer for who came first the chicken or the egg and that’s why I think the egg came before the chicken did with my reasoning.

The egg was first

Ok so by evolution species are created by mutations when genes are passed down so by that logic a dinosaur or early bird which was a chicken ancestor layed an egg with a chicken the chicken was INSIDE THE EGG and from the egg was a chicken that the ancestor chicken layed and I don’t know the defenition of a chicken egg but I think it is an egg with a chicken inside so that means that while the chicken was Turing INTO a chicken the egg already existed so the egg came first and the first egg fit for land appears 270million years ago so either way you put it the egg came first also most saying the chicken ‘say you need a chicken to lay a chicken egg’ but not really if your defenition of chicken egg is an egg layed by a chicken thenyes the chicken technacly came first BUT my defenition of chicken egg is an egg with a chicken inside so the egg came first also ASAPscience did a video basically saying the same and similar points

It must be fertilized

In order for a chick to be made the rooster must fertilize the egg. The egg usually would develop within a hen, And the rooster and hen then mate. After the rooster fertilizes the egg. And there my fellow friends of the internet it was the egg so that’s that

Na ya mum

An egg came first because I like chicken nuggets and I especially like to fart at McDonald’s and some people won’t agree but I totally agree with myself and it’s time to get frisky with kremit and you need to change your ways. The person who is reading this is gay and my name is jeff

Источник

Which came first, the chicken or the egg?

Some might say the chicken came first, since you can’t have an egg without a chicken to lay it. But others might argue the egg came first, since all chickens begin life inside of an egg.

A paradox, right? Not if you want to get technical. The question has a rather simple answer if you talk to an ancient egg expert.

Chickens, as we know them, probably became domesticated about 10,000 years ago. But the animals that they descend from, known as jungle fowl or Gallus, can be dated back 21 million years.

Now that might sound pretty ancient, but the incredible, edible egg has been around for hundreds of millions of years.

This pushes the origins of the egg back even further. However, these eggs would have looked quite a bit different from what’s in your refrigerator.

The earliest eggs would have been soft, sort of like turtle eggs you might see on the beach, Wiemann said. The crunchy, brittle, protective coating came later.

Now, here’s a question for you — which came first, the egg or the echidna?

Источник

The chicken or egg question егэ ответы по английскому языку

The apparent one-to-one correspondence between comets and meteor showers raised a chicken or egg question which was not fully resolved until the middle of the twentieth century.

Hyphenation

Turkish pronunciation

Pronunciation

Resimler

Word of the day

20 dilde online sözlük. 20 milyondan fazla sözcük ve anlamı üç farklı aksanda dinleme seçeneği. Cümle ve Videolar ile zenginleştirilmiş içerik. Etimoloji, Eş ve Zıt anlamlar, kelime okunuşları ve günün kelimesi. Yazım Türkçeleştirici ile hatalı Türkçe metinleri düzeltme. iOS, Android ve Windows mobil platformlarda online ve offline sözlük programları. Sesli Sözlük garantisinde Profesyonel çeviri hizmetleri. İngilizce kelime haznenizi arttıracak kelime oyunları. Ayarlar bölümünü kullarak çevirisini görmek istediğiniz sözlükleri seçme ve aynı zamanda sözlüklerin gösterim sırasını ayarlama imkanı. Kelimelerin seslendirilişini otomatik dinlemek için ayarlardan isteğiniz aksanı seçebilirsiniz.

Student: _________________________

Chicken or egg question

The apparent one-to-one correspondence between comets and meteor showers raised a chicken or egg question which was not fully resolved until the middle of the twentieth century.

2) all services that he provides

You have to answer five questions.

Www. seslisozluk. net

16.01.2018 3:07:11

2018-01-16 03:07:11

The chicken or egg question егэ ответы по английскому языку

Ускоренная подготовка к ЕГЭ с репетиторами Учи. Дома. Записывайтесь на бесплатное занятие!

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Imagine that you are preparing a project with your friend. You have found some interesting material for the presentation and you want to read this text to your friend. You have 1.5 minutes to read the text silently, then be ready to read it out aloud. You will not have more than 1.5 minutes to read it.

The ostrich is the bird that lays the smallest egg for its size. Although it is the largest single cell in nature, an ostrich egg is less than 2 per cent of the weight of the mother. A wren’s egg, by comparison, is 13 per cent of its weight. The largest egg in comparison with the size of the bird is that of the Little Spotted kiwi. Its egg accounts for 26 per cent of its own weight.

An ostrich egg weighs as much as twenty-four hen’s eggs; to soft-boil one takes forty-five minutes. Queen Victoria tucked into one for breakfast and declared it among the best meals she had ever eaten. The largest egg laid by any animal – including the dinosaurs – belonged to the elephant bird of Madagascar, which became extinct in 1700. It was ten times the size of an ostrich egg, nine litres in volume and the equivalent of 180 chicken’s eggs.

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На следующей странице вам будет предложено проверить их самостоятельно.

People all over the world love Christmas. In English-speaking countries it is the 25 th of December. It is a time for buying and giving presents, having parties and being with family.

Study the advertisement.

You are considering using the real estate agent services and you’d like to get more information. In 1.5 minutes you are to ask four direct questions to find out the following:

1) if there are special offers

2) all services that he provides

3) online consulting service

4) duration of the meeting

You have 20 seconds to ask each question.

Study the advertisement.

Best school uniforms in town!

You are considering buying a school uniform for your little sister and now you’d like to get more information. In 1.5 minutes you are to ask four direct questions to find out about the following:

1) online catalog

2) availability of all-natural fabric uniforms

3) uniform for PE classes

4) payment methods

You have 20 seconds to ask each question.

Task 3. You are going to give an interview. You have to answer five questions. Give full answers to the questions (2−3 sentences). Remember that you have 40 seconds to answer each question.

Tapescript for Task 3

Interviewer: Hello everybody! It’s Teenagers Round the World Channel. Our guest today is a teenager from Russia and we are going to discuss science. We’d like to know our guest’s point of view on this issue. Please answer five questions. So, let’s get started.

Interviewer: What science is your favourite? Why?

Student: _________________________

Interviewer: How does the scientific progress benefit the world?

Student: _________________________

Interviewer: Do schools need to focus more on science?

Student: _________________________

Interviewer: Would you like to work as a scientist? Why?

Student: _________________________

Interviewer: If you could focus on inventing a single thing, what would it be?

Student: _________________________

Interviewer: Thank you very much for your interview.

Task 3. You are going to give an interview. You have to answer five questions. Give full answers to the questions (2−3 sentences). Remember that you have 40 seconds to answer each question.

Tapescript for Task 3

Interviewer: Hello everybody! It’s Teenagers Round the World Channel. Our guest today is a teenager from Russia and we are going to discuss family. We’d like to know our guest’s point of view on this issue. Please answer five questions. So, let’s get started.

Interviewer: What traditions does your family hold?

Student: _________________________

Interviewer: How does your family celebrate holidays?

Student: _________________________

Interviewer: What was your last family trip?

Student: _________________________

Interviewer: Where would you like to go together next? Why?

Student: _________________________

Interviewer: How is your family involved in your education?

Student: _________________________

Interviewer: Thank you very much for your interview.

Imagine that you are doing a project «Man’s best friends» together with your friend. You have found some illustrations and want to share the news. Leave a voice message to your friend. In 2.5 minutes be ready to tell the friend about the photos:

• give a brief description of the photos (2 features connected with the subject of the project in each photo minimum);

• say in what way the pictures are different (2 features connected with the subject of the project minimum);

• mention the advantages and disadvantages (1–2) of having a cat and a dog as a pet;

• express your opinion on the subject of the project – whether you would prefer to have a cat or a dog as a pet.

You will speak for not more than 3 minutes (2–3 sentences for every item of the plan, 12–15 sentences total). You have to talk continuously.

Imagine that you are doing a project «Leisure activities» together with your friend. You have found some illustrations and want to share the news. Leave a voice message to your friend. In 2.5 minutes be ready to tell the friend about the photos:

• give a brief description of the photos (2 features connected with the subject of the project in each photo minimum);

• say in what way the pictures are different (2 features connected with the subject of the project minimum);

• mention the advantages and disadvantages (1–2) of the two ways of spending your spare time;

• explain how these photos illustrate the project «Leisure activities»;

• express your opinion on the subject of the project – which leisure activity would you prefer?

You will speak for not more than 3 minutes (2–3 sentences for every item of the plan, 12–15 sentences total). You have to talk continuously.

Easter egg — Easter eggs are specially decorated eggs given to celebrate the Easter holiday or springtime. The oldest tradition is to use dyed or painted chicken eggs, but a modern custom is to substitute chocolate eggs, or plastic eggs filled with… … Wikipedia

Student _________________________.

En. reshuege. ru

12.09.2017 9:07:19

2017-09-12 09:07:19

The+chick+within+the+egg

Chicken or the egg — Illustration from Tacuina sanitatis, Fourteenth century The chicken or the egg causality dilemma is commonly stated as which came first, the chicken or the egg? To ancient philosophers, the question about the first chicken or egg also evoked the … Wikipedia

Egg (biology) — Bird eggs and others (click on image for key) … Wikipedia

The Life of Birds — Infobox nature documentary bgcolour = show name = The Life of Birds caption = The Life of Birds DVD cover picture format = 4:3 audio format = Stereo runtime = 50 minutes creator = developer = producer = executive producer = Mike Salisbury… … Wikipedia

The Blue Belt — is a Norwegian fairy tale collected by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe in Norske Folkeeventyr. It is Aarne Thompson type 590.Plot summaryA beggar woman and her son were returning home when he saw a blue belt. She forbad him to pick it… … Wikipedia

Chick sexing — Chicks of different sexes can appear quite similar. Chick sexing is the method of distinguishing the sex of chicken and other hatchlings, usually by a trained person called a chick sexer or chicken sexer.[1] Chicken sexing is practiced mostly by… … Wikipedia

The Christmas Invasion — 167 – The Christmas Invasion Doctor Who episode The recently regenerated Doctor battles the Sycorax Leader on the Sycorax ship above London … Wikipedia

Billy Hatcher and the Giant Egg — Infobox VG| title = Billy Hatcher and the Giant Egg developer = Sonic Team publisher = Sega designer = engine = Sonic Adventure 2 released = GameCube vgrelease|NA=September 23, 2003|JP=October 9, 2003|EU=October 31, 2003 Microsoft Windows… … Wikipedia

March of the Penguins — This article is about the 2005 film. For the 2006 student protest, see 2006 student protests in Chile. March of the Penguins American release poster Directed by … Wikipedia

Cadbury Creme Egg — Type Confectionery Country … Wikipedia

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals — PETA redirects here. For other uses, see Peta (disambiguation). Founder(s) Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco … Wikipedia

• express your opinion on the subject of the project – whether you would prefer to have a cat or a dog as a pet.

• say in what way the pictures are different (2 features connected with the subject of the project minimum);

Interviewer Thank you very much for your interview.

Translate. academic. ru

20.11.2019 5:35:59

2019-11-20 05:35:59

Источники:

Http://www. seslisozluk. net/en/what-is-the-meaning-of-chicken-or-egg-question/

Http://en. reshuege. ru/test? id=1895418&nt=True&pub=False

Http://translate. academic. ru/the+chick+within+the+egg/en/xx/

Chicken or the egg — Перевод на русский — примеры английский | Reverso Context » /> » /> .keyword { color: red; } The chicken or egg question егэ ответы по английскому языку

Перевод chicken or the egg на русский

Перевод «chicken or the egg» на русский

Huseyn Gurbanov, Baku, Azerbaijan: SOLUTION OF PARADOX: 1. «That was before: the chicken or the egg?»Are two concepts.

Гусейн Гурбанов, Баку, Азербайджан: РЕШЕНИЕ ПАРАДОКСОВ: 1. «Что было раньше: яйцо или курица?» Даются два понятия.

That was the only way to trigger the market and create conditions for growth and market development, although the timing of investment could be typically compared to the problem of deciding which came first, the chicken or the egg.

Лишь это может стимулировать возникновение рынка и создать условия для роста и рыночного пути развития, хотя вопрос о своевременности инвестирования можно в целом сравнить с вопросом о том, что первично: курица или яйцо.

I. noun Etymology: Middle English chiken, from Old English cicen young ~; akin to Old English cocc cock Date: 14th century 1. a. the common domestic fowl (Gallus gallus) especially when young; also its flesh used as food — compare jungle fowl b. any of various birds or their young 2. a young woman 3. a. coward b. any of various contests in which the participants risk personal safety in order to see which one will give up first 4. short for ~shit slang petty details 5. slang a young male homosexual II. adjective Date: 1941 1. a. scared b. timid, cowardly 2. slang a. insistent on petty details of duty or discipline b. petty, unimportant III. intransitive verb (~ed; ~ing) Date: 1943 to lose one’s nerve — usually used with out seemed to exhibit courage, manliness, and conviction when others ~ed out — J. R. Seeley.

~1 n 1 »BIRD« a common farm bird that is kept for its meat and eggs (He keeps chickens on his farm.) (- see also hen, cock1 (1), rooster) 2 »MEAT« the meat from this bird eaten as food (roast chicken | fried chicken | chicken soup) 3 »SB WHO IS NOT BRAVE« informal someone who is not at all brave; coward (Don’t be such a chicken!) 4 »GAME« a game in which children must do something dangerous to show that they are brave 5 which came first, the chicken or the egg? used to say that it is difficult or impossible to decide which of two things came first or which action is the cause and which is the effect 6 a chicken and egg situation/problem/thing etc a situation in which it is impossible to decide which part caused another and which is the effect of another 7 your chickens have come home to roost your bad or dishonest actions in the past have caused the problems that you have now (- see also don’t count your chickens before they’ve hatched count1 (8), spring chicken) chicken out phr v informal to decide at the last moment not to do something you said you would do because you are afraid (chicken out of doing sth) (I knew you’d chicken out of telling Dad you want to leave school.) ~2 adj informal not brave enough to do something (Your brother is chicken.) .

См. в других словарях

Птенчик о ребенке 9.

Context. reverso. net

31.03.2020 8:36:02

2020-03-31 08:36:02

ПРОЧИТАТЬ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ ПО РУССКОМУ Lived there was a grandfather

ПРОЧИТАТЬ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ ПО РУССКОМУ Lived there was a grandfather and the woman. Also there was at them chicken Ряба. Somehow the chicken Egg, yes not simple, but gold Here has taken down. The grandfather beat, beat, has not broken. The woman beat, beat, has not broken. The mousy ran, Tail has waved, Egg has fallen and was broke. The grandfather cries, the woman, and a chicken them cries calms: » do not cry the grandfather, do not cry the woman, I shall take down to you one more Egg, yes not gold, and idle time. » The chicken Egg has taken down, the grandfather with the woman it have broken and have fried a fried eggs

Ливд зээ уоз э грэндфазэ энд зэ вумэн. Олсо зээ уоз эт зэм чикен Ряба. Самхау зэ чикен эг, ес нот симпл, бат голд хиэ хэз тэйкен даун. Зэ грэндфазэ бит, бит, хэз нот броукен. Зэ вумэн бит, бит, хэз нот броукен. Зэ мауси рэн, тэйл хэз уэйвд, эг хэз фолэн энд уоз броук. Зэ грэндфазэ крайс, зэ вумэн, энд э чикен зэм крайс камс: «ду нот край зэ грэндфазэ, ду нот край зэ вумэн, ай шэл тэйк даун ту ю уан мо эг, ес нот голд, энд айдл тайм. » Зэ чикен эг хэз тэйкен даун, зэ грэндфазэ уиз зэ вумэн ит хэв броукен энд хэв фрайд э фрайд эгз.

Huseyn Gurbanov, Baku, Azerbaijan: SOLUTION OF PARADOX: 1. «That was before: the chicken or the egg?»Are two concepts.

— O. E. cycen «young fowl,» which in M. E. came to mean «young chicken,» then any chicken, from W. Gmc. *kiukinam, from base *keuk — (possibly root of cock, of echoic origin) + dim. suffix. Sense of «cowardly» is at least as old as 14c.; and chicken pox may be a disparaging name because of their mildness compared to smallpox. Chick is 14c. abbreviation, extended to «a child» and used as a term of endearment. As slang for «young woman» it is first recorded 1927 in black slang, popularized 1960s. Chickweed is O. E. cicene mete «chicken food.» Chic-pea (1548), originally chich-pease, is from Fr. pois chiche, from L. cicer «pea.»

Coward N-COUNT c darkgreen disapproval Chicken is also an adjective.

Shkolnikru. com

18.02.2019 3:38:57

2019-02-18 03:38:57

Английский Этимологический словарь — chicken

См. в других словарях

(chickens, chickening, chickened) Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words in English. 1. Chickens are birds which are kept on a farm for their eggs and for their meat. Lionel built a coop so that they could raise chickens and have a supply of fresh eggs. . free-range chickens. = hen N-COUNT • Chicken is the flesh of this bird eaten as food. . roast chicken with wild mushrooms. . chicken soup. N-UNCOUNT 2. If someone calls you a chicken, they mean that you are afraid to do something. (INFORMAL) I’m scared of the dark. I’m a big chicken. = coward N-COUNT c darkgreen]disapproval • Chicken is also an adjective. Why are you so chicken, Gregory? ADJ: v-link ADJ 3. If you say that someone is counting their chickens, you mean that they are assuming that they will be successful or get something, when this is not certain. I don’t want to count my chickens before they are hatched. PHRASE: V inflects 4. If you describe a situation as a chicken and egg situation, you mean that it is impossible to decide which of two things caused the other one. It’s a chicken and egg situation. Does the deficiency lead to the eczema or has the eczema led to certain deficiencies? PHRASE: PHR n 5. chickens come home to roost: see roost.

1) курица (Gallus gallus) 2) англ. цыплёнок (до года) – greater prairie chicken – lesser prairie chicken – meadow chickens – prairie chicken.

1. цыпленок 2. (молодая) курочка; молодой петушок spring chicken —- с-х. мясной цыпленок, откормленный к весенней распродаже 3. кул. цыпленок 4. pl. с-х. куры our chickens lay two to three eggs a day —- наши куры несут по два-три яйца в день 5. курятина, куриное мясо fried chicken —- жареная курица a pound of chicken —- фунт курятины I don’t like chicken —- курицу я не люблю chicken Kiev —- котлеты по-киевски chicken croquettes —- куриные тефтели chicken salad —- салат-оливье с курицей 6. птенец 7. юнец; молодое, неопытное существо; неоперившийся птенец spring chicken —- желторотый юнец или простодушная наивная девушка, «цыпленок» she is no (spring) chicken —- она уже не девчонка 8. ласк. птенчик (о ребенке) 9. ам. сл. молодой солдат, новобранец 10. ам. сл. легкая добыча, жертва (ограбления) 11. пренебр. трус, мокрая курица to be chicken —- трусить 12. воен. жарг. «курица» (орел в гербе США) 13. воен. жарг. «курица» (знак различия полковника) 14. воен. жарг. полковник 15. ам. сл. враки, выдумки 16. ам. сл. придирки chicken sergeant —- сержант-придира 17. ам. сл. нудная работа Id: he got it where the chicken got the axe —- ему всыпали по первое число, он получил по шее Id: to count one’s chickens before they are hatched, don’t count your chickens before they are hatched —- посл. цыплят по осени считают 18. ам. куриный; относящийся к.

1. noun 1) цыпленок, птенец; amer. тж. курица, петух 2) курица (кушанье) — chicken soup 3) affect. ребенок; (неопытный) юнец she is no chicken — она уже не ребенок; она уже не первой молодости — spring chicken 4) attr. новоиспеченный dont count your chickens before they are hatched prov. — цыплят по осени считают Mother Car(e)ys chicken — буревестник 2. v. — chicken out CHICKEN out sl. выйти из игры, грозящей неприятностями; пойти на попятный He chickened out of climbing up the tree. The boy was afraid that if he did not join the others in the crime, they would say he had chickened out. CHICKEN soup куриный бульон CHICKEN wire noun (мелкая) проволочная сетка.

The woman beat, beat, has not broken.

Www. xn--80aacc4bir7b. xn--p1ai

26.11.2019 14:36:10

2019-11-26 14:36:10

Источники:

Http://context. reverso. net/%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4/%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9/chicken+or+the+egg

Http://shkolnikru. com/qa477056.html

Http://www. xn--80aacc4bir7b. xn--p1ai/%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8/%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%81/chicken

Chicken-and-egg — это. Что такое chicken-and-egg? » /> » /> .keyword { color: red; } The chicken or egg question егэ ответы по английскому языку

The chicken or egg question егэ ответы по английскому языку

Вариант 23

Вы услышите четыре коротких диалога, обозначенных A, B, C и D. Определите, где происходит каждый из диалогов. Используйте каждое место действия из списка 1-5 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее место действия. Вы услышите запись дважды. У вас есть 20 секунд, чтобы ознакомиться с заданием.

Нажмите, чтобы прослушать запись

1. In drama class

2. On board a plane

3. In the cinema

4. In a swimming pool

5. In an amusement park

Вы услышите пять высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего А-E и утверждениями, данными в списке 1-6. Используйте каждое утверждение из списка 1-6 только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. У вас есть 30 секунд, чтоб ознакомиться с заданием.

Нажмите, чтобы прослушать запись

1. The speaker advises on how to keep healthy.

2. The speaker explains why he/she missed the class.

3. The speaker complains about his/her health.

4. The speaker describes a new health centre.

5. The speaker talks about his/her recent visit to a dentist.

6. The speaker talks about an accident he/she witnessed.

В заданиях 3-8 в поле ответа запишите одну цифру, которая соответствует номеру правильного.

Нажмите, чтобы прослушать запись

Anna comes from

1) are close relatives.

2) went to school together.

3) have met recently.

To get to her work, Anna usually uses

1) public transport.

Anna says that she is

1) one foreign language.

2) two foreign languages.

3) no foreign languages.

Jack’s favourite sport is

Раздел 2. Чтение

Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами и их заголовками: к каждому тексту, обозначенному буквами А–G, подберите соответствующий заголовок, обозначенный цифрами 1–8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

1. То forgive and forget

2. How Maslenitsa is celebrated

3. The recipe for the holiday dish

4. Various functions of the holiday

5. How the holiday got its name

6. Why pancakes are essential at Maslenitsa

7. It is celebrated not only in Russia

8. Tasting competition

A. In the old days Maslenitsa was for remembrance of the dead. But in time, the Russian longing for fun and entertainment turned the sad holiday into the jolly Maslenitsa with blini — round, yellow and hot as the sun, sledding and horse sleigh riding, fistfights and chatting with the mother-in-law. The rituals of Maslenitsa are very unusual and interesting because they combine rituals for the end of winter and ceremonies for the start of spring, which were to promote a rich harvest.

C. The circle has always been considered a holy shape in Russia. According to old beliefs, it protected people from evil. On Maslenitsa, the Russians made pancakes, decorated the wheels of their carts, and danced the khorovod (the round folk dance). The aim of all those ceremonies was to please the Sun so that it would be kinder to people. Nowadays, not everyone remembers about the symbolic meaning of the pancakes, but everyone enjoys their taste.

D. Nowadays, Maslenitsa lasts for a whole week. It has turned into a fun festival with different folk entertainments such as sledding, burning scarecrows, bonfire jumping, and eating pancakes. Each day of the Maslenitsa festival has its name and programme. For example, Tuesday is called zaigrysh (game day). From that day all sorts of activities started: sleigh riding, folk festivals and puppet shows.

E. For simple, thin pancakes, a dough is prepared from flour, milk, eggs and some salt and sugar. The first thing you should do is to separate the yolks from the whites. Then stir the yolks with sugar, slowly adding milk while stirring. Add the salt and the hot, melted butter. Then start adding the flour (very slowly), stirring the mixture. As the last step, add the stirred whites. Now everything is ready for baking pancakes on the hot frying pans.

F. And during the last day of Maslenitsa, Russian Jack-straw, the symbol of winter, is burnt. People bid farewell to winter till the next year. There is another important tradition on Sunday — you have to ask for forgiveness from all your close relatives and friends. That is why Russians call each other on the phone or send messages and ask to forgive them for all the bad things they have done during the year.

G. The Russian Orthodox Maslenitsa festival, which marks the end of winter and the beginning of spring, has its origins in ancient sun worship. Every year since 2009, Russian pianist and producer Olga Balakleets has organized a week-long celebration of Russian culture around London. By chance or not it coincides with Maslenitsa. This festival included an impressive series of musical, cinematic and other events, along with a reception in the House of Commons.

Прочитайте текст. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений 10–17 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). В поле ответа запишите одну цифру, которая соответствует номеру правильного ответа.

It was Father’s Day and we wanted to make that Sunday very special for our dad.

“Do you think we could prepare breakfast for Dad all by ourselves?” I asked Mum on Saturday night, right on the eve of Father’s Day.

“Of course,” said Mum, “I’m sure it’ll be the best breakfast of his life. At least he’ll never forget it, I’m sure.”

“Look, I have a plan,” Mum waved to my five-year-old brother, Chris, to come closer so that we could discuss it all together.

According to Mum’s plan, she would take Dorothy, our baby sister, for a walk early the next morning. Chris and I would cook breakfast for Dad and give it to him as a surprise. I was assigned to be the boss, which was perfectly fair as I was a year and a half older than Chris.

The next morning, I arranged all the foods on the kitchen table. Chris was watching me with respect.

“Dad always complains that Mum gives him porridge or cornflakes for breakfast. We need to make something different,” I said.

“Good idea,” nodded Chris. “Let’s make a meat pie.”

I had no reason to say no.

We took the metal thing Mum usually used when she made pies. I put some flour in it, poured in a bit of milk, and beat in one egg. Then I stirred the stuff with a spoon and it looked quite similar to the dough Mum usually used for her pie. Chris found some beef mince in the freezer and gave it to me. The mince was too hard to be spread on top the pie. After a short discussion, we decided to leave it as it was. The heat in the oven would cook it anyway.

We were careful to put some salt and pepper on the meat as Dad preferred his food spicy.

“Well, it’s almost ready,” I rubbed my hands. “Cooking is easy. Dad always says the same. Why does Mum make so much fuss about it?”

The only problem was the oven as we did not know how to switch it on. But it was not a good reason to wake up dad of course. The microwave was a perfect alternative to the oven. We put the pie in it and turned it on.

When we were making coffee, we dropped the kettle on the floor and it obviously woke up Dad. Or it could have been the fire alarm which started to wail because we had left our pie in the microwave a bit longer than it probably needed.

Anyway, we heard Dad’s footsteps on the staircase but his coffee was not ready yet! To save him from this disappointment, Chris opened the hot water tap, poured some water into Dad’s cup and put two tablespoons of instant coffee in it. It did not smell like the coffee from the coffee machine Mum usually made. But, on the other hand, Dad always complained that his coffee was too hot for him to drink. So hot that it, and the traffic jams of course made him late to his office. Our coffee was not hot at all.

When Dad rushed into the kitchen, he looked very surprised. The table was laid — his pie and his coffee was served perfectly in time, not like on the mornings when Mum made his breakfast.

At this very moment the doorbell rang. It was Mum with Dorothy. Mum said she had reserved a table for all of us in the coffee shop with our favourite PlayStation and asked us to hurry. Chris and I rushed to our room to get dressed. Dad was really quick with his breakfast. When we looked in the kitchen, his plate and his cup were already empty. He is a really big eater, our Dad! In the coffee shop he had a hearty breakfast too — the second one of the day.

Chicken-and-egg — [chik ənənd eg′] adj. of or relating to a paradoxical situation, question, etc. involving two factors, each of which in turn causes or leads to the other … English World dictionary

Chicken-and-egg — ˌchik(ə̇)nən(d)¦eg, ¦āg adjective Etymology: so called from the proverbial question “which came first, the chicken or the egg?” : of, relating to, or being a cause and effect dilemma * * * adj used to describe a situation in which it is difficult … Useful english dictionary

Of course, said Mum, I m sure it ll be the best breakfast of his life.

Neznaika. info

05.02.2019 16:58:19

2018-06-14 18:24:04

Chicken-and-egg

Chicken-and-egg — ► chicken and egg (of a situation) in which each of two things appears to be necessary to the other. [ORIGIN: from the question ‘What came first, the chicken or the egg?’] Main Entry: ↑chicken … English terms dictionary

Chicken-and-egg — adjective only before noun a chicken and egg situation is one where it is impossible to say which of two things happened first or caused the other to happen … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

Chicken-and-egg — /chik euhn euhn eg, euhnd /, adj. of, pertaining to, or being a dilemma of which of two things came first or of which is the cause and which the effect: a chicken and egg question of whether matter or energy is the basis of the universe. Also,… … Universalium

Chicken-and-egg — UK / US adjective [only before noun] a chicken and egg situation is one where it is impossible to say which of two things happened first or caused the other to happen • Etymology: From the question: Which came first, the chicken or the egg? ,… … English dictionary

Chicken-and-egg situation — One in which it is impossible to tell which is the cause and which the effect • • • Main Entry: ↑chick … Useful english dictionary

Chicken-and-egg — denoting a situation in which each of two things appears to be necessary to the other. [from the question ‘Which came first, the chicken or the egg?’] → chicken … English new terms dictionary

Chicken-and-egg — adjective Etymology: from the proverbial question “which came first, the chicken or the egg?” Date: 1959 of, relating to, or being a cause and effect dilemma … New Collegiate Dictionary

(a) chicken and egg situation — a situation in which it is impossible to say which of two things existed first and which caused the other. It s a chicken and egg situation I don t know whether I was bad at the sciences because I wasn t interested in them or not interested in… … New idioms dictionary

(a) chicken-and-egg situation — a ˌchicken and ˈegg situation, problem, etc. idiom a situation in which it is difficult to tell which one of two things was the cause of the other Main entry: ↑chickenidiom … Useful english dictionary

4. In a swimming pool

1) are close relatives.

In an amusement park.

Dic. academic. ru

14.11.2019 3:55:32

2019-11-14 03:55:32

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Fluffy yellow chick hatching out of brown egg on a black background.jpg

Which came first, the chicken or its egg?
(Image credit: RubberBall Productions via Getty Images)

You’ve heard the age-old riddle: «Which came first: the chicken or the egg?» Taken metaphorically, it’s a meditation on the futility of determining the cause of a self-perpetuating cycle. Taken literally, it’s a great question for evolutionary biologists.

Chickens come from eggs, but eggs come from chickens. So which came first?

Most biologists state unequivocally that the egg came first. At their most basic level, eggs are just female sex cells. Hard external eggs that can be laid on land (also known as amniotic eggs) were a game changer for vertebrates.

«The egg is such an important step in [vertebrate] evolution, because it allowed amniotes to go further and further away from water,» Koen Stein, a paleontologist at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, told Live Science. Prior to the dawn of hard-shelled eggs loaded with nutritious yolks, vertebrates had to rely on bodies of water to reproduce. Most amphibians still face this aquatic limitation — they need to keep their gelatinous eggs moist in order to survive.

Related: How do emperor penguin dads stop their eggs from freezing?

A diagram showing an unfertilized (left) and fertilized (right) egg. (Image credit: ttsz via Getty Images)

True birds didn’t show up in the fossil record until the mid- to late Jurassic, around 165 million to 150 million years ago, according to research published in the journal Current Biology (opens in new tab). But scientists think the first shelled eggs evolved long before then — around 325 million years ago, according to the University of Texas at Austin’s Biodiversity Center (opens in new tab). That means the egg came «well before the chicken,» Stein said. These very first eggs were likely malleable and leathery in texture, much like the eggs laid by today’s reptiles and platypuses.

There were plenty of land-based vertebrates laying amniotic eggs in the Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic periods, but the most famous of these animals are the dinosaurs. Stein has studied some of the earliest known dinosaur eggshells, which come from the early Jurassic period, about 200 million years ago. These eggs had extremely thin outer shells, only about 100 microns thick. «That’s the thickness of a human hair,» Stein said. However, based on their structure, these early dinosaur eggs would have been rigid, like porcelain, rather than flexible, like a banana peel, making them the earliest known example of an egg as we know it today.

That thinness probably explains why researchers have had trouble finding earlier examples of eggshells. When an egg encounters rich, acidic soil, it begins to slowly dissolve. «The soil would have made it impossible for such a thin calcareous layer to be preserved,» Stein said. Another idea is that early dinosaur eggs were soft shelled, and so didn’t preserve well in the fossil record, according to a 2020 study published in the journal Nature (opens in new tab).

So the egg definitely predated the chicken. Case closed, right? Well, not quite. If we’re talking about the first chicken egg, the story changes.

Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) likely evolved from a subspecies of red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) around 50 million years ago. Humans living in Southeast Asia first domesticated these birds somewhere between 1650 B.C. and 1250 B.C., according to a 2022 research article published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (opens in new tab).

At some point during the domestication process, the last ancestor of modern chickens would have laid an egg containing an embryo with enough genetic differences to make it distinct from its parent species. This embryonic chicken would have developed in the not-quite-chicken egg before hatching. Then, after reaching adulthood, it would go on to lay the first proper chicken egg. In this way, the chicken could be said to predate the chicken egg.

But evolutionary history isn’t straightforward; there is evidence that chickens interbred with other subspecies of jungle fowl even after becoming their own genetically distinct subspecies. Some of these traits are more (or less) evident in certain modern chicken breeds. What’s more, chicken domestication appears to have occurred independently multiple times in parts of India and Oceania over several thousand years, according to the University of Wisconsin-Madison (opens in new tab). So determining which chicken was the original can be tricky.

Regardless of which came first, biologists and philosophers agree that chickens and eggs have something important in common: They’re both delicious.

Joanna Thompson is a science journalist and runner based in New York. She holds a B.S. in Zoology and a B.A. in Creative Writing from North Carolina State University, as well as a Master’s in Science Journalism from NYU’s Science, Health and Environmental Reporting Program. Find more of her work in Scientific American, The Daily Beast, Atlas Obscura or Audubon Magazine.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the philosophical dilemma. For the dish combining both chicken meat and eggs, see oyakodon.

The chicken or the egg causality dilemma is commonly stated as the question, «which came first: the chicken or the egg?» The dilemma stems from the observation that all chickens hatch from eggs and all chicken eggs are laid by chickens. «Chicken-and-egg» is a metaphoric adjective describing situations where it is not clear which of two events should be considered the cause and which should be considered the effect, to express a scenario of infinite regress, or to express the difficulty of sequencing actions where each seems to depend on others being done first. Plutarch posed the question as a philosophical matter in his essay «The Symposiacs», written in the 1st century CE.^[1]^[2]

Ancient legacy

The question represents an ancient folk paradox addressing the problem of origins and first cause.^[3] Aristotle, writing in the fourth century BCE, concluded that this was an infinite sequence, with no true origin.^[3] Plutarch, writing four centuries later, specifically highlighted this question as bearing on a «great and weighty problem (whether the world had a beginning)».^[4] In the fifth century CE, Macrobius wrote that while the question seemed trivial, it «should be regarded as one of importance».^[4]

By the end of the 16th century, the well-known question seemed to have been regarded as settled in the Christian world, based on the origin story of the Bible. In describing the creation of animals, it allows for a first chicken that did not come from an egg. However, later enlightenment philosophers began to question this solution.^[4] Carlo Dati in the mid 17th-century published an erudite satire on the subject.^[5]

Scientific resolutions

Although the question is typically used metaphorically, evolutionary biology provides literal answers, made possible by the Darwinian principle that species evolve over time, and thus that chickens had ancestors that were not chickens,^[4] similar to a view expressed by the Greek philosopher Anaximander when addressing the paradox.^[3]

If the question refers to eggs in general, the egg came first. The first amniote egg—that is, a hard-shelled egg that could be laid on land, rather than remaining in water like the eggs of fish or amphibians—appeared around 312 million years ago.^[6] In contrast, chickens are domesticated descendants of red junglefowl and probably arose little more than eight thousand years ago, at most.^[7]

If the question refers to chicken eggs specifically, the answer is still the egg, but the explanation is more complicated.^[8] The process by which the chicken arose through the interbreeding and domestication of multiple species of wild jungle fowl is poorly understood, and the point at which this evolving organism became a chicken is a somewhat arbitrary distinction. Whatever criteria one chooses, an animal nearly identical to the modern chicken (i.e., a proto-chicken) laid a fertilized egg that had DNA making it a modern chicken due to mutations in the mother’s ovum, the father’s sperm, or the fertilised zygote.^[9]^[4]^[10]^[11]

It has been suggested that the actions of a protein found in modern chicken eggs may make the answer different.^[10]^[11] In the uterus, chickens produce ovocleidin-17 (OC-17), which causes the formation of the thickened calcium carbonate shell around their eggs. Because OC-17 is expressed by the hen and not the egg, the bird in which the protein first arose, though having hatched from a non-reinforced egg, would then have laid the first egg having such a reinforced shell: the chicken would have preceded this first ‘modern’ chicken egg.^[10]^[11] However, the presence of OC-17 or a homolog in other species, such as turkeys^[12] and finches^[13] suggests that such eggshell-reinforcing proteins are common to all birds,^[14] and thus long predate the first chickens.

References

^ «Essays and Miscellanies, by Plutarch». Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
^ O’Brien, Carl Séan (2015). The Demiurge in Ancient Thought. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-107-07536-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sorensen, Roy (2003). A Brief History of the Paradox: Philosophy and the Labyrinths of the Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 4–11. ISBN 978-0-19-515903-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Fabry, Merrill (2016-09-21). «Now You Know: Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg?». Time. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
^ Cicalata sopra chi fosse prima o la gallina o l’ouovo, by Carlo Dati, Presse Settembre, Naples, 1840.
^ Benton, Michael J.; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (2007-01-01). «Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life». Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (1): 26–53. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl150. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 17047029.
^ Miao, Y-W; Peng, M-S; Wu, G-S; Ouyang, Y-N; Yang, Z-Y; Yu, N; Liang, J-P; Pianchou, G; Beja-Pereira, A (2012-12-05). «Chicken domestication: an updated perspective based on mitochondrial genomes». Heredity. 110 (3): 277–282. doi:10.1038/hdy.2012.83. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 3668654. PMID 23211792.
^ Sorensen, Roy A. (1992). «The Egg came before the chicken». Mind. 101 (403): 541–542. doi:10.1093/mind/101.403.541.
^ Breyer, Melissa (2013-02-11). «Finally answered! Which came first, the chicken or the egg?». Mother Nature Network. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zushi, Yo (27 February 2017). «Which came first: the chicken or the egg?». NewStatesman.com.
^ ^a ^b ^c «Which came first, the chicken or the egg? British scientists claim to have solved the mystery». NBCnews.com. 14 July 2010.
^ Mann, Karlheinz; Mann, Matthias (2013). «The proteome of the calcified layer organic matrix of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) eggshell». Proteome Sci. 11 (1): 40. doi:10.1186/1477-5956-11-40. PMC 3766105. PMID 23981693.
^ Mann, Karlheinz (2015). «The calcified eggshell matrix proteome of a songbird, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)». Proteome Sci. 13: 29. doi:10.1186/s12953-015-0086-1. PMC 4666066. PMID 26628892.
^ Hincke, Maxwell T.; Nys, Yves; Gautron, Joel (2010). «The Role of Matrix Proteins in Eggshell Formation». The Journal of Poultry Science. 47 (3): 208–219. doi:10.2141/jpsa.009122.

The Egg

This is OBVIOUS!

In a way, The egg.

Oi listen m8

The egg came first, No matter what logical explanation you use.

It was the egg

Egg came first

The egg was first

It must be fertilized

Na ya mum

Hyphenation

Turkish pronunciation

Pronunciation

Resimler

Word of the day

Chicken or egg question

The chicken or egg question егэ ответы по английскому языку

The+chick+within+the+egg

Источники:

Перевод chicken or the egg на русский

Перевод «chicken or the egg» на русский

ПРОЧИТАТЬ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ ПО РУССКОМУ Lived there was a grandfather

Английский Этимологический словарь — chicken

См. в других словарях

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The chicken or egg question егэ ответы по английскому языку

Вариант 23

Раздел 2. Чтение

Chicken-and-egg

Источники:

Ancient legacy

Scientific resolutions

See also

References

Further reading

The Egg

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