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Источник: ЕГЭ по английскому языку 2022. Досрочная волна

Winston Churchill: biography

Winston Churchill is one of the greatest and ambiguous political figures of the 20th century. His played a significant role both for Britain and the whole world’s politics, but the modern society views it ambivalently: some admire the politician’s personal courage and actions, others are disgusted by his position that only the white could rule the world.

Although Churchill openly fought dictatorship in the battlefield, he did not keep in secret his liking of Benito Mussolini’s and Joseph Stalin’s activities – these two figures were the founders of totalitarianism and cult-of-personality governance regime in Italy and USSR.

Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was born on November 30, 1874, in Blenheim Palace, into the family estate of the Dukes of Marlborough. His parents were wealthy and influential people: the father Lord Randolph Henry Spencer was a famous politician and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and his mother Jennie was the rich American businessman’s daughter.

The future politician was the first child, but he was deprived of parental attention because his father was busy with his political career and his mother led a social life. The nanny Elizabeth Ann Everest brought up young Winston and became his closest person.

The would-be Prime Minister of Great Britain became the member of the “high caste” of the privileged right after his birth. It could be an obstacle for the splendid political career: the noble had no right to be the members of House of Commons and the country’s government. However, Winston belonged to the lateral line of the Churchills which gave him the opportunity to become a great politician.

At 7, Winston was sent to a boarding St George’s School where more attention was paid to discipline rather than students’ education. At school, Winston demonstrated his reluctance to study for which he often received spanking with a rod. After the nanny who regularly visited him noticed marks of beating on the boy’s body, she insisted that Churchill should be transferred to another school.

However, the boy did not like studying at Brighton school as well: he was the last student of the class in discipline. At 12, young Churchill had serious health problems: pulmonitis weakened his organism. For this reason, he did not go to Eton College as men in the Marlborough family usually did and entered the equally prestigious college at Harrow. This choice was explained by the schools’ geographic positions.

At this school, Churchill continued to be indifferent to subjects – he learned only what he was interested in and stubbornly ignored the rest. Because of this, he was transferred to the “military class” in 1889.

The class program was focused on military science. This is where the obstinate student Winston became industrious. He managed to become one of the 12 graduates who could pass the final examinations in all subjects. It gave Churchill the chance to enter the most prestigious military school in Britain which he finished as a second lieutenant.

Military career

In 1895, Churchill was commissioned to the Fourth Hussars regiment of the British Army. In the course of time, he realized that he was not attracted to the military career. Thanks to his widowed mother, Winston was assigned to Cuba as a military correspondent and remained in the active military service. The debut in journalism not only brought fame and social recognition to the would-be politician but also gave him the chance to earn the first significant money – 25 guineas.

Apart from the glory and money, Churchill took two habits from Cuba that he preserved through all his life: smoking Cuban cigars and siesta which implied the after-lunch rest. In 1896, he continued his journalist travel: he was sent to India and later Egypt. Churchill showed his military courage: in addition to describing the events, he personally took part in battles and faithfully performed his military duties.

Politics

In 1899, Winston Churchill decided to resign and devote himself to politics. At that moment, he was a famous journalist, so he could count on public support. The first attempt to become the member of the Parliament with the conservative party failed – the voters preferred the liberals.

Churchill put off politics for a while and went to another journalist travel. He was sent to South Africa where the Second Boer War took place. He was captured by the enemy but made a daring escape. It was the golden opportunity for Churchill as a politician: people promised to vote for him regardless of their political views. With all that, Churchill decided to go back to the battlefield where he participated in many operations to save his fellow citizens from the prison where he had been kept.

Churchill’s courageous adventures made him a real hero when he returned to the home country. He easily won in the parliamentary elections in 1900 and became the member of the House of Commons where he had a seat for the next 50 years. In the same year, he published his only literary work “Savrola” in which, as historians believe, the politician portrayed himself as the protagonist.

Since his first days in the Parliament, Winston Churchill severely and directly criticized conservatives and expressed his disagreement with the program of Joseph Chamberlain, the main ideologist of the country. Because of this, the future Prime Minister of Great Britain left the Conservative party 4 years later and switched to the liberals – this step helped him climb the political ladder promptly.

At first, he became the Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, then the President of the Board of Trade, the Minister of the Interior. In a year, Churchill became the Secretary of the Navy. Thus, he became the youngest politician who took the most important positions in Britain.

When Winston Churchill was governing the Department of the Navy, he failed miserably. The military operation in the Dardanelles during the First World War led to the catastrophe due to his fault: 250 thousand of English soldiers died unreasonably.

In order to make amends, the politician resigned and volunteered to the battlefield. In several years, the passions related to the Dardanelles cooled, and Churchill returned to the government to take the position of the Minister of Munitions. However, he could not show his worth there and had to call a “political time-out” to stand back from all political activities.

The Prime Minister of Great Britain

Winston Churchill’s comeback to politics was marked with the beginning of the Second World War when Germany invaded Poland and Great Britain declared war on Adolf Hitler. Churchill was offered the position of the First Lord of the Admiralty since he never promised eternal peace in his country and was one of the few persons who could bring the nation to the victory, as the authorities believed.

As Churchill took the major means of control under the country’s mobilization and directed them to the fierce struggle against Hitler’s Germany, he managed to climb the top of power and became the Prime Minister of Britain – however, at the most difficult period for the country. Still, his determination, tenacity, and sober situation assessment helped the British Prime Minister successfully conduct the war to the victory by creating the triumphant coalition with the USA and USSR.

The ardent anti-communist, Churchill had to prefer Stalin to Hitler because there was no other way. In May 1942, Churchill, the American President Franklin Roosevelt, and the Russian leader Joseph Stalin signed an important agreement on the anti-Hitler coalition creation. The Atlantic Charter determined the economic and political world order in the ally countries after the victory in the World War II.

In 1945, the British, American, and Soviet leaders participated in The Yalta Conference and specified the political map of the world in the post-war epoch. The Big Three decided that Germany should be subdivided into 4 occupied territories; the USSR would get back Baltic states, Western Ukraine, Belarus, Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Karelia. At that time, the Soviet Union also pledged to take part in the war with Japan. In lieu of it, the USSR would receive southern Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.

The world split into two political systems right after the Second World War was over. Churchill began to encourage the Western world to unite against the communist East to choke Bolshevism completely. However, he had to leave the big politics because serious economic problems occurred in Great Britain in the post-war years: the external debt increased, and the relations with the neighboring colonies deteriorated. With the defeat in the Parliamentary elections, Winston Churchill resigned.

At that time, he led the opposition and almost never appeared in House of Commons. He devoted himself to the literary activities. In 1951, 76-year-old Winston Churchill became the Prime Minister of Britain again and ruled the country for the next four years. He spent the latter years of his political activity on the foreign politics with the emphasis on the country’s nuclear potential development since he hoped to gain the former power of Britain by this means. For medical reasons, the British politician had to resign and left the position of the Prime Minister with full honors.

Personal life

Many historians compare Winston Churchill’s personal life to a “beautiful romance novel.” The great British politician met the love of his life in 1908 and married her at once. It was Clementine Hozier, the daughter of the London nobles. The Prime Minister and his wife happily lived together for 57 years. The wife became his best friend and main political counselor since Churchill made important decisions only with her approval.

The politician’s wife was 11 years younger – it was considered a big gap at those times. Nevertheless, she managed to store love in the family and became the only person capable of handling Churchill’s sharp and turbulent character. Clementina gave birth to 5 children each of which was wanted and loved by their parents. After the Prime Minister’s death, his wife continued to call him an ideal husband even though he smoked like a chimney, gambled, and spent nights in casinos.

After the funeral, Clementine lost the meaning of her life and was ready to follow her husband, but the catchphrase that Churchill pronounced during the Second World War stopped her – he encouraged Britain to “never give in.” This speech helped Clementine overcome the loss and continue the literary activity for 12 years publishing the British leader’s unfinished memoirs.

Death

Winston Churchill passed away on January 24, 1965. The greatest Englishman in the history of the country died at the age of 90. The cause of death was a stroke that had already attacked the former British Prime Minister. It was the state funeral: the Queen Elizabeth II governed it. In the course of history, only 10 persons were honored this way.

The funeral ceremony became the largest in the history of the country: the representatives of 112 countries and all members of the royal family were present. The funeral was broadcast live on many TV channels all over the world which gave almost 350 million people the opportunity to say farewell to the outstanding person via TV screens.

According to Churchill’s will, he was buried in Bladon cemetery near the St. Martin’s church not far from his family estate. Only Churchill’s family members and close friends were present at the ceremony.

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Largely regarded as Britain’s greatest statesman of the 20^th century, Sir Winston Churchill rose to critical admiration for his brave leadership during World War II (1939-1945). Serving in his first term as Prime Minister of Britain (1940-1945), Churchill’s political and military brilliance was on display as he rallied the rest of Europe and the U.S. in securing victory over Nazi Germany and the Axis forces.  In this article, we present the illustrious life and stellar achievements of Sir Winston Churchill- Britain’s greatest modern icon.

Winston Churchill’s Childhood

On 30 November, 1874, Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was born in Oxfordshire to aristocratic parents- Lord Randolph Churchill and Lady Randolph Churchill (Jennie Jerome). The exact place of Winston Churchill’s birth was at the Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England. The palace belonged to his grandfather, the seventh Duke of Marlborough.

His father, Randolph, was an influential member of parliament in the Conservative Party (the Tories). On the other hand, his mother, Jennie, was an American heiress who came from a family of business tycoons, financiers and horse racing lovers. Churchill’s parents weren’t the closest of couples- they lived a very estranged life together. Regardless of this, Winston had a closer relationship with his mother than his father.

Winston and his other sibling, Jack, were predominantly raised up by Mrs Ann Everest (Churchill’s nanny) and his grandparents at Blenheim.  Mrs Everest was a spinster who devoted a great chunk of her life to raising the Churchill boys. In his later autobiography (My Early Life), Winston named Mrs Everest (commonly called “Voom”) as having a substantial influence on him during his childhood. Even up to this day, the Churchill family pay for the maintenance of Everest’s grave.

Schools that Winston Churchill Attended

Along with his other sibling (Jack), Winston attended Ascot boarding school and Harrow School (in April 1888). During his stay in boarding schools, he often got on the wrong side of the school authorities due to his rebellious tendencies. Although clever, he was not the most disciplined of the lot, and his dislike of formal education was palpable. According to Churchill, his boarding school days were full of unhappiness and misery.

Winston Churchill’s free-spirited life hampered his grades. He did however favor subjects like English language, French, poetry and history. He also took great delight in horse riding and swimming. At the age of 17, Winston won a local fencing championship.

His grades at Harrow School were at best average, and chances of him gaining admission into the university were very slim. After three attempts, Winston finally secured a place as a cavalry cadet at the officer training school (the Royal Military College) at Sandhurst.  After he graduated from the military college (in 1894), he was assigned as a second lieutenant (cornet) in the 4^th Queen’s Own Hussars at Aldershot.

His time as a young soldier and his brave military achievements abroad

Just a month before Winston became a cavalry officer , his father, Lord Randolph Churchill died, aged 45. Although, the relationship with his father was sometimes cold, his father’s passing still weighed heavily on Winston. But it also served as an opportunity for the young Winston to his leave his mark on this earth.

As a cavalry officer, Winston relished the chance of serving in the most dangerous of places in the British Empire. And when on such perilous military campaigns, he took to chronicling his activities and times.

In a space of about 5 years, Winston would visit countries such as Cuba, Afghanistan, India, Egypt and Pakistan. Serving as a military correspondent, most of his articles and stories about his daring campaigns between 1896 and 1900 were published in books and newspapers.

Cuba Mission

In 1895, Winston chose to spend his 5 months’ leave from the British Army in Cuba writing for the Daily Graphic about the Cuban War of Independence (1895-1898). His original destination should have been the West Indies, but he decided not to go there. Rather, he reasoned that he would achieve great heights in Cuba as a war journalist. It was in Cuba that the courageous and adventure-loving Winston got shot. The incident was not fatal, and Winston made his way back home to England.

Time in India

After Cuba, Winston got transferred to India in 1896. He reprised his role as a war-correspondent in the North-West Frontier Province. It was around this time that he started working on his first novel: Savrola: A Tale of the Revolution in Laurania. The novel was very popular in Britain. It set Churchill on a path of critical acclaim and admiration in the literature community as well as in the general public.

The following year, in 1897, Winston Churchill was part of the British troops that faced off with Pashtun tribe in Malakand, Pakistan. He chronicled the events of the war in his 1898 book – The Story of the Malakand Field Force.

The Sudan and South Africa

Under the command of Gen. Herbert Kitchener, Winston Churchill carried out his duty gallantly  in the 1898 Battle of Omdurman, present-day Sudan. The battle was one of Britain’s last wins using a cavalry charge.

After Sudan, Winston briefly took a break from the army and returned to England in May 1899. However, when the Second Boer War broke out between British forces and Dutch soldiers in South Africa, Winston rescinded his resignation from the army.

He went on to serve as a volunteer/war correspondent in South Africa (the South African Light Horse) for the Morning Post. During his coverage of the Boer War (1899-1902), Winston got captured and imprisoned by the Boers. He boldly orchestrated a daring escape from captivity and returned to England to a rousing welcome. The details of the Boer War and the story of his escape were put in his 1900 book, titled- London to Ladysmith.

Churchill always spoke fondly of his time in the British Army. He even described those years as some of the best years of his life. However, he always saw himself in active politics rather than in the army.

Churchill’s entry into politics

After about 4 years abroad with the military (from 1895 to 1899), the young Winston returned to England to a hero’s welcome. His reputation surely preceded him. Capitalizing on his new found fame, he contested in the 1900 Oldham by-election for a seat in the House of Commons (one of Britain’s second parliament).Unfortunately for him, he was resoundingly defeated.

However, as stories of his gallant efforts abroad continued to spread, Winston’s reputation even grew bigger and bigger. He started going on country wide tours in the UK, as well as in the U.S., giving speeches and lectures. The lectures and tours were financially beneficial to Churchill.

His fame and reputation began to pay off. In 1900, under Conservative Party ticket, Winston was elected to represent Oldham in the British parliament. He was only 26 years old at the time.

His formative years in politics were spent campaigning for reforms that promoted social interventions and economic equity. Examples of such issues that he campaigned on were: the eight hour workday; a government-set minimum wage; a government-run labor regulation office; and a public national health insurance. All of these proposed polices flew against Churchill’s aristocratic roots. As a result, the Conservatives became weary of the young Churchill.

Four years later, Winston moved across the aisle and became a member of the Liberal Party. This happened in 1904.

As a staunch believer in liberalism, Churchill favored issues such as unemployment and housing.  These and many more ideas of his were published in his work: Liberalism and the Social Problem (1909). Between 1908 and 1912, Winston Churchill headed the Board of Trade during Lord Asquith’s government.

Brief re-entry into the military

In 1912, Churchill was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty (the department that was in charge of the British naval fleet). During his tenure, Winston ensured that Britain had a very modern navy force that was capable of dealing with the looming war in Europe.

He played a key role in setting up the Royal Navy Air Service. He made sure that the service had the right training and military hardware.

Churchill’s military blunder at Gallipoli

Churchill did not get the desired result that he wanted in the navy. As Secretary of the Navy (First Lord of the Admiralty), Churchill commanded a disastrous invasion in Turkey in 1915. In an attempt to force the Ottomans to the side with Western Allies, Churchill sent British troops to fight the Ottomans at the Gallipoli Peninsula, Turkey.

Britain had gravely underestimated the Turks; and after close to a year of bloodshed, the Turks, led by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, completely humiliated the British Army and Winston Churchill. A death count of 250,000 soldiers was too big a disgrace for Churchill to handle. Therefore, Churchill resigned from his position in the navy.

Subsequently, Churchill served in various political appointments in Britain. When the First World War broke out, Winston got appointed as the minister of munitions.  After the war ended, he was called to serve as the minister of war and air. He was also the colonial secretary from 1919 to 1922.

Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Conservative Party

After spending about 20 years with in the Liberal Party, Churchill reverted back to the Conservatives in 1924. Two years later, in 1926, he was made the Chancellor of Exchequer in Stanley Baldwin’s government. His decision to return the British Pound Sterling to the gold standard caused a lot of economic woes for Britain. Britain witnessed the General Strike of 1926 due to this decision of his that he later admitted as a very big mistake.

Churchill’s Response to the menace posed by the Nazi Party in Germany

From 1929 to about 1938, Winston remained relatively quiet in the political arena. But he did work assiduously in sending words of warning to Britain about the threats posed by a budding Nazi Party in Germany. Very few people took him seriously. Instead his Conservative Party was busy licking its wounds from the 1929 general election loss.

The general public and the government in power were perhaps war-tired. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain even struck several deals with Germany in order to appease the German fuhrer- Adolf Hitler.

Churchill’s warning came to past in 1939 when Hitler went back on his commitment and invaded Poland. Britain and her allies now found themselves in an all-out war with Germany and the Axis. Britain had no one else to turn to other than Sir Winston Churchill during World War II.

World War II Heroics as Prime Minister

The outbreak of World War II in 1939 was Churchill’s cue to return to politics. He was appointed to the position of First Lord of the Admiralty for the second time. Soon, he became the head of the Military Coordinating Committee.

After the resignation of Prime Minister Chamberlain in 1940, Churchill rose up to the challenge and became British prime minister at the age of 66. It was a very dark and trying time for not just Britain but all of continental Europe. Adolf Hitler was on the rampage picking European countries one after the other.

The rest of Europe looked like it would crush under the might of Nazi Germany and Axis forces. If anything at all, very few politicians, if any, in Britain were prepared to take up the prime minister’s job. That was not the case with Winston Churchill. In the mind of the 65 year-old Winston, the time was perfect for him to steer Britain and the Allied forces out of this dark patch.

Winston Churchill remained composed all throughout WWII. Not once did it cross his mind to give into the Nazis. He gave rousing speeches and radio broadcasts to maintain the morale of his soldiers and the citizenry. Without a shred of doubt, this was Winston’s most defining moment. It was as if he was born or destined to lead Britain out this dark moment.

Churchill’s years of experience in the army also enabled him to take up the position of Minister of Defense. He brought on board great minds and industrialists to boost aircraft production in the UK.

The relationship he and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt built during those trying times was nothing short of perfection. As a result of this, the United States  massively supported Britain and other European allies  with military hardware such as guns, tanks, planes and ammunition.

After the Pearl Harbor Attack on U.S. soil, support from the U.S. skyrocketed. Roosevelt and Winston were now in this together; fighting and rallying their troops against Hitler’s Nazi Germany. The two of them coordinated effectively with the Soviets to secure a glorious win against Hitler and the Axis forces in 1945.

MORE:

• World War II: Timeline of Important Events
• Invasion of Normandy: Summary, Significance and Images
• Why Did Adolf Hitler Hate Jewish People?

Churchill’s resounding defeat in the 1945 general election

After the war, one would have expected Winston Churchill to easily secure a second term as prime minister. However, that did not happen. Despite his heroics during World War II , Churchill lost the general election of July 1945.  The Conservatives could only secure 213 seats in parliament as against the staggering 393 seats won by labor candidates.

British voters were simply looking for a party that would focus on social reconstruction. They were war-weary and felt that Churchill’s Conservative Party was not up to the task of bringing swift repair to the social and economic fabric of Britain.

Churchill’s time in Opposition (1945 to 1951)

During his time in opposition, Winston Churchill continued to play an active role in the British Parliament. He helped rally the British and American public against the dangerous threat that the Soviets could pose if Joseph Stalin went unchecked.

According to historians, Winston’s speeches and actions in the 1950s may have been indirectly responsible for worsening the Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union. Winston Churchill campaigned vigorously for unity in Europe to avert perceived communist dangers from the Soviet Union and Stalin. His public appearances won him favor from the British public.

MORE:

• 16 Shocking Facts about Soviet Union Dictator Joseph Stalin

Second tenure as Prime Minister of Britain (1951 to 1955)

Winston Churchill, 77 years at the time, reclaimed the prime minister’s position during the 1951 general election. During his first 6 months in power (from October 1951 to March 1952), Winston was also the Defense Minister of Britain.

Some of his major accomplishments during his second tenure included the Mines and Quarries Act of 1954 and the Housing Repairs and Rent Act of 1955. Using the revenue he was able to generate from increased taxes, Winston granted more governmental assistance and benefits to the British public.

He also tried to build a bridge between the West and the East. But none of his efforts came to fruition. He was the first person to introduce the term “Iron Curtain” to represent the sharp divide between the West and the East.

During his 2^nd term as Britain’s prime minister, British forces were in the Korean Peninsula fighting along side their American counterparts in the Korean War. The war was virtually a proxy war between the Soviets and the Americans.

By the mid-1950s, age and stress had begun to take a toll on him. His health was not in the best of shape. In April 1955, Winston Churchill grudgingly resigned his position as prime minister.

After retiring from Number 10 Downing Street, Winston Churchill  continued to serve in parliament for about 10 years.

Winston Churchill’s Personal life- Wife and Children

In 1908, Clementine Hozier and Winston Churchill got married at St Margaret’s in Westminster.  The couple had five children: Diana Churchill (1909-1963), Randolph Churchill (1911-1968), Sarah Tuchet-Jesson (1914-1982), Marigold Churchill (1918-1921) and Mary Soames (1922-2014). Unfortunately, Marigold died at an early age of 2 in 1921.

Churchill and Clementine’s marriage lasted for about 57 years (from 1908 to 1965). The couple had some very rough patches together as Churchill’s busy schedule got in the way of his family life. Regardless of this, Clementine stood through it all. She remained with her husband until his dying breath.

Winston Churchill’s Death

In the latter stages of his brilliant political career, Sir Winston Churchill was afflicted with a major stroke. Prior to that, he was diagnosed with cerebral arteriosclerosis and a brain disorder. The first stroke slightly impaired his ability to speak and move freely. 12 years later, at the age of 90, frail and old now, Winston Churchill had to grapple with another major stroke.

Exactly nine days after this incident, Britain’s greatest prime minister, Sir Winston Churchill passed away at Hyde Park Gate on January 15, 1965. He was 90 years.

The British government gave Winston Churchill a grand state funeral. Many claim that his funeral was the grandest of state funerals the world had ever seen by then. The service was graced by heads of state and officials from about 112 countries. Across the world, tens of millions of people watched the service on their TV sets.  It was solemn moment not just for Britain but for the entire world.

Winston Churchill’s Achievements and Legacy

Sir Winston Churchill’s taste of fame came in his mid-twenties with his heroic escape from Boer captivity as well as his numerous brilliant writings and journalism. However, what he is most remembered for was his firm leadership during those chaotic times in Europe. He courageously  put up a strong resistance against Axis forces for the entirety of the 6 year World War II.

Even when neighboring countries like Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Austria and other Scandinavian countries panicked in horror, Winston remained resolute and focused. He was determined not to succumb to fascist and anti-Semitic aggression from Hitler’s well-oiled forces.

The outcome of World War II would have certainly been different had Winston not been the prime minister at that time. He was the last line of defense against autocracy and absolute anarchy.

Another very stellar accomplishment of Winston came not in war or politics, but in literature. In 1953, he was honored with a Nobel Prize in Literature for his six-volume history of World War II. An avid reader and writer, Winston was simply an expert at storytelling and historical descriptions. He is credited to have written many commercially successful books and papers.

In a 2002 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) poll, the British public (based on a million BBC viewers) voted him as the greatest Briton of all time.