Acid rain moves easily affecting locations far beyond егэ ответы

2

Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А—G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

A The customer is worried about getting spare parts for the computer.

B The salesperson says there are no stocks at the Head Office in London.

C The customer has to bring the computer back to the Head Office in the event of a fault.

D The customer is satisfied with other firms’ speedy service.

E The annual charge for the service increases every year.

F The customer asks about the sort of paper for the printer.

G The customer says they’ve had only one printer up to now.

Вы услышите часть интервью с актёром, который сыграл роль капитана Барбосса в фильмах «Пираты Карибского Моря». В заданиях 3—9 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

3

Geoffrey Rush believes that the reason why he comes back is

3) the teamwork.

Ответ: .

4

Geoffrey Rush says that improvisation

3) usually becomes part of the script.

Ответ: .

5

One of the most predictable pirate clichés is

Ответ: .

6

While talking with Terry Rossio, Geoffrey Rush came up with the idea of
1) hiding money in a peg leg.
2) drinking alcohol out of a peg leg.
3) having a weapon in a peg leg.
Ответ: .

7

Penelope Cruz

3) sharpened the actors’ wits.

Ответ: .

8

Geoffrey Rush is sure that in the fifth film
1) Barbossa’s wish to have more power will increase.
2) Barbossa will lose his power.
3) Barbossa will turn into James Cameron.
Ответ: .

9

In the fifth film Terry Rossio might explore

3) things that aren’t connected with piracy.

Ответ: .

Раздел 2. ЧТЕНИЕ

10

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

A. Acid rain moves easily, affecting locations far beyond those that let out the pollution. As a result, this global pollution issue causes great debates between countries that fight over polluting each other’s environments. The problem is that acid rain, one of the most important environmental problems of all, cannot be seen. Some scientists think that human production is primarily responsible, while others cite natural causes as well.

B. Air pollution has many disastrous effects that need to be curbed. In order to accomplish this, governments, scientists and environmentalists are using or testing a variety of methods aimed at reducing pollution. There are two main types of pollution control. Input controls are usually more effective than output controls. Output controls are also more expensive, making them less desirable to tax payers and polluting industries.

C. Global warming is called the greenhouse effect because the gases that are gathering above the earth make the planet comparable to a greenhouse. By trapping heat, the greenhouse effect is warming the planet and threatening the environment. Current fears stem largely from the fact that global warming is occurring at such a rapid pace. Models are predicting that over the next century the global temperature will rise by several degrees.

D. Individuals often throw out goods without realizing that they could be dangerous for the environment. No matter where people put these materials, there is always a chance that they could find their way into the ground and eventually into our bodies. Special research is necessary to provide data on the effects of every chemical as well as to learn how combinations of these chemicals affect human health.

E. Only a few factors combine to create the problem of ozone layer depletion. The production and emission of CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons, is by far the leading cause. Many countries have called for the end of CFC production. However, those industries that do use CFCs do not want to discontinue usage of this highly valuable industrial chemical. So it’s important to make people realize the disaster CFCs cause in the stratosphere.

F. Unlike some environmental issues, rainforest depletion has fortunately received significant public and media attention. According to some estimates, 50 million acres of rain forest are cut down every year. Every year, Brazil chops down an area of forest the size of the state of Nebraska. In Indonesia, Zaire, Papua-New Guinea, Malaysia, Burma, the Philippines, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, and Venezuela, rain forests that were once great have been lost.

G. The world’s population has been booming for years. The population is now threatening to reach the stage where there are simply too many people for the planet to support. Greater populations pollute and consume more, ruining the environment and creating or intensifying a variety of problems. Also, with the food supply limited, the increase in population will make shortages in many parts of the world even worse.

11

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

On 25 October 1881, a little boy was born in Malaga, Spain. It was a difficult birth and to help him breathe, cigar smoke was blown into his nose! But despite being the youngest ever smoker, this baby grew up to be one of the 20th century’s greatest painters — Pablo Picasso.

Picasso showed his truly exceptional talent from a very young age. His first word was lapiz (Spanish for pencil) and he learned to draw before he could talk.

He was the only son in the family and very good-looking, A ____________. He hated school and often refused to go unless his doting parents allowed him to take one of his father’s pet pigeons with him!

Apart from pigeons, his great love was art, and when in 1891 his father, who was an amateur artist, got a job as a drawing teacher at a college, Pablo went with him to the college. He often watched his father painting and sometimes was allowed to help. One evening his father was painting a picture of their pigeons B ____________. He returned to find that Pablo had completed the picture, and it was so amazingly beautiful and lifelike that he gave his son his own palette and brushes and never painted again. Pablo was just 13.

From then onwards there was no stopping him. Many people realized that he was a genius but he disappointed those C ____________. He was always breaking the rules of artistic tradition and shocked the public with his strange and powerful pictures. He is probably best known for his ‘Cubist’ pictures, D ____________. His paintings of people were often made up of triangles and squares with their features in the wrong place. His work changed our ideas about art E ____________. Guernica, which he painted in 1937, records the bombing of that little Basque town during the Spanish Civil War, and is undoubtedly one of the masterpieces of modern painting.

Picasso died of heart failure during an attack of influenza in 1973. The artist created over 6,000 paintings, drawings and sculptures. Today a ‘Picasso’ costs several million pounds, F ____________.

1. which used only simple geometric shapes
2. so he was thoroughly spoilt
3. which is not surprising
4. that is why he was very hard-working
5. when he had to leave the room
6. who wanted him to become a traditional painter
7. that is why to millions of people modern art means the work of Picasso

After graduating from medical school, Eugene Alford built a lucrative career as an ear, nose, and throat specialist and a facial plastic surgeon at Methodist Hospital. In the summers, he and his wife Mary, a dentist and former paediatric nurse, would join a church-sponsored medical mission to Honduras, where he operated on the needy in a rural clinic.

At home, Alford treated many prominent Houston residents, but he also waived his fee for less fortunate patients. Carolyn Thomas, for instance, went to see him with a large gauze bandage over a cavity in her face. She had been shot by her boyfriend, who had also killed her mother. The bullet had blown away Thomas’s nose, upper jaw, and right eye. Reconstruction would have cost a million dollars, but Alford, his medical team, and his hospital did it for free.

Whenever Alford needed to relax after a particularly gruelling period of work, he’d drive to his ranch in Bellville and lose himself in farm chores. He didn’t make it out there as often as he would have liked. As a plastic surgeon at Methodist Hospital, he had performed 800 operations over the previous year and was booked solid for months ahead.

So on a chilly Sunday a few days after Christmas, Alford headed out through the pine bush, intending to clear a trail for deer hunting. As he cut through underbrush in the south pasture, Alford brought the tractor to a halt in front of a dead white oak standing in his path. He nudged the trunk with the tractor’s front-end loader, expecting the tree to topple neatly to the ground. Instead the top half of the oak swayed towards him. In seconds, more than a ton of hardwood slammed down on him, crushing his spine.

Pinned to the steering wheel, Alford could barely breathe. He tried to hit the brakes, but his legs failed to respond. When he found he could move his hands, he turned off the ignition, then with great effort pulled his cell phone from his shirt pocket and called his wife on speed dial. ‘Mary,’ he gasped, ‘a tree fell on me. I’m going to die.’ ‘Don’t quit!’ she shouted. ‘We’re coming to get you!’ Alford was still conscious when his neighbours Kevin and Snuffy, alerted by Mary, hauled the tree off him. A rescue helicopter touched down minutes later, and Alford advised the paramedics on which drugs to administer to him. Then he blacked out.

He was flown to the trauma unit at Medical Centre in Houston, then quickly transferred to Methodist. The operation was successful, but the patient was still in danger. After almost two weeks in the ICU, Alford awoke, and his condition improved enough for him to be taken to a rehabilitation unit, where he began physical therapy and learned to use a wheelchair. In February 2008, six weeks after the accident, Alford returned to his 100-year-old home in Houston. At first, he was so weak that he could sit up only when strapped into a wheelchair.

Before the accident, Alford had been a solidly built six-footer and was used to being in charge. Now, entirely dependent on others, he fell into despair. ‘If it weren’t for my wife and kids, I would have killed myself,’ he says. But then the love started pouring in. Alford’s brother maintained a blog to provide updates about Alford’s recovery. Over the next three months, he received 40,000 messages from colleagues, former patients, acquaintances, even strangers. The outpouring raised his spirits. It also gave Mary a new perspective on him. For years, Alford’s schedule of 15-hour days hadn’t left him much time for her and the kids. ‘I’d just about decided you liked work more than us,’ Mary told him one day over lunch. ‘But now I realize you didn’t want to leave the hospital because there were so many folks that needed you. You couldn’t just abandon them.’

The couple refurbished their house with ramps, a wheelchair-accessible bathroom, and an elevator. They bought an extended-cab pickup truck and fitted it with a wheelchair hoist, a swivelling driver’s seat, and hand controls so Alford could drive himself.

But Alford’s goal was to make such adjustments temporary. After a month of physical therapy, he graduated from an electric to a manual wheelchair. The daily workouts built strength in his back and abdominal muscles, improving his ability to hold himself upright. Soon he was able to stand with the aid of a tubular steel frame; seated in his chair, he could now draw his legs toward his chest.

In May, Alford began the next phase of treatment. By putting a paralyzed patient through his paces, therapists hoped to grow new neuromuscular connections. After three months of this routine, Alford’s coordination had improved markedly. He felt ready to pick up a scalpel again, with the hospital’s approval. Alford still goes for four hours of rehab every morning and spends his evenings stretching and riding a motorized stationary bike to keep muscle spasms at bay. But in the hours between, he sees patients or performs surgeries — as many as five a week.

He’s eager to do more complex surgeries and plans to increase his workload. Walking remains uncertain. ‘I always tell him if I had a crystal ball, I’d be a millionaire,’ says Marcie Kern, one of his physical therapists. Still, the doctor considers himself a lucky man.

(Adapted from ‘His Own Medicine: a Doctor’s Story of Healing’ by Michael Haederle)

12

Eugene Alford

Ответ: .

13

In paragraph 3 ‘gruelling’ means

Ответ: .

14

As a result of the accident, the oak broke Alford’s

Ответ: .

15

Before the accident, Alford
1) was in charge of the hospital.
2) liked his work more than his family.
3) worked 15 hours a week.
4) could not spend much time with his wife and children.
Ответ: .

16

To make Alford feel more comfortable
1) the family equipped their house with necessary facilities.
2) his 100-year-old house was redecorated.
3) the family bought a new house.
4) his old pickup truck was fitted with a wheelchair hoist.
Ответ: .

17

After physical therapy and daily workouts
1) Alford didn’t need a wheelchair.
2) Alford’s stamina came back.
3) Alford started to perform simple operations.
4) Alford’s coordination improved markedly.
Ответ: .

18

At present Alford
1) feels sorry for himself.
2) is planning to practise medicine as well as he used to.
3) is going to start walking.
4) wants to become a millionaire.
Ответ: .

Раздел 3. ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 19—25, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19—25.

Обратите внимание, что по правилам ЕГЭ ответы нужно писать без пробелов и других знаков, например, правильный ответ ‘have done’ нужно будет записать как ‘havedone’, иначе ваш ответ не засчитается.

A Practical Joke

Distance Learning

Machu Picchu

In a way, it’s wonderful that Machu Picchu can nowadays be visited on a day 32____ from Cuzco. Everyone probably should have a chance to see this remarkable place.

Like many travellers, I hoped to get a taste of Machu Picchu’s ‘lost in the clouds’ atmosphere by approaching the ruins on foot 33____ the Inca trail. I joined the obligatory tour group in Cuzco, then spent the next four days surrounded by others making the classic pilgrimage. Along the way, we crossed several breathtaking Andean passes, treading on original Inca paving stones, and passing several other fine ruins.

Our last 34____ stop was at an exquisitely beautiful site called Huinay Huayna, where dozens of impossibly steep terraces cascade into a deep green gorge backed by a high waterfall. My new-found travelling companions included five Argentines who 35____ my interest in exploring Huinay Huayna by moonlight.

The only problem was a slight difference in styles. Mine was more along the lines of silent and meditative contemplation; theirs involved a ritualistic circle chant, led by the charismatic lone male in the group whom I thereafter nicknamed the Warlock. Absenting myself from the circle that night, I made a mental note to 36____ my distance from them the next day at Machu Picchu.

Before dawn the following morning we climbed to the mountaintop Gateway of the Sun, hoping for the classic panoramic view of Machu Picchu before the tour buses arrived. Unfortunately, the weather did not cooperate. With dozens of other disappointed trekkers, I shivered on the hilltop in chilly fog for two hours, waiting for a sunrise that never came, then trudged down the hill to Machu Picchu itself. As I 37____, the clouds started lifting, revealing the place to be every bit as spectacular as I could have hoped. By day’s end, my tour group had dispersed, apparently preferring a hot bath. I, however, felt I was just 38____ the surface.

32

Ответ: .

33

Ответ: .

34

Ответ: .

35

Ответ: .

36

Ответ: .

37

Ответ: .

38

Ответ: .

Ваш результат: пока 0.

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ Нижегородской области

Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

среднего профессионального образования

«Лукояновский педагогический колледж им. А.М.Горького«

(ГБОУ СПО ЛПК)

Контрольная работа №1

по учебной дисциплине

ОДБ 01. Иностранный язык

основной профессиональной образовательной программы

по специальности СПО 050141 Физическая культура

г. Лукоянов 2013 год

1. Общие положения

Контрольная работа предназначена для контроля и оценки образовательных достижений обучающихся по разделу 1.Основной модуль. (темам 1.2.2,  1.8.3,) учебной дисциплины     ОД. Иностранный язык.

2. Результаты освоения дисциплины, подлежащие проверке

(указываются результаты освоения дисциплины в соответствии с рабочей программой учебной дисциплины)

3. Условия выполнения контрольной работы

Контрольная работа включает перечень практических заданийи состоит из 1 варианта, который содержит 5 заданий  открытого и закрытого типа. На выполнение контрольной работы отводится 1 академический час.

4. Задания для проведения контрольной работы (приводится перечень вопросов, практических заданий)

1. Put the verb in the present simple tense
2. It is 12 o’clock. The family (has/ is having) tea.
3. In the morning my mother (cooks/ is cooking) breakfast for us.
4. I (have/ am having) a car and I usually (drive/ driving) to work.
5. Dick (leaves/ is leaving) home at 7.30 in the morning. He (goes/ is going) to his office by bus.
6. In the evening we (watch/ are watching) TV.

2)To make up sentences from these words

1. Not far/ we/ from/ the park/ live/.
2. Kate’s/ is/ a doctor/ father/ good/.
3. Now/ my/ is/ in/ playing/ sister/ the garden/.
4. When/ usually/ you/ get up/ do/?
5. Is/ all/ why/ crying/ the baby/ time/?
6. He/ interesting/ give/ you/ a book/ can/.
7. Uncle/ funny/ is/ man/ Albert/.
8. In/ have/ your/ pocket/ you/ what/ do/?
9. Talking/ what/ he/ about/ is/?
10. Has/ at/ she/ o’clock/ dinner/ usually/two/.

 3) Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Past Progressive.

1. As I (do) ____ the washing-up, I (break) ____ a glass.
2. We (walk) ____ in the woods when a storm (begin) ____.
3. John (repair) ____ his motor bike when his mother (arrive) ___.
4. I (eat) ____ my lunch when the phone (ring) ____.
5. He (ride) ___ his bicycle to school when he (drop) ____ his bag.
6. We (see) ____ a bad accident as we (drive)  _____ to the airport.
7. Tom (watch) ____ the match when the TV (break down) _____.
8. We (talk) _____ when she (come) ____ into the room.
9. We (go) ____ swimming every week when we  were young.
10. Simon (dance) ____ when he (fall) _____ and (hurt) ____ his leg.
11. Why (you laugh) ____ all through your History lesson yesterday?
12. I (drink) ____ a glass of milk every day when I (be) ____ a child.
13. Ted often (ride) ____ horses when he (be) a boy.
14. It (rain) ____ while I (wait) ___ for the bus.
15. He (fish) ____ while we (cook) ___  dinner for us.

4) Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Past Progressive.

1. Steve (have) ____ an accident yesterday. He (drive) ___ his car, when a bird (fly) ____ into the windscreen. He (try) ____ to stop quickly but he (crash) ____ into a wall. Luckily, he (not be) ____ hurt.
2. Last week, I (go) ____ to a talk by a famous writer. He (talk) ____ about his new book when I (arrive) ____. He (give) ___ such an interesting talk that I (be) _____ disappointed when it (end) _____.
3. Julie (tidy) ____ her bedroom last weekend. While she (do) ____ it, she (find) ___ some of the toys she (have) ____when she (be) ____a child ____. She (not want) _____ to throw them away, so she (put ) ____ them in a box and (store) ____ them in the attic.

5) Put verbs in Present Continuous, Present Simple orFuture Simple tenses.

1. I (to play) chess tomorrow. 2. I (not to play) chess tomorrow. 3. You (to play) chess tomorrow? 4. He (to play) chess every day. 5. He (not to play) chess every day. 6. He (to play) chess every day? 7. They (to play) chess now. 8. They (not to play) chess now. 9. They (to play) chess now? 10. Nick (to go) to the park now. 11. Nick (to go) to school every day. 12. Nick (to go) to school tomorrow. 13. You (to come) to my place next Sunday? 14. You (to read) this book next week? 15. You (to read) books every day? 16. You (to read) a book now? 17. I (not to see) him tomorrow. 18. What you (to do) tomorrow? 19. What your friend (to do) tomorrow? 20. Where you (to go) next summer? 21. Where you (to go) every morning? 22. Where you (to go) now? 23. Look! Mary (to dance). 24. She (to dance) every day. 25. She (todance) tomorrow?

5. Критерии оценивания заданий

«5» За правильное выполнение 5 заданий        

«4» за правильное выполнение 4 заданий

«3» за правильное выполнение 3 заданий

«2» за правильное выполнение 2 заданий.

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ Нижегородской области

Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

среднего профессионального образования

«Лукояновский педагогический колледж им. А.М.Горького«

(ГБОУ СПО ЛПК)

Контрольная работа №2

по учебной дисциплине

ОДБ 01. Иностранный язык

основной профессиональной образовательной программы

по специальности СПО 050141 Физическая культура

г. Лукоянов 2013 год

1. Общие положения

Контрольная работа предназначена для контроля и оценки образовательных достижений обучающихся по разделу Раздел 2. Профессионально   направленный   модуль (темам 2.1.1 -2.2.2, ) учебной дисциплины     ОД. Иностранный язык.

2. Результаты освоения дисциплины, подлежащие проверке

(указываются результаты освоения дисциплины в соответствии с рабочей программой учебной дисциплины)

3. Условия выполнения контрольной работы

Контрольная работа включает перечень практических заданий состоит из 1 варианта, который содержит 3 задания  открытого и закрытого типа. На выполнение контрольной работы отводится 1 академический час.

1. Задания для проведения контрольной работы приводится перечень практических заданий

Упражнение 1. Choose the right word

1. Gerund or infinitive: choose the correct answer.

1) I can’t stand (to work/working) in an office.

2) We hope (to arrive/arriving) by half past seven.

3) It was a wonderful holiday. I will always remember (to see/seeing) Niagara Falls.

4) Remember (to go/going) to the bank. You’ve got to pay the bills.

5) She went on (to talk/talking) even after her friend had fallen asleep.

6) I regret (to leave/leaving) school at the age of 16.

7) I regret (to tell/telling) you that you have failed the test.

I don’t want to drive a car; I’m afraid of (to have/having) an accident.

9) She forgot (to invite/inviting) her best friend to the party.

10) I’ll never forget (to see/seeing) snow for the first time.

11) On the way home he stopped (to buy/buying) some chocolate.

12) The baby didn’t stop (to cry/crying) all night.

13) She refused (to answer/answering)n the phone.

14) I’m really looking forward to (to start/starting) my new course.

15) They enjoyed (to be/being) on holiday by the sea.

16) I don’t mind (to drive/driving) to the restaurant.

17) Sometimes she puts off (to do/doing) her homework.

18) My sister has agreed (to help/helping) with the decorating.

19) We were late. Tom suggested (to take/taking) a taxi.

20) I don’t feel like (to work/working). What about (to go/going) to a disco instead?

Упражнение 2. Translate the sentences.

1) Вы не против того, чтобы я покурил тут?

2) Она избегала обедать дома. (have dinner)

3) Этот человек не стоит твоих слез.

4) Я предложила (offer) помочь ему перевести текст.

5) Он бросил курить.

6) Он уехал из Англии для того, чтобы жить в другом городе.

7) Я помню, что встречал вас в прошлом году.

Они отрицали, что украли (steal) деньги.

9) Я с сожалением сообщаю вам (inform), что ваш заказ (order) будет отложен (delay).

10) Извини, я забыл купить молоко.

11) Пожалуйста, прекратите разговаривать!

12) Она начала танцевать.

13) Представь себе поездку туда.

14) Она согласилась приглядеть за ребенком.

15) Они отложили поездку на море.

Упражнение 3. Choose the right form

1. I heard him my name.

a. mention

1. I would rather to music.

a. listen

S.        Let me a few words.

a. to say

1. He is trying them.

1. to protect

б.        I would like a cup of tea.

1. having

1. He avoids Lucy.

1. to meet

5. mentioning

b. listening

b. say

b. protecting

b. to have

b. meeting

1.  He made us three hours.

a. wait        b.        to wait

5. Критерии оценивания заданий

«5» За правильное выполнение 3заданий        

«4» за правильное выполнение 2 заданий

«3» за правильное выполнение 1 заданий

«2» за не правильное выполнение всех заданий

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ Нижегородской области

Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

среднего профессионального образования

«Лукояновский педагогический колледж им. А.М.Горького«

(ГБОУ СПО ЛПК)

Контрольная работа №3

по учебной дисциплине

ОДБ 01. Иностранный язык

основной профессиональной образовательной программы

по специальности СПО 050141 Физическая культура

г. Лукоянов 2013 год

1. Общие положения

Контрольная работа предназначена для контроля и оценки образовательных достижений обучающихся по разделу Раздел 2. Профессионально   направленный   модуль (темам 2.4.1 -2.4.3, ) учебной дисциплины     ОД. Иностранный язык.

2. Результаты освоения дисциплины, подлежащие проверке

(указываются результаты освоения дисциплины в соответствии с рабочей программой учебной дисциплины)

3. Условия выполнения контрольной работы

Контрольная работа включает перечень практических заданий состоит из 1 варианта, который содержит 3 задания  открытого и закрытого типа. На выполнение контрольной работы отводится 1 академический час.

Упражнение 1. Подумайте и ответьте на вопросы:

• Was life better a hundred years ago? Why/why- not?
• What ecological problems exist nowadays?
• What is the influence of pollution on people’s health?
• What can, people do to help solve environmental problems?
• Would you like to help our environment? How?

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте короткие тексты об экологических проблемах.
Установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8  текстами
A—G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую
цифру только одни раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Hazardous waste        5.        Global destruction
2. Invisible threat        6.        Disastrous growth
3. Primary reason        7.        Water shortage
4. Possible solutions        8.        Quick change

A.        Acid rain moves easily, affecting locations far beyond those that
let out the pollution. As a result, this global pollution issue causes
great debates between countries that fight over polluting each other’s environments. The problem is that acid rain, one of the most
important environmental problems of all, cannot be seen. Some
scientists think that human production is primarily responsible,
while others cite natural causes as well.

B.        Air pollution has many disastrous effects that need to be curbed.
In order to accomplish this, governments, scientists and environ
mentalists are using or testing a variety of methods aimed at reducing pollution. There are two main types of pollution control.
Input controls are usually more effective than output controls.
Output controls are also more expensive, making them less desirable to tax payers and polluting industries. s that are gathering above the earth make the planet comparable t

С Global warming is called the greenhouse effect because the gases of

a greenhouse. By trapping heat, the greenhouse effect is warming the planet and threatening the environment. Current fears stem largely from the fact that global warming is occurring at such a rapid pace. Models are predicting that over the next century, the global temperature will rise by several degrees.

D.        Individuals often throw out goods without realizing that they
could be dangerous for the environment. No matter where people
put these materials, there is always a chance that they could find
their way into the ground, and eventually into our bodies. Special
research is necessary to provide data on the effects of every chemical as well as to learn how combinations of these chemicals affect
human health.

E.        Only a few factors combine to create the problem of ozone layer
depletion. The production and emission of CFCs, chlorofluoro- carbons, is by far the leading cause. Many countries have called
for the end of CFC production. However, those industries that do
use CFCs do not want to discontinue usage of this highly valuable
industrial chemical. So it’s important to make people realize the
disaster CFCs cause in the stratosphere.

F.        Unlike some environmental issues, rainforest depletion has fortunately received significant public and media attention. According to some estimates, 50 million acres of rain forest are cut down
every year. Every year, Brazil chops down an area of forest the size
of the state of Nebraska. In Indonesia, Zaire, Papua-New Guinea,
Malaysia, Burma, the Philippines, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, and
Venezuela, rain forests that were once great have been lost.

G.        The world’s population has been booming for years. The population is now threatening to reach the stage where there are simply
too many people for the planet to support. Greater populations
pollute and consume more, ruining the environment and creating
or intensifying a variety of problems. Also, with the food supply
limited, the increase in population will make shortages in many
parts of the world even worse.

Упражнение 3. Прочитайте текст о различных видах загрязнения окружающей среды и вставьте в пропуски is/are или have/has.

        Pollution        

People (1)_______l now more concerned about their environment.  As large cities (2)        continually growing population, pollution problems (3)        becoming worse. The air in big cities (4)        ______being polluted by traffic and industry. For instance, when coal (5)        burnt, gases and smoke (6)_        produced, which makes the air dirty and unpleasant. The most dangerous pollutant from cars (7)        lead. Even small amounts of lead can         negative influence on the brain and nervous system of people. Water pollution 9)________        also become a serious problem because

factories pour poisonous wastes into streams and rivers. As a result, fish 10)______        no clean water to live in. Farming can also cause water pollution. Although the chemicals used by farmers (11) _______carefully controlled, they can get into rivers and kill fish. Oil pollution (12)_______        like a recurring nightmare. Sea birds (13)_________        always the most common victims. However, the most alarming form of pollution  (14)________        nuclear pollution, which (15)        disastrous effect on people’s health.

5. Критерии оценивания заданий

«5» За правильное выполнение 3заданий        

«4» за правильное выполнение 2 заданий

«3» за правильное выполнение 1 заданий

«2» за не правильное выполнение всех заданий

Другие языки

Раздел 1. ЧТЕНИЕ

1.1. Подумайте и ответьте на вопросы:

> Was life better a hundred years ago? Why∕why not?

> What ecological problems exist nowadays?

> What is the influence of pollution on people’s health?

> What can people do to help solve environmental problems?

> Would you like to help our environment? How?

1.2. Прочитайте короткие тексты об экологических проблемах. Установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В Задании Один Заголовок Лишний.

A. Acid rain moves easily, affecting locations far beyond those that let out the pollution. As a result, this global pollution issue causes great debates between countries that fight over polluting each oth­er’s environments. The problem is that acid rain, one of the most important environmental problems of all, cannot be seen. Some scientists think that human production is primarily responsible, while others cite natural causes as well.

B. Air pollution has many disastrous effects that need to be curbed. In order to accomplish this, governments, scientists and environ­mentalists are using or testing a variety of methods aimed at re­ducing pollution. There are two main types of pollution control. Input controls are usually more effective than output controls. Output controls are also more expensive, making them less desir­able to tax payers and polluting industries.

C. Global warming is called the greenhouse effect because the gases that are gathering above the earth make the planet comparable to a greenhouse. By trapping heat, the greenhouse effect is warming the planet and threatening the environment. Current fears stem largely from the fact that global warming is occurring at such a rapid pace. Models are predicting that over the next century, the global temperature will rise by several degrees.

D. Individuals often throw out goods without realizing that they could be dangerous for the environment. No matter where people put these materials, there is always a chance that they could find their way into the ground, and eventually into our bodies. Special research is necessary to provide data on the effects of every chemi­cal as well as to learn how combinations of these chemicals affect human health.

E. Only a few factors combine to create the problem of ozone layer depletion. The production and emission of CFCs, chlorofluoro­carbons, is by far the leading cause. Many countries have called for the end of CFC production. However, those industries that do use CFCs do not want to discontinue usage of this highly valuable industrial chemical. So it’s important to make people realize the disaster CFCs cause in the stratosphere.

F. Unlike some environmental issues, rainforest depletion has fortu­nately received significant public and media attention. According to some estimates, 50 million acres of rain forest are cut down every year. Every year, Brazil chops down an area of forest the size of the state of Nebraska. In Indonesia, Zaire, Papua-New Guinea, Malaysia, Burma, the Philippines, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, and Venezuela, rain, forests that were once great have been lost.

∖

G. The world’s population has been booming for years. The popula­tion is now threatening to reach the stage where there are simply too many people for the planet to support. Greater populations pollute and consume more, ruining the environment and creating or intensifying a variety of problems. Also, with the food supply limited, the increase in population will make shortages in many parts of the world even worse.

1.3. Выпишите из текста синонимы к следующим словам и слово­

Сочетаниям:

1.4. Выразите свое мнение:

> Do you agree that environmental issues mentioned in the text are important? Why∕why not?

> What environmental problems exist in your native city∕town?

> What do you think is the best way to solve these problems?

1.5. Прочитайте рассказ и выполните задания 1—7. В каждом за­дании обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 Или 4, Соответствующую вы­бранному вами варианту ответа. Перенесите Ответы В Таблицу.

The risk of catastrophic climate change is getting worse, accord­ing to a new study from scientists involved with the United Nations In­tergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Threats — ranging from the destruction of coral reefs to more extreme weather events like hurricanes, droughts and floods — are becoming more likely at the temperature change already underway: as little as 1.8 degree Fahren­heit (1 degree Celsius) of warming in global average temperatures.

‘Most people thought that the risks were going to be for certain species and poor people. But all of a sudden the European heatwave of 2003 comes along and kills 50,000 people; [Hurricane] Katrina comes along and there’s a lot of data about the increased intensity of droughts and floods. Plus, the dramatic melting of Greenland that nobody can explain certainly has to increase your concern,’ says climatologist Ste­phen Schneider of Stanford University, who co-authored the research published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci­ences as well as in several IPCC reports. ‘Everywhere we looked, there was evidence that what was believed to be likely has happened. Nature has been cooperating with climate change theory unfortunately.’

Schneider and his colleagues updated a graph, Dubbed The ‘burn­ing embers,’ that is designed to map the risks of damage from global warming. The initial version of the graph drawn in 2001 had the risks of climate change beginning to appear after 3.6 or 5.4 degrees F (2 to 3 degrees C) of warming, but the years since have shown that climate risks kick in with less warming.

According to the new graph, risks to ‘unique and threatened sys­tems’ such as coral reefs and risks of extreme weather events become likely when temperatures rise by as little as 1.8 degrees F from 1990 levels, which is on course to occur by mid-century given the current concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. In addition, risks of negative consequences such as increased droughts and the complete melting of ice caps in Greenland and Antarctica definitively outweigh any potential positives, such as longer growing seasons in countries such as Canada and Russia.

‘We’re definitely going to overshoot’ some of these temperatures where we see these very large vulnerabilities manifest,’ says economist Gary Yohe of Wesleyan University in Middletown, Conn., another co-author. ‘We’re going to have to learn how to adapt.’ Adaptation notwithstanding, Yohe and Schneider say that scientists must also fig­ure out a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to reverse the heat­ing trend to prevent further damage.

Several bills pending in Congress would set a so-called cap-and-trade policy under which an overall limit on pollution would be set — and companies with low output could sell their allowances to those that fail to cut emissions as long as the total stays within the total pollution cap. Any such federal policy would put a price on carbon dioxide pollution, which is currently free to vent into the at­mosphere, Yohe note. He, however, favours a so-called carbon tax that would set a fixed price for such climate-changing pollution rather than the cap-and-trade proposals favoured by the Obama administration. ‘It’s a predictable price, not a thing that bounces around.’

But even with such policies in place—not only in the U. S. but across the globe—climate change is a foregone conclusion. Global av­erage temperatures have already risen by at least 1.1 degrees Fahren­heit (0.6 degree C) and further warming of at least 0.7 degree F (0.4 degree C) is virtually certain, according to the IPCC. And a host of studies, including a recent one from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, have shown that global warming is already worse than predicted even a few years ago. The question is: ‘Will it be catastrophic or not?’ ‘We’ve dawdled, and if we dawdle more, it will get even worse,’ Schneider says. ‘It’s time to move.’

(Adapted from ‘Risks of Global Warming Rising’ by David Biello)

1. The current temperature change

1) is less than it was predicted.

2) is too little to cause any concern.

3) makes natural disasters more probable.

4) has caused the catastrophic climate change.

2. According to Stephen Schneider, people should be more worried because

1) the heat wave is going to kill more people.

2) the intensity of floods and drought will increase in the near fu­ture.

3) nobody can explain the dramatic melting of Greenland.

4) nature has proved the climate change theory.

3. In paragraph 3 ‘dubbed’ Means

1) added.

2) labelled.

3) doubled.

4) showed.

4. According to the updated graph, risks of negative consequences begin to appear

1) when the temperature change reaches 1 degree C.

2) when temperatures rise by as little as 1.8 degree C from 1990 levels.

3) after 3.6 degrees F of warming.

4) after 3 degrees C of warming.

5. Global warming has

1) only negative consequences.

2) only positive consequences.

3) more negative than positive consequences.

4) more positive than negative consequences.

6. Cap-and-trade policy implies that

1) companies will have to cut their emissions.

2) companies could sell their emissions.

3) the overall amount of emissions must stay within a certain lim­it.

4) companies will have to pay a fixed carbon tax.

7. According to the IPCC, global warming

1) is no worse than predicted a few years ago.

2) will have catastrophic effect.

3) is still uncertain.

4) is inevitable.

1.6. Выпишите из текста синонимы к следующим словам и слово­сочетаниям:

1.7. Выразите свое мнение:

> Do you think that global warming really takes place? Why∕why not?

> Do you think that people should take measures to curb global warming? Why∕why not?

> What do you think will be the best way to curb global warming?

Раздел 2. АУДИРОВАНИЕ

2.1. Подготовка к аудированию. Прочитайте утверждения 1—7 в задании 2.2 И возможные варианты их продолжения. Под­черкните ключевые слова, которые могут оказать влияние на выбор правильного ответа.

Полезные советы:

≠ Не пытайтесь определить правильный ответ до прослу­шивания, потому что он полностью зависит от содержания текста. Общие знания или догадка в этом задании могут вас только подвести.

S JПри выборе ответа надо руководствоваться только той <

Х информацией, которая звучит в аудиофрагменте, а не тем, ?

Х что вы знаете или думаете по данному вопросу. >

$ JНе следует оставлять ни одного вопроса без ответа, $

8 даже если вы не уверены в его правильности. <

2.2. Вы услышите речь президента США Барака Обамы по про­блеме утечки нефти в Мексиканском заливе. В заданиях 1—7 обведите цифру 1, 2 Или 3, Соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

1. The President’s visit to the beach made him understand

1) his own mission.

2) what extraordinary efforts are to be made at the local level.

3) the damaging effects of the spill.

2. The Mayor of Grande Isle said that

1) fishermen had stopped fishing in the Gulf.

2) he had to give fishermen money from his own budget.

3) fishermen were going to buy new boats.

3. By the time they discovered the third breach,

1) more than 20,000 people had been working around the clock.

2) the government had stationed only 70 vessels.

3) the government had already staged some equipment.

4. The President has directed Admiral Allen

1) to increase the number of people in places with oil impact.

2) to perform monitoring of beaches.

3) to triple the amount of protective boom.

5. Barack Obama claims that the ultimate responsibility for solving this crisis lies with

1) British Petroleum (BP).

2) the US President.

3) the British Government.

6. The President is sure that

1) some mitigation strategies may be risky.

2) every judgment they make is going to be right.

3) there will be silver bullets for all challenges.

7. The President promised the people of the Gulf Coast

1) to come down and provide support to the communities along the coasts.

2) that all of the Gulfs beaches would soon be opened.

3) not to leave them in trouble.

2.3. Обсудите свои ответы с партнером:

> What helped you choose your answers?

> Why are the other options wrong?

> What was the most difficult answer for you? Why?

Раздел 3. ГОВОРЕНИЕ

Вспомните РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ к составлению диалога-
обмена мнениями (см. Тему 2. Раздел ГОВОРЕНИЕ).

3.1. Разминка. Если вы хотите дополнить информацию, сказанную собеседником, какие фразы-клише вы будете использовать?

3.2. Вы с другом разговариваете об экологической ситуации в ва­шем городе. Обсудите с партнером возможные экологические проблемы и выберите ту, которая вам обоим кажется наибо­лее серьезной:

> air pollution

> water pollution

>∙ rubbish

> noise

Время говорения 3—4 минуты.

3.3. Прочитайте вариант диалога. Выпишите в таблицу аргументы «за» и «против» для каждой экологической проблемы.

‘What’s your opinion about the ecological situation in our city?’ ‘1 don’t think that it is awful but of course there are some prob­lems.’

‘I can’t agree with you. In my opinion, our city is in a sorry state. And the most important problem is air pollution. Every day a huge number of plants and factories emit lots of harmful substances into the atmosphere of our city so the concentration Ofharmful substances in the air is oyer ten times the admissible level. Breathing poisonous air may lead to serious lung diseases. What is more, air pollution has a negative impact on trees and flowers. Do you agree with me?’

‘Absolutely! However, we can decrease the level of harmful sub­stances in the air. For example, car owners should install special fil­ters on their cars. Besides, the government should move all plants and factories outside the city. And of course we should plant more parks because trees produce oxygen and clean the air. That’s why I think that water pollution is a far more serious problem.’

‘Why do you think so?’

‘First of all, industrial pollution has made the water in our river completely undrinkable and thousands of fish die every year as a result of the illegal dumping of waste into our river by factories and plants. If this trend continues, one day we won’t have any fish at all. Another problem is that people consume too much water so in the future we won’t have enough fresh water for everybody.’

‘I don’t think that the situation is so critical because we have lots of water underground. We can also improve the quality of water in our river by installing different purifying systems. What is more, we can recycle rain water and use it to water plants or for washing.’

‘Yes, I agree with you. The building of new water facilities is now less important than using what we already have efficiently and wisely. And what about rubbish? Don’t you think that our city is slowly turn­ing into a big landfill site? There is lots of litter everywhere. People throw it on the ground instead of putting it into litter bins.’

‘I can see what you mean but the reason is that there aren’t enough litter bins in public places. If there were more litter bins, our city would be much cleaner.’

‘You’re right. Yet the main problem is that we’re producing a huge amount of rubbish each year — millions and millions of tonnes of it. And the existing landfill sites are nearly full. Where are we going to put all our rubbish in the future? Finding new sites isn’t easy. Γm afraid that soon we won’t have enough landfill sites to dispose of our rubbish.’

‘I’m with you there. Of course we’ve all got to try and reduce the amount of rubbish we throw away. We can do that by buying un­packaged goods, like fruit and vegetables, rather than goods which are wrapped and packaged in plastic. Besides, we shouldn’t dump our rubbish without thinking which things, such as bottles and paper, can be recycled. And what about noise?’

‘You can’t be serious! Is it an ecological problem?’

‘Of course it is. Although noise is not a chemical and cannot be seen like a broken car, it is a kind of pollution. Noise is all around us, wherever we live, and we do not notice it most of the time because we’ve got used to it. Yet excessive noise can lead to serious psychic disorders. And don’t forget about people living near the airport. They suffer from the noise of large and powerful jet airliners taking off and landing.’

‘I’ve never thought that noise can be a real problem.’

.‘Yes, it’s a serious problem because loud noise can make people ill. People who are exposed to loud noises all the time become very nervous and upset. Moreover, they run a risk of going deaf.’

‘That’s terrible. I think that all people in our city are exposed to loud noise, for example, noise from cars, buses or trains. Besides, when people listen to loud music they may disturb their neighbours. And the power of our music centres is growing all the time. Of course, we don’t pay attention to it but the effects can be dangerous.’

‘I completely agree with you. We can install different air filters and water treatment facilities or recycle rubbish but we don’t know how to fight against the growing noise around us. That’s why I think that noise pollution is the most serious environmental problem in our city.’

‘You are absolutely right! To sum up, we’ve chosen noise as the most serious ecological problem for our city.’

3.4. Работа с партнером. Вы с другом хотите помочь окружающей среде и внести свой вклад в улучшение экологической ситу­ации в городе. Обсудите с партнером, что бы вы смогли сде­лать, и выберите вариант, который нравится вам обоим:

> plant trees and flowers

> collect empty bottles

> feed birds

> clean the park

Время говорения 3—4 минуты.

При составлении диалога вы можете использовать аргумен­ты «за» и «против», приведенные в таблице, или придумать свои собственные.

Окончание табл.

Раздел 4. ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

ГРАММАТИКА

ГЛАГОЛЫ ‘ТО BE’ И ‘ТО HAVE’

Перед выполнением заданий изучите разделы

ГЛАГОЛ ТО BE И ГЛАГОЛ ТО HAVE
В ГРАММАТИЧЕСКОМ СПРАВОЧНИКЕ.

4.1. Вставьте в пропуски Is, are, wasИли Were.

1. There three people in the photo.

2. There a woman, a man and their child in our garden

Now.

3. There an exhibition in our town last month.

4. I didn’t like the hotel because there a lot of furniture in

The room.

5. He was thirsty but there no drinks in the fridge.

6. The furniture was very old, there a table and two chairs

In the room.

7. She is at her office now. There a lot of people to see her.

8. Today there a lot of snow on the ground.

9. There some chicken and fish in the fridge now.

10. Look! there any chairs in the room?

11. There somebody in the kitchen now.

12. There no one on the roof of the house at the mo­ment.

13. There no flowers in our garden last summer.

14. There a sports centre near our house.

15. There 26 letters in the English alphabet.

4.2. Вставьте В Пропуски Am∕is∕are, was∕wereИли Will be∕won, t be.

1. She travels a lot. Yesterday she in Paris. Today she

In London. Tomorrow she in New York.

2. you at home yesterday?

3. you at home tomorrow? ;

4. 1 in Great Britain last week.

5. ‘Are you ready yet?’ ‘Not yet. I ready in five min­

Utes.’

6. The weather nice today.

7. My sister is going away for a few days, so she at home

Tomorrow.

8. I a pupil. I go to school.

9. you in the country last summer?

10. It’s Tom’s birthday next Sunday. He 11.

1. .1 cold. Can you close the window, please?

12. You may visit Jane tomorrow. She busy.

13. Where Ann yesterday?

14. My brother and I good tennis players. We like to play

Tennis very much.

15. ‘the soup ready soon?’ ‘Yes, it ready in a

Few minutes.’

4.3. Вставьте В Пропуски Is∕isn, t, are/aren’tИли Has∕have (got).

1. My brother ten years old.

2. There any flowers in the garden.

3. My sister three children.

4. Tom never plays football because there any football pitch

Near his house.

5. He a good job in a bank.

6. there a stadium near here?

7. How much the ice-creams?

8. Can I a cup of coffee, please?

9. My house a garden and a balcony.

10. There lots of good shops in this city.

4.4. Вставьте в пропуски Is∕are, was∕wereИли ħave∕ħas.

1. Tomlost his note-book.

2. This bridge built ten years ago.

3. you finished your work yet?

4. This town is always clean. The streets . cleaned every day.

5. Where you born?

6. I just made some coffee. Would you like some?

7. Cheese made from milk.

8. This is a very old photograph. It taken a long time ago. .

9. Mike bought a new car.

10. Ann working today?

4.5. Прочитайте текст о различных видах загрязнения окружаю­щей среды и вставьте в пропуски Is∕areИли Have∕has.

Pollution

People (1)now more concerned about their environ­ment. As large cities (2) continually growing population, pollution problems (3)becoming worse. The air in big cities (4)being polluted by traffic and industry. For instance, when coal (5)burnt, gases and smoke (6)produced, which makes the air dirty and unpleasant. The most dangerous pollutant from cars (7)lead. Even small amounts of lead can (8)negative influence on the brain and nervous system of people.

Water pollution (9)also become a serious problem because factories pour poisonous wastes into streams and rivers. As a result, fish (10) no clean water to live in. Farming can also cause water pollution. Although the chemicals used by farmers (11) carefully controlled, they can get into rivers and kill fish.

Oil pollution (12)like a recurring nightmare. Sea birds (13) always the most common victims. However, the most alarming form of pollution (14) nuclear pollution, which (15)disastrous effect on people’s health.

«ЛЕКСИКА

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ: СУФФИКСЫ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ

Перед выполнением заданий изучите раздел
СУФФИКСЫ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ в ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОМ СПРАВОЧНИКЕ.

4.6. Образуйте существительные от следующих слов и разбейте их по категориям:

Poor, decide, achieve, interfere, science, protect, endure, revive, disagree, equal, absent, explode, journal, enter, populate, refuse, refer, capable, move, conclude, environmental, appear, survive, humid, de­plete, govern, biology, ignore, discuss, coexist, require, pollute, chemi­cal, major, significant, arrive, depend, emit, mitigate, approve.

Суффикс	-а!	-ist	-sion	-tion	-апсе	-епсе	-ment	-ty∕-ity
Существи­тельные								Poverty

4.7. Заполните пропуски существительными, образованными от слов, напечатанных в конце строк заглавными буквами.

1.	People have destroyed our environment by_________ huge cities.	BUILD
2.	Everyone understands the_____________ Of environmental protection.	IMPORTANT
3.	What can we do to reduce the__________ Of the atmosphere?	POLLUTE
4.	_______ down on emissions from factories and plants could help, solve the problem.	CUT
5.	Many rare species are threatened with
	.	EXTINCT
6.	We must struggle for the______________ Of endangered species.	EXIST
7.	Many countries must try and control
	The growth of the______________ .	POPULATE
8.	While some countries get richer, the
	_______ in others get worse.	POOR

9. Millions of people in the world are

Threatened with. STARVE

10. The protection of the environment is

Everyone’s■ RESPONSIBLE

4.8. Прочитайте текст об экологических проблемах. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали со­держанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.

Полезные советы:

≠ Не забывайте, что некоторые слова, которые необходи­мо вставить, могут иметь отрицательное значение.

Z Существительные могут стоять как в единственном, так и во множественном числе. Вспомните правила образова­ния множественного числа существительных.

Environmental Protection

(1)___________ About ecology may lead to	IGNORE
Further (2)___________ Of nature. The protec-	DESTROY
Tion of the environment is the (3)___________	RESPONSIBLE
Of all nations, rich and poor. (4)____________ Should take measures that will help im­prove the environment. However, economic	GOVERN
(5)_____________ Between nations leads	COMPETE
To greater (6)_________________ , which re-	EQUAL
Stricts the (7) for nature	POSSIBLE
(8)______________ . Fortunately, there are a Lot of environmental groups and international	CONSERVE
(9)_______________ , whose main goal	ORGANISE
Is to strengthen (10)______________________	COOPERATE
Among (11)________________ From differ- Ent countries. The most famous of them	ENVIRONMENTAL
Is ‘Greenpeace’, which combines the people’s efforts for peace with the huge (12) For environmental pro-	MOVE
Tection. The (13)_________________ Of ‘The World Wildlife Fund’ in 1961 led to the	APPEAR

7∙ Английский язык. ЕГЭ учебник

193

(14) Of national parks in CREATE Different parts of the world. If we take ac­tion now, there might be some hope for

(15)Of our nature. SURVIVE

ФРАЗОВЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ ‘DIE’, ‘PUT’ И ‘THROW’

4.9. Вставьте слова из рамки в предложения и переведите их на русский язык.

Away (x2) off on out (x2) through up

1. Environmental organizations don’t want to put with water

Pollution.

2. We’ve all got to try and reduce the amount of rubbish we throw

3. Finally, the fire was put.

4. The echo gradually died.

5. I can’t throw the feeling of sadness when I think about

Our nature.

6. Could you put me to the manager, please?

7. Many rare species are dying nowadays.

8. I’ve recently put a lot of weight due to improper nutri­

Tion.

БЛИЗКИЕ ПО ЗНАЧЕНИЮ СЛОВА

4.10.Вставьте слова из рамки в предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Поставьте, если необходимо, глаголы в пра­вильную форму.

Property ownership possession belongings
affect effect ensure insure make sure

1. The government must the protection of endangered spe­

Cies.

2. Air pollution has a disastrous on people’s health.

3. What is your most treasured?

4. I think I’ve locked the door but you’d better make.

5. British of the company was formally recognized.

6. Industrial waste badly our environment.

7. The sign said, ‘Private. No Trespassing.’

8. We have our house against flood damage.

9. He had few personal.

ПРАКТИКА ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННЫХ ЗАДАНИЙ

4.11. Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в кон­це строк, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соот­ветствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски 1—6 полученными словами.

Water Pollution

One of the most important (1) ENVIRONMENT

Problems in the world today is the shortage of clean water. Industrial pollution has made many sources of water (2). Thousands DRINK Of fish die every year as a result of the illegal

(3)Of waste in rivers by facto — DUMP Ries all over the world.

Lake Baikal is one of the world’s largest and most beautiful lakes. It contains a rich (4) Of fish and plants. How — VARY Ever, they are being killed by the massive in­dustrial waste, which some factories still pour into the lake every day. A few years ago peo­ple thought that the supply of clean water was

(5) . Now clean water is scarce, LIMIT And water (6)Has become a vital PROTECT Necessity for all people.

4.12. Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 1—7. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 1—7, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа.

Trees Are a Threat

The mountain town of Canton is surrounded by thick underbrush and pine trees. Because of six years of drought, these plants are a major fire hazard. Thousands of trees and tons of underbrush are going to be removed over the next five years (1)a minimum cost of $3 million. The brush will be removed first and only then the trees will be toppled and removed. A cleared nonflammable area will then safely surround the town.

A recent fire burned 4,000 acres and destroyed 11 homes in nearby Hamilton. The fire was raging toward Canton, but a sudden rainstorm (2)It out. Residents know that they won’t get lucky twice, so they are looking (3)to this massive clearing operation, because it will help their town survive a future inferno. ‘But there are two prob­lems,’ said one resident. ‘All the extra trucks are going to make traffic pretty bad. Once the area is cleared, we have to make (4)Dirt bikers don’t try to make the cleared area their personal playground.’

Ninety percent of the cutting and clearing will be paid with federal funds. Unfortunately, if the trees are on private (5), they must be paid for by the residents themselves. Prices can range as high as $1,000 to cut and remove one tree. Officials say that residents can apply (6)State and federal loans if necessary.

‘Well, what good does that do me?’ asked Thelma, a 65-year-old widow. ‘I’m living on social security and I’ve got four trees. The gov­ernment’s not going to loan me money as they know there’s no way 1 can pay it (7). So what am I supposed to do? These planners with all their big ideas ought to think of the poor people.’

1.	1) for	2) by	3) at	4) with
2.	1) took	2) set	3) put	4) let
3.	1) up	2) forward	3) through	4) over
4.	1) sure	2) after	3) believe	4) way
5.	1) possession	2) belongings	3) ownership	4) property
6.	1) on	2) at	3) to	4) for
7.	1) back	2) out	3) in	4) down

Раздел 5. ПИСЬМО

ЛИЧНОЕ ПИСЬМО

Перед выполнением заданий вспомните
РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ к составлению личного письма (см. СПРАВОЧНИК ПО ПИСЬМУ).

5.1. Прочитайте экзаменационное задание и4ответ на него. От­ветьте на вопросы и выполните задания после письма.

You have received a letter from your English pen-friend Mathew, who writes:

… It’s great that you help to clean your city park. I have always thought of doing some voluntary work to help our environment. Could you advise me what environmental organisation to join? How old do volunteers need to be? Will I need any special qualifications? I do not have much experience of environmental work but I like going for walks. I’ve recently started birdwatching as a hobby.

Oh, Γve got to go now as I am late for my football training. Hope to hear from you soon.

Write a letter to Mathew.

In your letter

— answer his questions

— ask 3 questions About his new hobby

Write 100—140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

Dear Mathew,

Thanks for your letter! Sorry, I haven’t replied ear­lier.

Γm glad that you’ve decided to become a volunteer. The best organisation to join is iGreenpeace’ because it’s the largest one and it has its offices in almost every city. You can become a volunteer if you are at least 14 years old (it’s OK for you!) and you don’t need any special qualifica­tions. You will only have to fill in the application form. As for me, I’ve been a member of Greenpeace for 3 years now.

By the way, I’ve never heard about birdwatching. What kind of hobby is it? Where and when do you usually watch birds? Have you got any special equipment?

Unfortunately, I have to finish my letter. Write back and tell me about your hobby!

Best wishes,

Alex > What is the purpose of each paragraph?

>Underline Alex’s answers to Mathew’s questions. Did Alex answer all the questions?

> How many questions did Alex ask in his letter? What are they?

> Is the language of the letter formal or informal? Give exam­ples.

>Underline linking words used in the letter.

> What words can you use instead of ‘Unfortunately’!

5.2. Прочитайте экзаменационное задание.

You have received a letter from your American pen-friend Jason, who writes:

… At school we are doing projects on major environ­mental problems in big cities. Could you help me? Please, tell me about the main ecological problem in your area. What does the City Council do in order to solve it? Are you personally involved in any environmental activities? What are they?

As for me, I am planning to take part in voluntary work in summer. My friends and I are going to create footpaths in Yellowstone National Park. Γm sure it will be exciting!

Take care and keep in touch!

Jason

Write a letter to Jason.

In your letter

— answer his questions

— ask 3 questions About his summer voluntary work

Write 100—140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

5.3. Спланируйте свой ответ.

>Какие фразы вы будете использовать для выражения бла­годарности за полученное письмо и ссылки на предыдущие контакты?

>Сколько вопросов задал Джейсон? На них надо дать раз — верн утые ответы.

>Какие вопросы вы зададите о его работе волонтером летом? Желательно, чтобы вопросы были разнообразные, а не од­нотипные.

>Как вы закончите своё письмо? Какую фразу о дальнейших контактах вы употребите?

>Выберите завершающую фразу и не забудьте подписать свое письмо — только имя.

5.4. Теперь напишите свой ответ Джейсону.

Убедитесь, что вы:

JНе забыли указать свой адрес в правом верхнем углу и написать дату под адресом

JНачали письмо с обращения Dear Jason, и поставили после него запятую

JРазделили письмо на абзацы и использовали нефор­мальные слова-связки

JПоблагодарили Джейсона за полученное письмо

≠ дали развернутые ответы на его вопросы

JЗадали 3 вопроса о его работе волонтером летом

JВежливо закончили письмо, упомянув о дальнейших контактах

JНа отдельной строке написали завершающую фразу и под ней указали свое имя (без точки)

JПроверили грамматику, орфографию и пунктуацию

JУложились в заданный объем 100—140 слов

5.5. Поменяйтесь письмами с партнером. Проверьте письма и пос­тавьте друг другу баллы, используя схему и бланк оценивания личного письма (см. СПРАВОЧНИК ПО ПИСЬМУ).

Повторение. ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННЫЙ ВАРИАНТ 2

EXAM PRACTICE 2

Раздел 1. АУДИРОВАНИЕ

Во время выполнения теста по аудированию перед каждым заданием дана пауза с тем, чтобы вы смогли просмотреть вопросы к заданию, а также паузы после первичного и повторного предъявления аудиотекста для внесения ответов. По окончании выполнения всего раздела «Аудирование» перенесите свои ответы в бланк ответов.

Вы услышите 6 Высказываний. Установите соот­ветствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего 1—6 и утверждениями, данными в списке A—G. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей буквой, толь­ко один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.

A. Some scientists doubt that global warming may be caused by hu­man activities.

B. The effects of climate changes have not been thoroughly studied yet.

C. People are unable to understand the horrible effects of global warming.

D. Stabilizing the climate will require a lot of effort.

E. The argument about whether there is global warming is over.

F. Global warming can have bad influence on people’s health.

G. We ought to take measures against further warming.

Говорящий	1	2	3	4	5	6
Утверждение

Вы услышите разговор друзей о планах на летние каникулы. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений Al — А7 соот­ветствуют содержанию текста(7 — True), Какие не соответс­твуют (2 — False) И о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на осно­вании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа {3 — Not stated). Обведите номер выбранного вами вари­анта ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

Al Jerry is going to sleep a lot during his summer holidays.

1) True ‘ 2) False 3) Not stated

A2 Jerry was completely satisfied with his trip to Spain.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

Emily doesn’t mind having a rest in a quiet place.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A4 The Aira Force Waterfalls was first mentioned in Wordsworth’s poems

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

Jerry is thinking of visiting famous historical sites.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A6 There are lots of pubs serving local food in the Lake District.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A7 Jerry is planning to stay only in hotels.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

Вы услышите интервью с менеджером по окружающей среде. В заданиях А8—А14 обведите цифру 1, 2 Или 3, Соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа. Вы Услышите Запись Дважды.

A8 A managed forest is a place where

1) people can neither plant nor cut down trees.

2) people can plant trees but they are not allowed to cut them down.

3) people can plant and cut down trees.

A9 The forest helps to produce high quality water by

1) making it reach the streams through the soil.

2) increasing the velocity of rainwater as it runs across the sur­face. ,

3) preventing rainwater from getting into the streams.

AlO What did the manager NOT Mention while speaking about the importance of trees in cities?

1) Trees serve as a natural air-conditioner.

2) Trees can prevent the rapid surface water runoff.

3) Trees improve air quality and attract wildlife.

All The manager is worried that droughts

1) could destroy the forest ultimately.

2) could retard the growth of trees.

3) could make trees resistant to disease and attack by insects.

A12 The saltwater intrusion in the river

1) can be reduced by interbasin transfers.

2) is lower in time of droughts.

3) is caused by both natural and artificial reasons.

A13 The saltwater intrusion in the river results in

1) employees’ lay-off.

2) using saltwater in production of pulp and paper.

3) accepting more logs from loggers.

A14 According to the manager, the saltwater intrusion

1) could have no impact on wildlife.

2) is a rare and unusual phenomenon.

3) may happen more often in the future.

По окончании выполнения заданий Bl И А1—А14 НЕ ЗАБУДЬТЕ ПЕРЕНЕСТИ СВОИ ОТВЕТЫ В БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ № 1! ОБРАТИ­ТЕ ВНИМАНИЕ, что ответы на задания Bl9А1—А14 располага­ются в разных частях бланка. Bl Расположено в нижней части бланка. При переносе ответов в задании Bl Буквы записываются без пробелов и знаков препинания.

Раздел 2. ЧТЕНИЕ

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Ис­пользуйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

5. Popular but useless

6. Plan your diet carefully

7. Eating together

8. Food safety

A. A quick look at junk food facts tells us junk food and diets do not go hand in hand. Junk foods are also called ‘empty calorie’ foods and have no nutritional value. Nevertheless, they are enjoyed by lots of people because of their simplicity to manufacture, consume and, of course, their taste. Chocolates, burgers, pizzas, potato wa­fers and fries will surely find their way into everyone’s heart.

B. Thai cuisine is one of the healthiest foods you can eat. In fact, several Thai dishes, such as Tom Yum Soup, are currently under scientific study for their incredible health benefits. Of course, it’s already known that many of the fresh herbs and spices used in Thai cooking — such as turmeric, galangal, coriander, lemongrass, and fresh chillies — have immune-boosting and disease-fighting power.

C. Vegetarian diets can be very healthy, but eating a balanced diet when you are vegetarian usually requires a little extra attention. Because vegetarians eliminate certain foods from their diets, they often need to work to add foods into their diet that will provide the nutrients found in meat products. If properly planned, vegetarian diets can provide all the nutrients you need.

D. It’s actually easy to make good choices at a fast-food restaurant or the cafeteria. Most cafeterias and fast-food places offer healthy choices that are also tasty, like grilled chicken or salads. Be mind­ful of portion sizes and high fat add-ons, like dressings, sauces or cheese. Most restaurant portions are larger than the average serving of food at home. Ask for half portions or take half of your dish home.

E. Family meals are making a comeback. Shared family meals are more likely to be nutritious, and kids who eat regularly with their families are less likely to snack on unhealthy foods and more likely to eat fruits and vegetables. Teens who take part in regular family meals are less likely to smoke, drink alcohol, or use drugs. Beyond health and nutrition, family meals provide a valuable opportunity to reconnect.

F. Families are cooking more meals at home, cutting back on take away in the face of the economic downturn. In addition to cut­ting back on take away and eating out, families have begun cook­ing more vegetarian meals and were adding vegetables, lentils and baked beans to allow them to cut back on meat quantity. Consum­ers also indicate that they are likely to prepare meals that can be spread across more than one mealtime.

G. In recent years it has become common practice for celebrities and stars to publicize food products. Businesses take advantage of consumers’ mentality of‘following the stars’ and invite celebrities and stars to perform ‘false advertising’ so as to mislead or even deceive consumers. The law stipulates that those who publicize ‘faulty food products’ will share responsibility with food produc­ers and sellers.

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A-F Час­тями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначаю­щую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

It is claimed that San Francisco is the most interesting city in the USA. The history of San Francisco started in 1776, A_____________________________________________________________

They founded a mission and dedicated it to St. Francis.

Several times San Francisco was hit by earthquakes. As a result of the 1906 earthquake three-fourths of the city was burnt down. But within 7 years, the city was almost completely rebuilt and started grow­ing up. Several years ago, another serious earthquake hit the city, but it did not cause much damage because the buildings were well protected against the forces of nature. Now San Francisco is a little smaller than Washington, D. C. in area B

San Francisco occupies the northern end of a peninsula, with the Pacific Ocean to the west and San Francisco Bay to the north and east, C____________ San Francisco is famous for its bridg­

Es, fog and foghorns. The greatest attraction of San Francisco is the Golden Gate Bridge, D It is 1.6 kilometers long.

The height of its towers is 227 meters. When opened in 1937, it was the world’s longest and tallest suspension bridge. San Francisco is called the city of hills because it has 40 hills. It is famous for its picturesque cable cars, which climb these hills, and for its bright houses that cling to the hills along steep and narrow streets.

And of course, San Francisco has a lot of museums. But if you are tired of museums and shops, you can go to Shakespeare Garden E__

San Francisco is a city F______________________ It has a reputa­

Tion as an intellectual, liberal, and slightly crazy city and his sights attract millions of tourists every year.

1. which create a feeling of admiration

2. but with a slightly bigger population

3. which has become the symbol of the city

4. where new and different ideas can be explored

5. where you can find every flower and plant ever mentioned by the bard

6. so it is surrounded on three sides by water

7. when the Spanish occupied this area in the name of the king of Spain

A	B	C	D	E	F

Прочитайте рассказ и выполните задания А15—А21. В каж­дом задании обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 Или 4, Соответствующую вы­бранному вами вариант ответа.

After graduating from medical school, Eugene Alford built a lu­crative career as an ear, nose, and throat specialist and a facial plastic surgeon at Methodist Hospital. In the summers, he and his wife Mary, a dentist and former paediatric nurse, would join a church-sponsored medical mission to Honduras, where he operated on the needy in a rural clinic.

At home, Alford treated many prominent Houston residents, but he also waived his fee for less fortunate patients. Carolyn Thomas, for instance, went to see him with a large gauze bandage over a cavity in her face. She had been shot by her boyfriend, who had also killed her mother. The bullet had blown away Thomas’s nose, upper jaw, and right eye. Reconstruction would have cost a million dollars, but Alford, his medical team, and his hospital did it for free.

Whenever Alford needed to relax after a particularly gruelling pe­riod of work, he’d drive to his ranch in Bellville and lose himself in farm chores. He didn’t make it out there as often as he would have liked. As a plastic surgeon at Methodist Hospital, he had performed 800 operations over the previous year and was booked solid for months ahead.

So on a chilly Sunday a few days after Christmas, Alford headed out through the pine bush, intending to clear a trail for deer hunting. As he cut through underbrush in the south pasture, Alford brought the tractor to a halt in front of a dead white oak standing in his path. He nudged the trunk with the tractor’s front-end loader, expecting the tree to topple neatly to the ground. Instead the top half of the oak swayed towards him. In seconds, more than a ton Ofhardwood slammed down on him, crushing his spine.

Pinned to the steering wheel, Alford could barely breathe. He tried to hit the brakes, but his legs failed to respond. When he found he could move his hands, he turned off the ignition, then with great effort pulled his cell phone from his shirt pocket and called his wife on speed dial. ‘Mary,’ he gasped, ‘a tree fell on me. Γm going to die.’ ‘Don’t quit!’ she shouted. ‘We’re coming to get you!’ Alford was still conscious when his neighbours Kevin and Snuffy, alerted by Mary, hauled the tree off him. A rescue helicopter touched down minutes later, and Alford advised the paramedics on which drugs to administer to him. Then he blacked out.

He was flown to the trauma unit at Medical Centre in Houston, then quickly transferred to Methodist. The operation was successful, but the patient was still in danger. After almost two weeks in the ICU, Alford awoke, and his condition improved enough for him to be taken to a rehabilitation unit, where he began physical therapy and learned to use a wheelchair. In February 2008, six weeks after the accident, Alford returned to his 100-year-old home in Houston. At first, he was so weak that he could sit up only when strapped into a wheelchair.

Before the accident, Alford had been a solidly built six-footer and was used to being in charge. Now, entirely dependent on others, he fell into despair. ‘If it weren’t for my wife and kids, I would have killed myself,’ he says. But then the love started pouring in. Alford’s brother maintained a blog to provide updates about Alford’s recovery. Over the next three months, he received 40,000 messages from colleagues, for­mer patients, acquaintances, even strangers. The outpouring raised his spirits. It also gave Mary a new perspective on him. For years, Alford’s schedule of 15-hour days hadn’t left him much time for her and the kids. ‘I’d just about decided you liked work more than us,’ Mary told him one day over lunch. ‘But now I realize you didn’t want to leave the hospital because there were so many folks that needed you. You couldn’t just abandon them.’

The couple refurbished their house with ramps, a wheelchair — accessible bathroom, and an elevator. They bought an extended-cab pickup truck and fitted it with a wheelchair hoist, a swivelling driver’s seat, and hand controls so Alford could drive himself.

But Alford’s goal was to make such adjustments temporary. After a month of physical therapy, he graduated from an electric to a manual wheelchair. The daily workouts built strength in his back and abdomi­nal muscles, improving his ability to hold himself upright. Soon he was able to stand with the aid of a tubular steel frame; seated in his chair, he could now draw his legs toward his chest.

In May, Alford began the next phase of treatment. By putting a paralyzed patient through his paces, therapists hoped to grow new neuromuscular connections. After three months of this routine, Al­ford’s coordination had improved markedly. He felt ready to pick up a scalpel again, with the hospital’s approval. Alford still goes for four hours of rehab every morning and spends his evenings stretching and riding a motorized stationary bike to keep muscle spasms at bay. But in the hours between, he sees patients or performs surgeries—as many as five a week.

He’s eager to do more complex surgeries and plans to increase his workload. Walking remains uncertain. ‘I always tell him if I had a crystal ball, Γd be a millionaire,’ says Marcie Kern, one of his physical therapists. Still, the doctor considers himself a lucky man.

(Adapted from ‘His Own Medicine: A Doctor’s Story of Healing’ by Michael Haederle)

A15 Eugene Alford

1) treated only prominent Houston residents.

2) did some charity work.

3) had fixed fees.

4) often visited his ranch in Bellville.

A16 In paragraph 3 ‘gruelling’ Means

1) extremely boring.

2) quite exciting.

3) very tiring.

4) highly uncomfortable.

A17 As a result of the accident, the oak broke Alford’s

1) neck. 3) back.

2) legs. 4) chest.

A18 Before the accident, Alford

1) was in charge of the hospital.

2) liked his work more than his family.

3) worked 15 hours a week.

4) could not spend much time with his wife and children.

Al9 To make Alford feel more comfortable

1) the family equipped their house with necessary facilities.

2) his 100-year-old house was redecorated.

3) the family bought a new house.

4) his old pickup truck was fitted with a wheelchair hoist.

A20 After physical therapy and daily workouts.

1) Alford didn’t need a wheelchair.

2) Alford’s stamina came back.

3) Alford started to perform simple operations.

4) Alford’s coordination improved markedly.

A21 At present Alford

1) feels sorry for himself.

2) is planning to practise medicine as well as he used to.

3) is going to start walking.

4) wants to become a millionaire.

1	2	3	4	5	6	7

По окончании выполнения заданий В2, ВЗ и А15—А21 НЕ ЗА­БУДЬТЕ ПЕРЕНЕСТИ СВОИ ОТВЕТЫ В БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ № 1! ОБРАТИТЕ ВНИМАНИЕ, что ответы на задания В2—ВЗ, А15— 21 Располагаются в разных частях бланка.

Раздел 3. ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если не­обходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами В4—В10 так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски по­лученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы В4—В10.

Halloween

B4	Halloween is one of the world’s______________ Holidays.	OLD
B5	Every kid_______________ forward to the 31st Of October. Little boys magically turn into vampires and little girls into fairies. Halloween’s origins go all the way back to an­cient times with the Celtic festival of Samhain,	LOOK
B6	_____________ the end of summer and harvest time and the beginning of dark, cold winter. During the festivities, poor citizens asked for	MARK
B7	Food and ______________ cakes in return for Their promise to pray for the family’s dead rela­tives.	GIVE
B8	Today Halloween _______________ in several Countries around the globe.	CELEBRATE

B9	A traditional food eaten on Halloween is ‘barn­brack’, which is a kind of fruitcake. People usually bake a muslin-wrapped treat inside the cake, which can foretell the ____________________________	EATER
	Future.
	For example, if a ring is found in the cake, the
Dlu	Person______________ married soon.	GET

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если не­обходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами В11—В16, так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы В11—В16.

Junk Food

B13	They give you a false sense of energy and
	FULL
	One problem with junk foods is that they’re
	Low in satiation value. Another problem is that
B14	Junk food tends to_______________ other, more PLACE
	Nutritious foods.
-……	It’s the 21st century now and ‘junk food’ has
B15	Gone______________ We see it everywhere: in GLOBE
	Grocery and convenience stores, in fast-food
	Restaurants and on television.
B16	Although junk food is now________________ all AVAIL
	Over the world, people should be aware of its

Disadvantages and choose healthier alterna­tives.

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами А22—А28. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям А22—А28, в ко­торых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Обведите Но­Мер Выбранного Вами Варианта Ответа.

The Archipelago

In the remote southern seas there is a cluster of islands. Each island is inhabited by a different race of people. Although physi­cally they look alike, you can tell them A22_____________ by their

Styles of dress and their distinctive dialects. Each island has its own unique form of architecture. The only similarity between them is that each race builds in a manner that is A23 Odds with the environment. On rocky hillsides there are wooden huts and in wooded valleys you can see towns of brick. Arid uplands are ir­rigated and planted with leafy gardens, whereas, on fertile plains, the parks are paved with stone. A24 Their differences,

The islanders coexist peacefully. There is rivalry over certain fishing waters but it rarely A25 to more than a few heated

Exchanges.

At the centre of the archipelago, perhaps in the most favoured spot of all, lies an island that has been deserted for many generations. It looks very different from the rest: darker, taller, silent. There is no obvious reason A26 its abandonment as it has good soil

And plenty of freshwater.

Long ago, it was inhabited by farmers and fishermen much like everywhere else in the archipelago, but everything changed when they started building the first wall. As soon as it was finished a second cir­cle Ofbattlements began to rise from the centre, slightly narrower than the one before, so that from faraway the island A27 : an

Enormous wedding cake.

Nobody can explain why the wall was started but there are many theories as to why it was never finished. Some say that so many had perished during its construction, that no one dared halt the work and thereby admit that it had all been in vain. Others claim that the builders simply A28 out of materials. But one thing is certain, the predicted threat never arrived and the people at the centre of the archipelago had, quite simply, bricked them­selves in.

А22	1) out	2) off	3) apart	4) aside
А23	1) over	2) at	3) against	4) no
А24	1) Despite	2) In spite	3) Besides	4) Although
А25	1) raises	2) attains	3) amounts	4) achieves
А26	1) with	2) to	3) of	4) for
А27	1) recollected	2) reminded	3) resembled	4) remembered
А28	1) went	2) ran	3) grew	4) came

По окончании выполнения заданий В4—В16, А22—А28 НЕ ЗА­БУДЬТЕ ПЕРЕНЕСТИ СВОИ ОТВЕТЫ В БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ № И ОБРАТИТЕ ВНИМАНИЕ, что ответы на задания В4—В16, А22— А28 располагаются в разных частях бланка. При переносе отве­тов в заданиях В4—В16 буквы записываются без пробелов и знаков препинания.

Раздел 4. ПИСЬМО

Для ответов на задания Cl, С2 используйте Бланк ответов № 2.

При выполнении заданий Cl И С2 особое внимание обратите на то, что ваши ответы будут оцениваться только по записям, сделанным в Бланке ответов № 2. Никакие записи черновика не будут учитываться экспертом.

Обратите внимание также на необходимость соблюдения ука­занного объема текста. Тексты недостаточного объема, а также часть текста, превышающая требуемый объем, — не оцениваются.

При заполнении Бланка ответов №2 Вы указываете сначала номер задания Cl, С2, а потом пишете ответ.

Если одной стороны Бланка недостаточно, вы можете исполь­зовать другую сторону Бланка.

Cl You have 20 minutes to do this task.

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Jill, who writes:

S …Thanks for inviting me to stay with you when I visit

S Your country next month.

) Γm not sure how to get to your apartment from the

) airport. Could you write back giving me some basic instruc — 1

) tions? What would be the best way of transport for me? Γd.

) prefer one that isn’t too expensive! ∣

) Just one other thing — what will the weather be like ∣

? when I get there? (Just so I’ll know what clothes to pack!) … ∣

Write back to Jill.

In your letter

— answer her questions

— ask 3 questions About her plans

Write 100 — 140 words.

Remember the rules of letter writing.

C2 You have 40 minutes to do this task.

Comment on the following statement.

Lots of people believe that cars have improved their lives. However, some people think that our world would be better without cars.

Do you agree or disagree? What is your opinion?

Write 200—250 words.

Use the following plan:

— make an introduction (state the problem)

— express your personal opinion and give reasons for it

— give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don’t agree with it

— draw a conclusion

Раздел 5 ГОВОРЕНИЕ

Вы получите карточку, на которой представлены два задания для устного ответа: СЗ — тематическое монологическое высказывание, С4 — диалог с целью обмена оценочной информацией. Окончание выполнения каждого задания определяет экзаменатор. Во время проведения этой части экзамена идет постоянная аудиозапись вашего ответа.

ЗАДАНИЯ Для экзаменуемого

СЗ Task 1 (3—3.5 minutes)

Give a talk on Great Britain.

Remember To discuss:

• what you imagine when you think of Great Britain, why

• whether Great Britain has a unique climate, why

• why people travel to Great Britain

• what places in Great Britain you would like to visit and why You will have to talk for 1.5—2 minutes. The examiner will listen Until you have finished. Then she/he will ask you some questions.

C4 Task 2 (3—4 minutes)

You and your friend are discussing where both of you would like to Live in the future. There are several options to choose from:

• in a city

• in the countryside

• in the mountains

• at the seaside

Discuss the options with your friend and choose the one you both like most of all.

You begin The conversation. The examiner will play the part of your friend.

Remember to:

• discuss all the options

• take an Active Part in the conversation and be Polite

• Come up With ideas

• give good Reasons

• find out your Friend’s attitudes And take them into account

• Invite Your friend to Come up with suggestions

• come to an Agreement

КАРТОЧКА ЭКЗАМЕНАТОРА-СОБЕСЕДНИКА

Warm up

1. Do you enjoy travelling?

2. What places have you already visited?

3. What means of transport do you prefer? Why?

C3 Task 1 (3—3.5 minutes)

Let the student talk for 1.5 — 2 minutes.

Ask only Those questions Which the student has not covered.

1. What do you imagine when you think of Great Britain? Why?

2. Has Great Britain got a unique climate? Why?

3. Why do people travel to Great Britain?

4. What places in Great Britain would you like to visit and why?

Finally, You should ask Each student The following:[II]

1. Does Great Britain differ much from Russia? Why?

2. What is your personal attitude towards the British? Give your rea­sons.

3. Do you believe that a huge monster lives in Loch Ness? Why?

SKILLS TO BE TESTED

The student is expected to demonstrate her/his ability to:

• speak at length elaborating on the topic;

• produce coherent utterances;

• give reasons;

• use accurate grammar structures and a good range of vocabulary appropriate to the context and function.

C4 Task 2 (3—4 minutes)

You and your friend are discussing where both of you would like to Live in the future. These are your ideas about each option:

	+	—
In a city	• You can visit museums and galleries, cafes and restaurants. • It’s easier to find a well-paid job.	• There is a lot of noise, pollution and traffic jams in big cities. • Accommodation in big cities is rather expensive
In the countryside	• The air in the country­side is fresh and there is no pollution. • I’ll live in my own house with lots of rooms.	• There is nothing to do in the countryside. You’ll soon get bored with such a lifestyle. • It’s difficult to earn money in the country.
In the mountains	• The air and water in the mountains are excep­tionally clean. • We will be able to enjoy magnificent mountain views.	• I think it’s impossible to find any work in the mountains. • Life in the mountains can be really dangerous because of severe weather conditions.
At the seaside	• The climate is warm and nice there. • We could open a small hotel near the sea. It’s not hard to run a private hotel. • There is no pollution at the seaside and we can enjoy a healthy lifestyle.	• We’ll need lots of money to open a private hotel. • If we leave our city/ town, we’ll miss our friends and relatives.

Note’. Make sure all the options have been discussed.

When discussing each option First Use the information that is con­trary to what the student says. You may choose to make use of some ideas only.

Do not speak First all the time But ask the student what she/he thinks about the options.

Invite the student to come up with her/his suggestions, especially if she/he readily agrees with the things you say. If the student says all the time, ‘What do you think about it?’ without expressing her/his own opinion, say, ‘Sorry, I don’t know.’ or ‘I’m not sure. How do you feel about it?’

SKILLS TO BE TESTED

The student is expected to demonstrate her/his ability to

Initiate and maintain conversation:

• explain the situation

• come up with suggestions

• give good reasons

• find out the partner’s attitudes

• invite the partner to come up with suggestions

• agree or disagree with her/his partner’s opinion

Reach an agreement By taking into account the partner’s atti­tudes.

Environmental problems

A variety of environmental problems now affect our entire world. As globalization continues and the earth’s natural processes transform local problems into international issues, few societies are being left untouched by major environmental problems.
Some of the largest problems now affecting the world are Acid Rain, Air Pollution, Global Warming, Hazardous Waste, Ozone Depletion, Smog, Water Pollution, Overpopulation, and Rain Forest Destruction.
Acid Rain
The term acid rain refers to what scientists call acid deposition. It is caused by airborne acidic pollutants and has highly destructive results.
Scientists first discovered acid rain in 1852, when the English chemist Robert Agnus invented the term. From then until now, acid rain has been an issue of intense debate among scientists and policy makers.
Acid rain, one of the most important environmental problems of all, cannot be seen. The invisible gases that cause acid rain usually come from automobiles or coal-burning power plants.
Acid rain moves easily, affecting locations far beyond those that let out the pollution. As a result, this global pollution issue causes great debates between countries that fight over polluting each other’s environments.
For years, science studied the true causes of acid rain. Some scientists concluded that human production was primarily responsible, while others cited natural causes as well. Recently, more intensive research has been done so that countries have the information they need to prevent acid rain and its dangerous effects.
The levels of acid rain vary from region to region. In Third World nations without pollution restrictions, acid rain tends to be very high. In Eastern Europe, China, and the Soviet Union, acid rain levels have also risen greatly. However, because acid rain can move about so easily, the problem is definitely a global one.
Acid Rain – Causes
For many years, there was considerable debate and disagreement over what caused acid rain. Recent scientific work, however, has helped to clarify this
The primary causes of acid rain are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These chemicals are released by certain industrial processes, and as a result, the more industrialized nations of Europe as well as the US suffer severely from acid rain.
Most sulfur dioxide comes from power plants that use coal as their fuel. These plants emit 100 million tons of sulfur dioxide, 70% of that in the world.
Automobiles produce about half of the world’s nitrogen oxide. As the number of automobiles in use increases, so does the amount of acid rain. Power plants that burn fossil fuels also contribute significantly to nitrogen oxide emission.
Though human causes are primarily responsible for acid rain, natural causes exist as well. Fires, volcanic eruptions, bacterial decomposition, and lightening also greatly increase the amount of nitrogen oxide on the planet. However, even the gigantic explosion of Mt. St. Helens released only about what one coal power plant emits in a year.
Once the tiny pollutant molecules have entered the atmosphere, they can travel for thousands of miles. Eventually, the particles will combine with other compounds to produce new, often harmful, chemicals.
Acid rain comes down to the earth in the form of rain, snow, hail, fog, frost, or dew. Once it reaches the ground, the acidity in the substance can harm and even destroy both natural ecosystems and man-made products, such as car finishes.
Acid Rain – Effects
Acid rain is having harmful effects both on people and on the natural ecosystems of the world. Scientists today are convinced that acid rain is severe in many areas, and that it is having an adverse effect on the environments of those locations.
The problem of acid rain is rapidly spreading. Because it is mainly caused by industrial processes, automobiles, and power plants, those countries that are developed have the most severe acid rain problems. However, as the undeveloped nations begin to industrialize, acid rain will increase greatly.
Determining just how much the planet is being hurt by acid rain is very difficult because the ecosystems that it affects are so diverse and complex.
Many ecosystems are affected by acid rain. Bodies of water, such as lakes and rivers, see many of their inhabitants die off due to rising acidity levels.
Acidic water also ruins plant nutrients, hurting plants’ ability to survive and to give life to other organisms.
Human-made products are also experiencing degradation from acid rain. Cars can lose their finishes, and outdoor statues are beginning to rust.
Acid rain’s effects are destructive and long lasting. Though scientists have studied lakes, streams, and many other natural ecosystems to prove its negative effects, acid rain continues to be produced and is increasing in many parts of the world.

Acid Rain – Solutions

Modern science has proven that acid rain is a dangerous and highly destructive problem. As a result, various ways to limit acid rain have been invented, and some are now being used.
Debate over acid rain and ways of preventing it have raged between environmentalists and corporations. Businesses such as power companies and car makers oppose controlling acid rain because they fear the effects on their profits.
But in some cases, industries have attempted to curb acid rain production. The Northern States Power company began working to reduce acid rain in the 1980s, and has invested over a billion dollars to that end.
There are many ways that power plant companies like Northern States can reduce acid rain creation. They can use coal with a low sulfur content, they can remove the sulfur from smoke their plants release, and they can limit processes known to generate high levels of acid rain.
Policy makers and environmental experts are now looking into the best methods to limit acid rain.
Environmentalists advocate the installation of sulfur cleaning scrubbers in factories, washing sulfur out of coal, and finding new methods of burning coal. Power plant operators are looking for less expensive solutions to the problem.
Individuals can help by conserving energy or driving their cars less. Governments can pass laws restricting pollution levels, or can use a variety of methods such as tradable emission permits to reduce acid rain. Whatever way it is done, acid rain will certainly have to be limited in the future.

Air Pollution
Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air. Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals that have found their way into the air.
Air pollution includes all contaminants found in the atmosphere. These dangerous substances can be either in the form of gases or particles.
Air pollution can be found both outdoors and indoors. Pollutants can be trapped inside buildings, causing indoor pollution that lasts for a long time.
The sources of air pollution are both natural and human-based. As one might expect, humans have been producing increasing amounts of pollution as time has progressed, and they now account for the majority of pollutants released into the air.
Air pollution has been a problem throughout history. Even in Ancient Rome people complained about smoke put into the atmosphere.
The effects of air pollution are diverse and numerous. Air pollution can have serious consequences for the health of human beings, and also severely affects natural ecosystems.
Because it is located in the atmosphere, air pollution is able to travel easily. As a result, air pollution is a global problem and has been the subject of global cooperation and conflict.
Some areas now suffer more than others from air pollution. Cities with large numbers of automobiles or those that use great quantities of coal often suffer most severely from problems of air pollution.
Air Pollution – Causes
There are many different chemical substances that contribute to air pollution. These chemicals come from a variety of sources.
Among the many types of air pollutants are nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, and organic compounds that can evaporate and enter the atmosphere.
Air pollutants have sources that are both natural and human. Now, humans contribute substantially more to the air pollution problem.
Forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds, and natural radioactivity are all among the natural causes of air pollution.
Usually, natural air pollution does not occur in abundance in particular locations. The pollution is spread around throughout the world, and as a result, poses little threat to the health of people and ecosystems.
Though some pollution comes from these natural sources, most pollution is the result of human activity. The biggest causes are the operation of fossil fuel-burning power plants and automobiles that combust fuel. Combined, these two sources are responsible for about 90% of all air pollution in the United States.
Some cities suffer severely because of heavy industrial use of chemicals that cause air pollution. Places like Mexico City and Sao Paulo have some of the most deadly pollution levels in the world.
Air Pollution – Effects
Air pollution is responsible for major health effects. Every year, the health of countless people is ruined or endangered by air pollution.
Many different chemicals in the air affect the human body in negative ways. Just how sick people will get depends on what chemicals they are exposed to, in what concentrations, and for how long.
Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the US alone could be over 50,000.
Older people are highly vulnerable to diseases induced by air pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are under additional risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk.
Because people are exposed to so many potentially dangerous pollutants, it is often hard to know exactly which pollutants are responsible for causing sickness. Also, because a mixture of different pollutants can intensify sickness, it is often difficult to isolate those pollutants that are at fault.
Many diseases could be caused by air pollution without their becoming apparent for a long time. Diseases such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and heart disease may all eventually appear in people exposed to air pollution.
Air pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide also have harmful effects on natural ecosystems. They can kill plants and trees by destroying their leaves, and can kill animals, especially fish in highly polluted rivers.
Air Pollution – Solutions
Air pollution has many disastrous effects that need to be curbed. In order to accomplish this, governments, scientists and environmentalists are using or testing a variety of methods aimed at reducing pollution.
There are two main types of pollution control.
Input control involves preventing a problem before it occurs, or at least limiting the effects the process will produce.
Five major input control methods exist. People may try to restrict population growth, use less energy, improve energy efficiency, reduce waste, and move to non-polluting renewable forms of energy production. Also, automobile-produced pollution can be decreased with highly beneficial results.
Output control, the opposite method, seeks to fix the problems caused by air pollution. This usually means cleaning up an area that has been damaged by pollution.
Input controls are usually more effective than output controls. Output controls are also more expensive, making them less desirable to tax payers and polluting industries.
Current air pollution control efforts are not all highly effective. In wealthier countries, industries are often able to shift to methods that decrease air pollution. In the United States, for example, air pollution control laws have been successful in stopping air pollution levels from rising. However, in developing countries and even in countries where pollution is strictly regulated, much more needs to be done.
Global Warming
On June 23, 1988, James Hansen, the director of the Goddard Institute at NASA, told the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources that global warming was a reality and that is was extremely dangerous.
Global warming, also known as the greenhouse effect, immediately received international attention. Scientists, environmentalists, and governments around the world took an interest in the subject.
Global warming is called the greenhouse effect because the gases that are gathering above the earth make the planet comparable to a greenhouse. By trapping heat near the surface of the earth, the greenhouse effect is warming the planet and threatening the environment.
Many scientists criticized Mr. Hansen’s report, and the debate over global warming continues today.
Current fears stem largely from the fact that global warming is occurring at such a rapid pace. Models are predicting that over the next century, the global temperature will rise by several degrees.
Some scientists still do not think that the effects of global warming are as severe as some people say. They think that droughts, hurricanes, and floods often blamed on global warming might actually have other causes.
One major difficulty in studying global warming is the fact that weather data only exists for the last century and a half. As a result, understanding the present and predicting the future are very difficult.
Global Warming – Causes
Global warming has a variety of causes. One of the largest factors contributing to global warming is the general problem of overpopulation and its many effects.
The greater number of people consume more items which take more energy to make, they drive more cars, and create larger amounts of garbage. These factors all increase the global warming problem.
Many different gases can increase the planet’s temperature. The number of different products and human activities that contribute to global warming are so numerous that finding solutions to the problem is very difficult.
Using a refrigerator releases dangerous gases, turning on the lights requires energy from a power plant, and driving to work causes gas emissions from the car. Countless other normal activities lead to global warming.
Though having an atmosphere is important, the greenhouse effect may be making it excessively thick. The levels of gases covering the Earth have soared with industrialization, and developed countries now produce about 75% of greenhouse gases.
The most common gas is carbon dioxide, accounting for about 50% of all greenhouse gases. Other gases, including methane, CFCs, nitrogen oxides, and ozone, also contribute to forming the greenhouse layer.
Because these gases are produced by so many important and common processes, limiting their production to prevent global warming will be difficult. As population increases and Third World countries begin to use greater amounts of energy, the problem may expand rather than contract.
Global Warming – Effects
To know just what the effects of global warming will be in the future is extremely difficult, if not impossible.
Scientists use computer models to study the effects of global warming. These computer models have been fairly consistent in predicting general future trends, but often differ greatly when looking at the specifics.
Some scientists say global warming has already been going on for a while. Others say that we do not have enough information now to know for sure.
Despite the disagreements, most scientists are convinced that greenhouse gases are warming the Earth. What they are still trying to figure out is how quickly temperatures are rising, and what will happen as a result.
The climate changes that will result from global warming are extremely difficult to predict. The weather is determined by so many factors that it is often compared to chaos by scientists. Changing the temperature will likely have some effect on the planet’s weather, but just what that effect will be is nearly impossible to predict.
If temperatures do indeed rise significantly, the most important result would be that some portion of the polar icecaps would melt, raising global sea levels.
The rise in sea levels would be disastrous for some places. Islands would disappear, meaning their millions of inhabitants would have to relocate. Flooding would occur along coastlines all over the world, displacing more people and ruining cropland.
In the case of major global warming and melted ice caps, some countries might simply cease to exist. Global warming, if uncontrolled, could cause a major catastrophe.
Global Warming – Solutions
The threat of global warming is among the most important of all modern environmental problems. There are a variety of ways of dealing with it, each attempting to combat one of the many causes of global warming.
The problems that cause global warming include overpopulation, deforestation, ozone depletion, garbage dumping, and many others. These all have unique solutions which are now being promoted by environmentalists.
Certain laws and treaties are aimed at reducing the emission of pollutants that result in global warming. In 1988, the International Conference on the Changing Atmosphere drew scientists and decision makers from 48 countries.
Some policies could successfully reduce global warming. Raising fossil fuel prices, taxing emissions, and encouraging people to take environmentally friendly action through such activities as planting trees will all help.
Because many problems leading to global warming are caused or contributed to by overpopulation, people are beginning to work to reduce family sizes. Family planning services actually help in the fight against global warming.
Education is a key method of reducing the greenhouse effect. By teaching people about such things as deforestation, environmental activists hope to prevent the problems that ultimately lead to global warming.
Widespread media attention to the global warming problem is also increasing awareness. This is causing both individuals and governments to act more responsibly towards the environment.
Hazardous Waste
In addition to releasing gases and particles into the atmosphere, humans produce waste that is dumped on the environment. Often, this waste is hazardous and dangerous to both nature and human life.
The levels of dangerous wastes continue to grow. Industries and individuals continue to be largely unaware of this major environmental problem.
As a result, many people and industries are failing to prevent the creation of hazardous waste or to limit the negative effects it produces.
Individuals often throw out goods without realizing that they are headed for a landfill and could be dangerous for the environment. No matter where people put these hazardous waste materials, there is always a chance that they could find their way into the ground, and eventually into our bodies.
Corporations usually want to avoid the costs associated with having to limit creation of hazardous waste. Consequently, they build landfills on site and fill them with waste, or sometimes pay to have their waste removed. Often, hazardous materials are transported to areas that accept money to take the waste.
It may prove very difficult to reduce hazardous waste in the future. Unlike many other environmental problems, waste creation is something people do not often think about.
In the future, people may have to reduce not only their generation of hazardous waste, but also their consumption of many products that end up in landfills.
Hazardous Waste – Causes
Hazardous waste is produced both on a huge scale by major industries and on a relatively tiny scale by individuals. No matter where it comes from, waste can be dangerous.
One of the main causes of the abundance of hazardous waste is that people do not realize how large a problem it is. Because it can be simply removed and sent to a landfill, it is often assumed that the problem ends there.
Industries have often displayed an unwillingness to find ways to deal with hazardous waste because of the expenses associated with it.
Many industries and governments create crude landfills to store waste, and often just dump waste chemicals into nearby bodies of water.
Chemicals used for industrial processes often create dangerous forms of waste. The amount of these chemicals has risen heavily in the past, as more areas of the world industrialize and new products are produced.
Over 80,000 different chemicals are used in industries worldwide. Often, it is difficult and expensive to get rid of these chemicals and to store them in a way that does not endanger human life or the environment. Obviously, not all of these chemicals are dangerous, but many are and they do create serious problems.
Around the world, hundreds of millions of tons of hazardous waste are produced annually. Rather than cleaning up or storing waste more carefully, one method of reducing the hazardous waste problem may be to simply stop producing so much of it.
Hazardous Waste – Effects
Every year, major health problems result from hazardous waste. Increasing amounts of hazardous waste have caused increasing health problems.
There are over 80,000 chemicals in existence, and many are used commonly in industrial processes. Often, these chemicals find themselves in places where they are able to harm human health.
Insufficient research has been done to provide data on the effects of every chemical. Because waste chemicals often mix together, it will also be necessary to learn how combinations of these chemicals affect human health.
To compound the problem created by a lack of knowledge, 1,500 new chemicals are invented every year and many are introduced into industrial processes.
Though the health problems being created are uncertain, they definitely do exist.
In 1989, a school in New Jersey had to be closed because students there had suffered excessive exposure to chromium. It was later learned that large amounts of chromium had been dumped nearby, and had blown over to the school area.
Often, the lack of knowledge and certainty about what chemicals are dangerous reduces the possibilities of restricting their use.
Sadly, it is often only after someone has died or become seriously ill that governments will intervene and reduce levels of dumped hazardous waste.
Hazardous Waste – Solutions
Hazardous waste has created many problems and dangers that have not gone unnoticed. Despite the fact that the problem receives less attention than many other environmental threats, some successful solutions to the problem of hazardous have been suggested and used.
As with air pollution and many other environmental problems, hazardous waste can be controlled through input and output controls.
The government can increase regulations on the disposal of hazardous waste to ensure that problems do not occur. It could also limit the amount of waste industries are allowed to produce, or provide incentives to create less waste.
After hazardous waste has been created, there are several actions that can be taken. Industries can break down chemical compounds into less dangerous forms, or store waste in ways that protect the environment from being exposed to the waste.
Not only major industries but individuals as well must form part of the solution. They can choose not to buy those products which require the production of hazardous waste, attempt to influence policymakers, and produce less hazardous waste themselves.
Many scientists think that waste production can be cut. Experts say that waste can be reduced by at least one-third using existing technologies and methods.
Some countries, including many in Europe, are working to reduce waste levels. A great deal of success is being achieved in eliminating this serious problem.
Ozone Depletion
The ozone layer protects the Earth from the ultraviolet rays sent down by the sun. If the ozone layer is depleted by human action, the effects on the planet could be catastrophic.
Ozone is present in the stratosphere. The stratosphere reaches 30 miles above the Earth, and at the very top it contains ozone. The suns rays are absorbed by the ozone in the stratosphere and thus do not reach the Earth.
Ozone is a bluish gas that is formed by three atoms of oxygen. The form of oxygen that humans breathe in consists of two oxygen atoms, O2. When found on the surface of the planet, ozone is considered a dangerous pollutant and is one substance responsible for producing the greenhouse effect.
The highest regions of the stratosphere contain about 90% of all ozone.
In recent years, the ozone layer has been the subject of much discussion. And rightly so, because the ozone layer protects both plant and animal life on the planet.
The fact that the ozone layer was being depleted was discovered in the mid-1980s. The main cause of this is the release of CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons.
Antarctica was an early victim of ozone destruction. A massive hole in the ozone layer right above Antarctica now threatens not only that continent, but many others that could be the victims of Antarctica’s melting icecaps. In the future, the ozone problem will have to be solved so that the protective layer can be conserved.
Ozone Depletion – Causes
Only a few factors combine to create the problem of ozone layer depletion. The production and emission of CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons, is by far the leading cause.
Many countries have called for the end of CFC production because only a few produce the chemical. However, those industries that do use CFCs do not want to discontinue usage of this highly valuable industrial chemical.
CFCs are used in industry in a variety of ways and have been amazingly useful in many products. Discovered in the 1930s by American chemist Thomas Midgley, CFCs came to be used in refrigerators, home insulation, plastic foam, and throwaway food containers.
Only later did people realize the disaster CFCs caused in the stratosphere. There, the chlorine atom is removed from the CFC and attracts one of the three oxygen atoms in the ozone molecule. The process continues, and a single chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 molecules of ozone.
In 1974, Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina followed the path of CFCs. Their research proved that CFCs were entering the atmosphere, and they concluded that 99% of all CFC molecules would end up in the stratosphere.
Only in 1984, when the ozone layer hole was discovered over Antarctica, was the proof truly conclusive. At that point, it was hard to question the destructive capabilities of CFCs.
Even if CFCs were banned, problems would remain. There would still be no way to remove the CFCs that are now present in the environment. Clearly though, something must be done to limit this international problem in the future.
Ozone Depletion – Effects
Even minor problems of ozone depletion can have major effects. Every time even a small amount of the ozone layer is lost, more ultraviolet light from the sun can reach the Earth.
Every time 1% of the ozone layer is depleted, 2% more UV-B is able to reach the surface of the planet. UV-B increase is one of the most harmful consequences of ozone depletion because it can cause skin cancer.
The increased cancer levels caused by exposure to this ultraviolet light could be enormous. The EPA estimates that 60 million Americans born by the year 2075 will get skin cancer because of ozone depletion. About one million of these people will die.
In addition to cancer, some research shows that a decreased ozone layer will increase rates of malaria and other infectious diseases. According to the EPA, 17 million more cases of cataracts can also be expected.
The environment will also be negatively affected by ozone depletion. The life cycles of plants will change, disrupting the food chain. Effects on animals will also be severe, and are very difficult to foresee.
Oceans will be hit hard as well. The most basic microscopic organisms such as plankton may not be able to survive. If that happened, it would mean that all of the other animals that are above plankton in the food chain would also die out. Other ecosystems such as forests and deserts will also be harmed.
The planet’s climate could also be affected by depletion of the ozone layer. Wind patterns could change, resulting in climatic changes throughout the world.
Ozone Depletion – Solutions
The discovery of the ozone depletion problem came as a great surprise. Now, action must be taken to ensure that the ozone layer is not destroyed.
Because CFCs are so widespread and used in such a great variety of products, limiting their use is hard. Also, since many products already contain components that use CFCs, it would be difficult if not impossible to eliminate those CFCs already in existence.
The CFC problem may be hard to solve because there are already great quantities of CFCs in the environment. CFCs would remain in the stratosphere for another 100 years even if none were ever produced again.
Despite the difficulties, international action has been taken to limit CFCs. In the Montreal Protocol, 30 nations worldwide agreed to reduce usage of CFCs and encouraged other countries to do so as well.
However, many environmentalists felt the treaty did “too little, too late”, as the Natural Resources Defense Council put it. The treaty asked for CFC makers to only eliminate half of their CFC production, making some people feel it was inadequate.
By the year 2000, the US and twelve nations in Europe have agreed to ban all use and production of CFCs. This will be highly significant, because these countries produce three quarters of the CFCs in the world.
Many other countries have signed treaties and written laws restricting the use of CFCs. Companies are finding substitutes for CFCs, and people in general are becoming more aware of the dangers of ozone depletion.
Smog
In many areas around the word, smog has reached extraordinary levels. Some governments have quickly reacted with severe measures in response to the problem.
The word smog is a combination of the words smoke and fog. The term was invented by a Glasgow public health official, Des Voeux.
Smog causes a smoky dark atmosphere to arise over cities. It decreases visibility, and creates a haze throughout the area.
Numerous studies have monitored smog throughout the world. Some of the world’s dirtiest cities have millions of inhabitants, all of whom are threatened by the smog.
Modern Los Angeles suffers severely from smog, as London did in the 19th century. These two areas released certain chemicals into the air and created a foggy atmosphere. In London, where fog levels have now fallen far below those of years ago, people were often unable to see their hands and sometimes could not walk around.
It took a long time for governments to act to control smog. The Clean Air Act of 1970 in the United States limited legal smog levels. The Environmental Protection Agency now measures levels of smog and regulates smog producers.
Despite government action to reduce them, smog levels remain very high in many cities. Even those areas that do successfully reduce smog may be the victims of smog blown in from other locations.
Smog – Causes
Smog is caused by many factors. The smog that enters the atmosphere consists of over 100 chemicals, many coming from different sources.
Particulates present in smog include carbon monoxide, dirt, soot, dust, and ozone. To really create the smog effect, sunlight, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides have to mix together.
Major producers of smog include automobiles, fires, waste treatment, oil production, industrial solvents, paints, and coatings.
Car engines, especially diesel engines, as well as gas stations that allow gas to be leaked out are huge contributors to the smog problem. Gas vapor that gets away from gas pumps contributes to the hydrocarbons needed to form smog. Diesel engines emit particles of soot that enter the atmosphere.
Lead is also a major problem, especially when found in gasoline that is combusted in automobiles. Though the US now uses unleaded gas, Third World nations remain dependent upon cheaper leaded gas.
Today, the smog problems created by cars are becoming increasingly severe. As gas prices decline, consumers are buying cars that use more gas, and hence pollute the atmosphere to a greater extent.
Smog – Effects
When an area becomes covered in smog, the people feel the effects immediately. Unlike other problems, which may be harder to understand and visualize, smog creates immediate problems that everyone will experience.
Smog creates many harmful health effects. It can cause anything from minor pain to deadly diseases such as lung cancer. Smog slowly ruins people’s lungs to an extent as great as that of cigarettes.
The human body has difficulty defending itself against the harms of smog. Smog can irritate and inflame pulmonary membranes, causing chest pains, coughing, and throat irritation. Other illnesses such as colds and pneumonia can also be brought on by exposure to smog.
People with asthma problems are under an even greater threat. Even minor exposure to smog may cause these people to get asthma attacks.
Mexico City has the world’s worst levels of smog. As a result, children and the elderly are advised not to live in the city. The heavy smog levels have had serious health effects in the city, though many poorer people who need city jobs have to live there and suffer from the smog.
Smog is not only a city problem. As smog levels increase, winds are carrying smog away from urban areas and harming people and ecosystems far away.
Agriculture is also hurt by smog. Soybeans, wheat, tomatoes, peanuts, lettuce, and cotton are all subject to infection when exposed to smog.
Smog – Solutions
Smog can be decreased by limiting those processes that create it. In the United States, where huge amounts of smog are produced, action is being taken to reduce smog levels.
Governments are combating smog in several ways. Laws are encouraging producers of automobiles to develop cars that produce less smog, and chemical companies are being watched over and restricted from producing certain harmful substances.
In addition to national solutions which often deal with large plants that produce smog, local and individual efforts are underway as well.
Many communities and their governments are attempting to restrict usage of dangerous products such as barbecues, house paint, and kitchen cleaners.
In Denver, Colorado, the second most polluted US city after Los Angeles, several innovative measures have been taken in an attempt to decrease smog. The government has requested that people not drive to work at least one day a week, encouraged use of oxygenated fuels, and experimented with fuels that create less smog.
Not to be outdone, Los Angeles’ city council came up with a long list of measures aimed at reducing smog. They decided to require carpooling, offer free bus services, and create many environmentally-friendly regulations for homes.
Research is being done to find less harmful alternatives for many smog-producing processes. Scientists and corporations are testing new fuels from new sources and trying to replace other products that create problems as well.
In the future, many cities and countries will realize that they need to follow the examples set by cities like Denver and Los Angeles. Hopefully, they will not have to acquire those cities’ high smog levels before taking action.
Water Pollution
Every year, 14 billions pounds of sewage, sludge, and garbage are dumped into the world’s oceans. 19 trillion gallons of waste also enter the water annually.
The problem of ocean pollution affects every nation around the world. This is especially true because water is able to transport pollution from one location to another.
For many years, chemicals were dumped into bodies of water without concern. While many countries have now banned such behavior, it continues to go on today.
As the world has industrialized and its population has grown, the problem of water pollution has intensified. The simple fact that millions of people live along coastlines and near rivers means that these bodies of water are likely candidates for heavy and destructive pollution.
It is hard to know now what our oceans will look like in the future. Just how damaged they will be by pollution is uncertain.
Water Pollution – Causes
One of the reasons that the water pollution problem is so severe is that it is not actually illegal to dump pollutants into water bodies.
Sewage, sludge, garbage, and even toxic pollutants are all dumped into the water. Often, governments either do not care or simply look the other way.
Across the world, about half of all sewage is dumped into water bodies in its original form. No efforts are made to disinfect the sewage or to remove especially harmful pollutants.
Even if sewage is treated, problems still arise. Treated sewage forms sludge, which is sent out into the sea and dumped.
Many cities and countries dump sewage out at sea. Often, they place it not far from their own coastline, often killing all the sea wildlife in the dumping area.
In addition to sewage, chemicals dumped by industries and governments are another major source of water pollution.
Oil, such as that spilled by transport ships, has been dumped into the water since the US Civil War. Every year, between 1 and 10 billion tons of oil are spilt, killing many species and destroying the ecosystem in the area. Cleanup efforts have been weak, as only about 10% of the oil is removed by the most successful efforts.
Water Pollution – Effects
The effects of water pollution are varied and depend on what chemicals are dumped and in what locations.
Boston Harbor is a strong example of how badly pollution can damage bodies of water. The water is filled with toxic waste and sewage, and routinely receives more waste when rainfall pushes it into the harbor.
Many bodies of water near urban areas are highly polluted. This is the result of both garbage dumped by individuals and dangerous chemicals legally or illegally dumped by industries.
The main problem caused by water pollution is that it kills life that inhabits water-based ecosystems. Dead fish, birds, dolphins, and many other animals often wind up on beaches, killed by pollutants in their habitat.
Pollution disrupts the natural food chain as well. Pollutants such as lead and cadmium are eaten by tiny animals. Later, these animals are consumed by fish and shellfish, and the food chain continues to be disrupted at all higher levels.
Eventually, humans are affected by this process as well. People can get diseases such as hepatitis by eating seafood that has been poisoned.
Ecosystems can be severely changed or destroyed by water pollution. Many areas are now being affected by careless human pollution, and this pollution is coming back to hurt humans.
Water Pollution – Solutions
Many laws have been created to restrict industries from dumping materials into the water. However, many laws remain weak, and many countries do not restrict water pollution.
In the United States, the Clean Water Act was written to completely put an end to all dumping of pollutants into water. The law has not been that effective in many areas, but in other locations, it has achieved its goals.
Since the Clean Water Act, other legislation has been enacted as well. Now, eleven different federal government agencies and 21 federal government programs all monitor the quality of water and regulate pollution.
The world has spent tremendous sums of money trying to clean up water. From 1972-1990, the US spent over $250 billion.
Many non-governmental projects are also being carry out in an effort to clean up the water. Industries are beginning to reduce the amount of chemicals they dump into water, and environmental groups are participating in cleanup projects.
The plastics industry, blamed for some of the worst pollution of the water, is making its products degradable. However, many environmentalists think this is hardly enough.
Public reaction to the water pollution problem has also been influential. Governments have responded when public anger has risen, such as after the Exxon Valdez accident.
Overpopulation
The world’s population has been booming for years. The population is now threatening to reach the stage where there are simply too many people for the planet to support.
Around 1850, the world population reached one billion. By 1987, it was at five billion and still rising rapidly.
Third World nations are responsible for a great deal of the population growth. In 1989, about 90% of the people being born were in developing countries. The populations of Third World countries are expected to continue to boom.
The United Nations Population Fund predicts that by the middle of the next century, the world’s population will stabilize at about 14 million people. If fertility rates were decreased to 2.1 births per woman, population stabilization could be achieved sooner.
In 1968, Paul Ehrlich published The Population Bomb. The book described how the world population had risen, citing the discovery of agriculture as the cause. The book predicted that population growth would result in widespread famine and even nuclear war. While some of his predictions turned out to be false, famine did occur at high levels in later years.
Overpopulation has been disastrous for the planet. Greater populations have polluted and consumed more, ruining the environment and creating or intensifying a variety of problems. Also, with the food supply limited, increases in population make shortages in many parts of the world even worse.
Rain Forest Destruction
The atmosphere and oceans are not the only parts of the environment being damaged. Rain forests are being quickly destroyed as well, and their survival is questionable.
E.O. Wilson, a biologist at Harvard, called the depletion of rain forest areas “the greatest extinction since the end of the age of dinosaurs.”
Unlike some environmental issues, rain forest depletion has fortunately received significant public and media attention.
Despite the opposition to the cutting down of rain forests, the problem continues. Every year, Brazil chops down an area of forest the size of the state of Nebraska.
In addition to the Amazon’s rain forests, many other forests are being cut down as well. In Indonesia, Zaire, Papua-New Guinea, Malaysia, Burma, the Philippines, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, and Venezuela, rain forests that were once great have been lost.
According to some estimates, 50 million acres of rain forest are cut down every year. The United Nations says the figure is closer to 17 million acres. The World Wildlife Fund says that every minute, 25 to 50 acres are cut or burned to the ground.
The world’s growing population has been a primary cause of rain forest destruction. More people need land to live on and wood products to consume. Limiting population growth may be the first in a series of steps that would limit the destruction of the rain forests.

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ Нижегородской области

Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

среднего профессионального образования

«Лукояновский педагогический колледж им. А.М.Горького«

(ГБОУ СПО ЛПК)

Контрольная работа №1

по учебной дисциплине

ОДБ 01. Иностранный язык

основной профессиональной образовательной программы

по специальности СПО 050141 Физическая культура

г. Лукоянов 2013 год

1. Общие положения

Контрольная работа предназначена для контроля и оценки образовательных достижений обучающихся по разделу 1.Основной модуль. (темам 1.2.2,  1.8.3,) учебной дисциплины     ОД. Иностранный язык.

2. Результаты освоения дисциплины, подлежащие проверке

(указываются результаты освоения дисциплины в соответствии с рабочей программой учебной дисциплины)

3. Условия выполнения контрольной работы

Контрольная работа включает перечень практических заданийи состоит из 1 варианта, который содержит 5 заданий  открытого и закрытого типа. На выполнение контрольной работы отводится 1 академический час.

4. Задания для проведения контрольной работы (приводится перечень вопросов, практических заданий)

1. Put the verb in the present simple tense
2. It is 12 o’clock. The family (has/ is having) tea.
3. In the morning my mother (cooks/ is cooking) breakfast for us.
4. I (have/ am having) a car and I usually (drive/ driving) to work.
5. Dick (leaves/ is leaving) home at 7.30 in the morning. He (goes/ is going) to his office by bus.
6. In the evening we (watch/ are watching) TV.

2)To make up sentences from these words

1. Not far/ we/ from/ the park/ live/.
2. Kate’s/ is/ a doctor/ father/ good/.
3. Now/ my/ is/ in/ playing/ sister/ the garden/.
4. When/ usually/ you/ get up/ do/?
5. Is/ all/ why/ crying/ the baby/ time/?
6. He/ interesting/ give/ you/ a book/ can/.
7. Uncle/ funny/ is/ man/ Albert/.
8. In/ have/ your/ pocket/ you/ what/ do/?
9. Talking/ what/ he/ about/ is/?
10. Has/ at/ she/ o’clock/ dinner/ usually/two/.

 3) Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Past Progressive.

1. As I (do) ____ the washing-up, I (break) ____ a glass.
2. We (walk) ____ in the woods when a storm (begin) ____.
3. John (repair) ____ his motor bike when his mother (arrive) ___.
4. I (eat) ____ my lunch when the phone (ring) ____.
5. He (ride) ___ his bicycle to school when he (drop) ____ his bag.
6. We (see) ____ a bad accident as we (drive)  _____ to the airport.
7. Tom (watch) ____ the match when the TV (break down) _____.
8. We (talk) _____ when she (come) ____ into the room.
9. We (go) ____ swimming every week when we  were young.
10. Simon (dance) ____ when he (fall) _____ and (hurt) ____ his leg.
11. Why (you laugh) ____ all through your History lesson yesterday?
12. I (drink) ____ a glass of milk every day when I (be) ____ a child.
13. Ted often (ride) ____ horses when he (be) a boy.
14. It (rain) ____ while I (wait) ___ for the bus.
15. He (fish) ____ while we (cook) ___  dinner for us.

4) Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple or Past Progressive.

1. Steve (have) ____ an accident yesterday. He (drive) ___ his car, when a bird (fly) ____ into the windscreen. He (try) ____ to stop quickly but he (crash) ____ into a wall. Luckily, he (not be) ____ hurt.
2. Last week, I (go) ____ to a talk by a famous writer. He (talk) ____ about his new book when I (arrive) ____. He (give) ___ such an interesting talk that I (be) _____ disappointed when it (end) _____.
3. Julie (tidy) ____ her bedroom last weekend. While she (do) ____ it, she (find) ___ some of the toys she (have) ____when she (be) ____a child ____. She (not want) _____ to throw them away, so she (put ) ____ them in a box and (store) ____ them in the attic.

5) Put verbs in Present Continuous, Present Simple orFuture Simple tenses.

1. I (to play) chess tomorrow. 2. I (not to play) chess tomorrow. 3. You (to play) chess tomorrow? 4. He (to play) chess every day. 5. He (not to play) chess every day. 6. He (to play) chess every day? 7. They (to play) chess now. 8. They (not to play) chess now. 9. They (to play) chess now? 10. Nick (to go) to the park now. 11. Nick (to go) to school every day. 12. Nick (to go) to school tomorrow. 13. You (to come) to my place next Sunday? 14. You (to read) this book next week? 15. You (to read) books every day? 16. You (to read) a book now? 17. I (not to see) him tomorrow. 18. What you (to do) tomorrow? 19. What your friend (to do) tomorrow? 20. Where you (to go) next summer? 21. Where you (to go) every morning? 22. Where you (to go) now? 23. Look! Mary (to dance). 24. She (to dance) every day. 25. She (todance) tomorrow?

5. Критерии оценивания заданий

«5» За правильное выполнение 5 заданий        

«4» за правильное выполнение 4 заданий

«3» за правильное выполнение 3 заданий

«2» за правильное выполнение 2 заданий.

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ Нижегородской области

Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

среднего профессионального образования

«Лукояновский педагогический колледж им. А.М.Горького«

(ГБОУ СПО ЛПК)

Контрольная работа №2

по учебной дисциплине

ОДБ 01. Иностранный язык

основной профессиональной образовательной программы

по специальности СПО 050141 Физическая культура

г. Лукоянов 2013 год

1. Общие положения

Контрольная работа предназначена для контроля и оценки образовательных достижений обучающихся по разделу Раздел 2. Профессионально   направленный   модуль (темам 2.1.1 -2.2.2, ) учебной дисциплины     ОД. Иностранный язык.

2. Результаты освоения дисциплины, подлежащие проверке

(указываются результаты освоения дисциплины в соответствии с рабочей программой учебной дисциплины)

3. Условия выполнения контрольной работы

Контрольная работа включает перечень практических заданий состоит из 1 варианта, который содержит 3 задания  открытого и закрытого типа. На выполнение контрольной работы отводится 1 академический час.

1. Задания для проведения контрольной работы приводится перечень практических заданий

Упражнение 1. Choose the right word

1. Gerund or infinitive: choose the correct answer.

1) I can’t stand (to work/working) in an office.

2) We hope (to arrive/arriving) by half past seven.

3) It was a wonderful holiday. I will always remember (to see/seeing) Niagara Falls.

4) Remember (to go/going) to the bank. You’ve got to pay the bills.

5) She went on (to talk/talking) even after her friend had fallen asleep.

6) I regret (to leave/leaving) school at the age of 16.

7) I regret (to tell/telling) you that you have failed the test.

I don’t want to drive a car; I’m afraid of (to have/having) an accident.

9) She forgot (to invite/inviting) her best friend to the party.

10) I’ll never forget (to see/seeing) snow for the first time.

11) On the way home he stopped (to buy/buying) some chocolate.

12) The baby didn’t stop (to cry/crying) all night.

13) She refused (to answer/answering)n the phone.

14) I’m really looking forward to (to start/starting) my new course.

15) They enjoyed (to be/being) on holiday by the sea.

16) I don’t mind (to drive/driving) to the restaurant.

17) Sometimes she puts off (to do/doing) her homework.

18) My sister has agreed (to help/helping) with the decorating.

19) We were late. Tom suggested (to take/taking) a taxi.

20) I don’t feel like (to work/working). What about (to go/going) to a disco instead?

Упражнение 2. Translate the sentences.

1) Вы не против того, чтобы я покурил тут?

2) Она избегала обедать дома. (have dinner)

3) Этот человек не стоит твоих слез.

4) Я предложила (offer) помочь ему перевести текст.

5) Он бросил курить.

6) Он уехал из Англии для того, чтобы жить в другом городе.

7) Я помню, что встречал вас в прошлом году.

Они отрицали, что украли (steal) деньги.

9) Я с сожалением сообщаю вам (inform), что ваш заказ (order) будет отложен (delay).

10) Извини, я забыл купить молоко.

11) Пожалуйста, прекратите разговаривать!

12) Она начала танцевать.

13) Представь себе поездку туда.

14) Она согласилась приглядеть за ребенком.

15) Они отложили поездку на море.

Упражнение 3. Choose the right form

1. I heard him my name.

a. mention

1. I would rather to music.

a. listen

S.        Let me a few words.

a. to say

1. He is trying them.

1. to protect

б.        I would like a cup of tea.

1. having

1. He avoids Lucy.

1. to meet

5. mentioning

b. listening

b. say

b. protecting

b. to have

b. meeting

1.  He made us three hours.

a. wait        b.        to wait

5. Критерии оценивания заданий

«5» За правильное выполнение 3заданий        

«4» за правильное выполнение 2 заданий

«3» за правильное выполнение 1 заданий

«2» за не правильное выполнение всех заданий

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ Нижегородской области

Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

среднего профессионального образования

«Лукояновский педагогический колледж им. А.М.Горького«

(ГБОУ СПО ЛПК)

Контрольная работа №3

по учебной дисциплине

ОДБ 01. Иностранный язык

основной профессиональной образовательной программы

по специальности СПО 050141 Физическая культура

г. Лукоянов 2013 год

1. Общие положения

Контрольная работа предназначена для контроля и оценки образовательных достижений обучающихся по разделу Раздел 2. Профессионально   направленный   модуль (темам 2.4.1 -2.4.3, ) учебной дисциплины     ОД. Иностранный язык.

2. Результаты освоения дисциплины, подлежащие проверке

(указываются результаты освоения дисциплины в соответствии с рабочей программой учебной дисциплины)

3. Условия выполнения контрольной работы

Контрольная работа включает перечень практических заданий состоит из 1 варианта, который содержит 3 задания  открытого и закрытого типа. На выполнение контрольной работы отводится 1 академический час.

Упражнение 1. Подумайте и ответьте на вопросы:

• Was life better a hundred years ago? Why/why- not?
• What ecological problems exist nowadays?
• What is the influence of pollution on people’s health?
• What can, people do to help solve environmental problems?
• Would you like to help our environment? How?

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте короткие тексты об экологических проблемах.
Установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8  текстами
A—G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую
цифру только одни раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Hazardous waste        5.        Global destruction
2. Invisible threat        6.        Disastrous growth
3. Primary reason        7.        Water shortage
4. Possible solutions        8.        Quick change

A.        Acid rain moves easily, affecting locations far beyond those that
let out the pollution. As a result, this global pollution issue causes
great debates between countries that fight over polluting each other’s environments. The problem is that acid rain, one of the most
important environmental problems of all, cannot be seen. Some
scientists think that human production is primarily responsible,
while others cite natural causes as well.

B.        Air pollution has many disastrous effects that need to be curbed.
In order to accomplish this, governments, scientists and environ
mentalists are using or testing a variety of methods aimed at reducing pollution. There are two main types of pollution control.
Input controls are usually more effective than output controls.
Output controls are also more expensive, making them less desirable to tax payers and polluting industries. s that are gathering above the earth make the planet comparable t

С Global warming is called the greenhouse effect because the gases of

a greenhouse. By trapping heat, the greenhouse effect is warming the planet and threatening the environment. Current fears stem largely from the fact that global warming is occurring at such a rapid pace. Models are predicting that over the next century, the global temperature will rise by several degrees.

D.        Individuals often throw out goods without realizing that they
could be dangerous for the environment. No matter where people
put these materials, there is always a chance that they could find
their way into the ground, and eventually into our bodies. Special
research is necessary to provide data on the effects of every chemical as well as to learn how combinations of these chemicals affect
human health.

E.        Only a few factors combine to create the problem of ozone layer
depletion. The production and emission of CFCs, chlorofluoro- carbons, is by far the leading cause. Many countries have called
for the end of CFC production. However, those industries that do
use CFCs do not want to discontinue usage of this highly valuable
industrial chemical. So it’s important to make people realize the
disaster CFCs cause in the stratosphere.

F.        Unlike some environmental issues, rainforest depletion has fortunately received significant public and media attention. According to some estimates, 50 million acres of rain forest are cut down
every year. Every year, Brazil chops down an area of forest the size
of the state of Nebraska. In Indonesia, Zaire, Papua-New Guinea,
Malaysia, Burma, the Philippines, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, and
Venezuela, rain forests that were once great have been lost.

G.        The world’s population has been booming for years. The population is now threatening to reach the stage where there are simply
too many people for the planet to support. Greater populations
pollute and consume more, ruining the environment and creating
or intensifying a variety of problems. Also, with the food supply
limited, the increase in population will make shortages in many
parts of the world even worse.

Упражнение 3. Прочитайте текст о различных видах загрязнения окружающей среды и вставьте в пропуски is/are или have/has.

        Pollution        

People (1)_______l now more concerned about their environment.  As large cities (2)        continually growing population, pollution problems (3)        becoming worse. The air in big cities (4)        ______being polluted by traffic and industry. For instance, when coal (5)        burnt, gases and smoke (6)_        produced, which makes the air dirty and unpleasant. The most dangerous pollutant from cars (7)        lead. Even small amounts of lead can         negative influence on the brain and nervous system of people. Water pollution 9)________        also become a serious problem because

factories pour poisonous wastes into streams and rivers. As a result, fish 10)______        no clean water to live in. Farming can also cause water pollution. Although the chemicals used by farmers (11) _______carefully controlled, they can get into rivers and kill fish. Oil pollution (12)_______        like a recurring nightmare. Sea birds (13)_________        always the most common victims. However, the most alarming form of pollution  (14)________        nuclear pollution, which (15)        disastrous effect on people’s health.

5. Критерии оценивания заданий

«5» За правильное выполнение 3заданий        

«4» за правильное выполнение 2 заданий

«3» за правильное выполнение 1 заданий

«2» за не правильное выполнение всех заданий

Опубликовано 02.04.2018 по предмету Английский язык от Гость

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1-8 и текстами A-G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний. 1) Hazardous Waste 2) Invisible Threat 3) Primary Reason 4) Possible Solutions 5) Global Destruction 6) Disastrous Growth 7) Water Shortage Quick Change A. Acid rain moves easily, affecting locations far beyond those that let the pollution. As a result, this global pollution issue causes great debates between countries that fight polluting environments of each other. The problem is that acid rain, one of the most important environmental problems of all, cannot be seen. Some scientists think that human production is primarily responsible, while others cite natural causes as well. B. Air pollution has many disastrous effects that need to be curbed. In order to accomplish this, governments, scientists and environmentalists are using or testing a variety of methods aimed at reducing pollution. There are two main types of pollution control. Input controls are usually more effective than output controls. Output controls are also more expensive, making them less desirable to tax payers and polluting industries. C. Global warming is called the greenhouse effect because the gases that are gathering above the earth make the planet comparable to a greenhouse. By trapping heat, the greenhouse effect is warming the planet and threatening the environment. Current fears stem largely from the fact that global warming is occurring at such a rapid pace. Models are predicting that over the next century, the global temperature will rise by several degrees. D. Individuals often throw out goods without realizing that they could be dangerous for the environment. No matter where people put these materials, there is always a chance that they could find their way into the ground, and eventually into our bodies. Special research is necessary to provide data on the effects of every chemical as well as to learn how combinations of these chemicals affect human health. E. Only a few factors combine to create the problem of ozone layer depletion. The production and emission of CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons, is by far the leading cause. Many countries have called for the end of CFC production. However, those industries that do use CFCs do not want to discontinue usage of this highly valuable industrial chemical. So it is important to make people realize the disaster CFCs cause in the stratosphere. F. Unlike some environmental issues, rainforest depletion has fortunately received significant public and media attention. According to some estimates, 50 million acres of rainforest are cut down every year. Every year, Brazil chops down an area of forest the size of the state of Nebraska. In Indonesia, Zaire, Papua – New Guinea, Malaysia, Burma, the Philippines, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, and Venezuela, rainforests that were once great have been lost. G. The world’s population has been booming for years. The population is now threatening to reach the stage where there are simply too many people for the planet to support. Greater populations pollute and consume more, ruining the environment and creating or intensifying a variety of problems. Also, with the food supply limited, the increase in population will make shortages in many parts of the world even worse.