Emo is a subculture that started in the eighties their ideology fashion егэ ответы - Exhelper.top

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The Ministry of education and science of the Republic of Dagestan On the Republican contest «The best project of the year in a foreign language» Direction of competition: Youth subcultures in Russia Fulfilled: Musayeva Naida Suleimanovna – schoolgirl 11 Grade «A» Municipal state educational institution «Secondary school No. 4» Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk
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«Лучший проект года на иностранном языке» Youth subcultures in Russia Youth subcultures in Russia
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Emo teenagers do not hide their emotions, but rather try as clearly as possible to show them in public. They effectively stand out among their peers, but are lost in the crowd of similar ones. Emo Teens in their Outlook (and even intelligence) are much higher than their classmates or classmates. But despite this, the youth movement has developed many implausible stereotypes: the slopes to suicide, vandalism and depression
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Punks as a separate subculture began to emerge in the 1930s, at that time there was no such a thing as rock music, but then it started to become a way of life and appearance of the adherents of this trend. Place the emergence of the punks (homeland) – this is England. The first punks were people from the poor districts of Wales. Their activity was looting, hooliganism, fights, brawl. At the time, in these circles, was in Vogue. The so-called «black jazz». As for their ideology, almost all the ideas and worldview reduces to an ordinary anarchy,i.e.the existence of a people without laws and state control.
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Goths, like any other modern for youth originates from the music. In appearance they are distinguished by the predominance of (monotone) black color in clothes and cosmetics (if we are talking about girls), and symbols related to death – teeth, crosses, inverted crosses, pentagrams, and so on. For all time of existence of this subculture Goths, her preferrence has not developed its own ideology, which you should follow.The only thing that remains unchanging and eternal in the representatives of this movement – gloomy view and the dominance of decadence in the mood.
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Rappers, the most common, of all existing youth movements in Russia. Mass fashion came from the territory of the United States, firmly entrenched in our country. Them all subcultures, it is the Rappers are dominant. The movement originated about forty years ago. In Rap circles adopted Paphos, i.e. the more pretentious people, the steeper it applies to its environment. Modern rap dictates the rules for his followers – most of the emphasis on sex, violence and toughness. It is worth noting that in Russia the rap, no more than a mere imitation of American progenitor.
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LARPING subculture of people playing various role-playing games, primarily role-playing games of live action. Role-related movements are historical reenactors, Tolkienists, gandbolistov, airsoft and paintball players.In addition to role-playing games, role players are going to role-playing conventions — brief meeting devoted to informing players about games of the next season, discussion of past games, informal communication.
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Vanilla girl or Vanilli is a new subculture that has arisen recently (compared to all the youth subcultures, just a few years ago). Moreover, this direction covered, exclusively girls. The main distinguishing feature from other youth movements is the constant wearing of the camera (by and large mirror), in all places. Also, these girls are characterized by high emotionality and sensuality. With the camera, Vasiliki convey your emotional mood, and it’s the only way they can do that. Most of the time they spend in only two places: 1) on the street, making new frames and 2) social media (e.g. Twitter, FaceBook) — there is an exchange of photos, and as a consequence emotional experiences
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The Hippie subculture emerged in America in the period 1960-ies. Within a short period of time, it quickly spread around the world, but in spite of increased development, as a separate subculture, ceased to exist closer to the 1980-th years. Overall it was a solid youth movement of white people. The key difference was the distinct notion about society and social foundations.
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No matter what road I choose, it is important that my life is the search for authentic human values.
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http://www.libozersk.ru/pages/index/343 http://www.subcult.ru/ http://state.rin.ru/cgi-bin/main.pl?id=422 http://alt-sector.net/subkultury.html Used Internet resources:

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American rock and roll grew around it. Some
of post-war street youths hanging around bombsites in urban areas and getting drawn into petty crime began to dress in a variation of the zoot suit style
called a drape suit, with a country style bootlace tie, winklepicker shoes, drainpipe
trousers, and Elvis Presley style slicked hair. These youths were called Teddy boys. For a night out dancing at the palais, their girlfriends would usually wear poodle skirts and crinolines. For day-to-day wear there was a trend toward girls
wearing slacks or jeans. At the time, the idea of girls wearing trousers
and boys taking time over their hairstyle was socially shocking to many
people.

In America and Australia, Hawaiian-influenced Surfing was the new youth sport. A whole subculture grew
around the sport and the associated parties, clothes, speech patterns
and music. During the same timeframe skateboard riding developed as a parallel lifestyle to wave
riding. Both forms of board riding continued throughout the remainder
of the century and into the next. From these two sports young people
learned to provide their own social structure within which they could
display skills and excellence.

In the 1960s, the «beats» or «beatniks» grew
to be an even larger subculture, reaching such proportions that they
spread around the world, and developed subcultures of their own. Subcultures
within subcultures. That was the extent of cultural fractiousness in
the 60s. The beat scene included Radicals, Peaceniks, Mods, Rockers, Bikers, hippies and, eventually, the self-parody thing: the freak scene. One of the main transitional features between the
beat scene and the hippies was the journeying across America of the Merry Pranksters driven by Neal Cassady in a yellow school bus named «Furthur».

Also during the 60s, the beginnings of Hacker culture were forming from the increased usage of computers at colleges. Students who were fascinated by the
possibilities of computers, the telephone and technology in general began figuring out ways to make the technology
more freely available or accessible.

Disco first appeared in the 60s, which lead to the appearance
of discotheques, such as the Whiskey A
Go Go and Studio 54. In the 1980s, Disco turned into Techno.

In the 1970s, the hippie, mod and rocker cultures were in a process
of transformation which temporarily took on the name of freaks (openly embracing
the image of strangeness and otherlyness). A growing awareness of identity
politics combined with the legalisation of homosexuality and a huge amount of interest in science fiction and fantasy forms of speculative
writing produced the autre with an attitude freak scene. There was a lot of talk about «revolution»,
most of which was, undoubtedly, a lot of talk.

At some stage, though it’s unclear when, some of
the hacker/computer nerd subculture took on the derogatory word geek with pride, in the same way the freaks had done.
Computer usage was still a very inaccessible secret world to most people
in those days but lots of people were interested in computers because
of their appearance in science fiction. The dream of one day owning a computer was a popular
fantasy amongst science fiction fandom which had grown from a minor subculture in the first
half of the 20th century to a quite large contingent by the 70s, along
with horror fandom, comics fandom and fantasy freaks.

Since the freak scene was connected to the political
ideas of the alternative
society, the bands on the freak circuit didn’t please the
bank balances of the pop industry very much. A band like The Edgar
Broughton Band or The Pink Fairies would play at a free festival, not on Top of the Pops. The music/fashion/subculture which the pop
industry created as a commercial alternative to the freaks was glam rock. Glam was a continuation of the trendies of the mod culture in the 60s, appealing to the androgynous trend of the seventies.

At the same time there emerged a new subculture called skinheads. The «skins» or skinheads were anti-aesthetic,
pro-basic, fiercely working class tough youths. They sometimes had the image of homophobia and racism and this image was often true although, paradoxically,
they loved black Jamaican reggae, ska, and bluebeat.

Skinheads mainly began from 1969, as a development from the hard, headcase type of mods but, by the mid-70s,
some crossover was happening between skins and the freak scene. This
developed into the punk subculture which became apparent from about 1975 onward. Punks managed to be both hardcases and tongue-in-cheek
at the same time. The concept of Anarchism became fashionable.

Disco, which had begun in gay dance clubs, became a really
significant centre of subculture from about 1975 onward. However, in some sectors, particularly in
the NYC area, where disco had seemingly «taken over» all aspects
of youth life from fashion, to behavior, to music, to dance, an aggressive
«counter disco» movement was born. The artistic response to
this anti-disco sentiment, in conjunction with an anti-hippy dippy movement,
was the Punk Rock movement.

When punk was happening, some of the progressive
rock elements took it as a challenge to live faster,
harder and tougher than punk. They kept the long hair of the freak scene,
adopted the black leather jacket as virtually a uniform and took on
the name heavy metal (which is a phrase from the writings of William S.
Burroughs).

In 1979, the Usenet was created as a medium of communication over the,
still very primitive, internet of the time. The Usenet and the BBS subculture would become increasingly significant
over the next few decades.

At the beginning of the 1980s some of the followers of punk rock began to be bored
with it and wanted to make it more stylish and introduce elements of
glam. By 1981 this trend had become New Romantics and the music was synthesiser electro-pop.

Other punk rock followers took the genre and culture
further underground, where it evolved into a faster, harder genre coined
as «Hardcore» or «Hardcore Punk». Some early hardcore
bands are Black Flag, Minor Threat and The Bad Brains, Weirdoz, Sf’s
Flipper, and Youth Brigade.

Along with the Hardcore Movement came the «straight edge» Movement. Many associate «straight edge»
with hardcore punk rock, perhaps because the founder of straight edge,
Ian Mackaye of Minor Threat, owns Dischord Records, a label that supports
the DC hardcore scene. However, this is a misconception: even McKaye
states that he was not initially a punk. In contrast, Straight Edge
is a progressive lifestyle in response to the «live fast, die young»
associated with Punk Rock or Hardcore. Straight Edge is a lifestyle
and (counter cultural) subculture, existing worldwide, but most notably
in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia. It advocates
abstinence in relation to tobacco, alcohol and recreational drug use
(especially psychoactive and stimulant drug use), and for some people
in relation to promiscuous sexual behavior.

There was an unsuccessful attempt to manufacture
an artificial subculture around the pop group Adam and the Ants. Supposed to be called Antpeople this remained
merely a fictional subculture and didn’t catch on in reality.

Other former punks searching for a new direction
around 1979 evetually developed into the nucleus of what became the Goth subculture. Gothic culture developed naturally enough,
without too much media forcing. The goths are a sub-culture of dark
dress and gloomy romanticism. Unlike the New Romantics goth has become a permanent part of the sub cultural
scene still going in the 21st century with some claiming their roots reach backwards to
the gothic-romantic movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Post punk and post hippie elements continued and a particular
type of anarchist-pacifist subculture centred around the records being
put out on the independent Crass label by Crass themselves and other bands including The Poison
Girls. Crass records was a very independent operation
enabling bands with an extremely raw sound to put out records when the
major labels might not have bothered with them. Crass also organised
gigs around the country for themselves and other bands and campaigned
politically for the anti-nuclear
movement and lots of other causes they believed in.

In American urban environments, a form of street
culture using freeform and semi-staccato poetry, combined with athletic break dancing, was developing as the Hip hop and Rap subculture. In jazz jargon, the word rap had always meant speech
and conversation. The new meaning signified a change in the status of
poetry from an elitist artform to a community sport. Rappers could attempt
to outdo each other with their skillful rhymes. Rapping is also known
as MCing, which is one of the four main elements of Hip
hop: MCing, DJing, graffiti art, and breakdancing. From the early to mid 1980s, poetry culture in a broader sense caught the same kind
of energy as rap and so began the first of the Poetry slams. Poetry slamming became an irregular focus for
the latest wave of poetry aficionados.

A subculture relishing free enterprise capitalism sprang up in the mid 80s and were branded by the tabloid press with the name of Yuppies (the first two or three letters intended to mean
either Young Urban Professional
or Young and Upwardly mobile
and the remainder to sound like hippies). In the USA the
yuppie style was contemporaneous with the Valley girl stereotype which was all about outer flash and cash
at the apparent expense of any inner spirituality or gravitas.

Free parties and raves began from the mid-80s and became a flourishing
subculture. The music was electronic
dance music which developed from Techno, pioneered in Detroit and Chicago by people like Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson, as well as electronic
music, pioneered by Karlheinz
Stockhausen, John Cage and others, taken by way of progressive rock bands
like Hawkwind, filtered through the sounds of dub-reggae and the electro-pop bands like Kraftwerk and Depeche Mode and given a different twist via The Art of
Noise and early hip hop and recycled psychedelia. Towards the end of the 80s rave culture had diversified
into different forms connected to music such as Acid House and Acid Jazz and would continue to diversify into the 90s. Rave
culture thrived from the mid-80s to the end of the century and beyond.

The Usenet and BBS subculture had developed an element
called Slashdot subculture which involved its own forms of etiquette and behaviour
patterns both social and anti-social and the phenomena of trolling, spamming, flaming etc. The computer subculture was also influenced
by fictional subcultures of the future to be read about in cyberpunk literature.

The 1990s saw most of the subcultures of the eighties continuing
in some form or another. The music and clothes changed more than the
sense of identity associated with the cultures. Dance music continued.
Raves continued. Pop continued. Hip hop continued. Rock continued. Goth
continued. Punks and Hippies were back. 80s Valley Girl looks were recycled
in Japan as Kogal. Sixties styles like Mod bands and psychedelia were
revived and recycled. There were, within rock and dance music, some
variations like grunge within rock or drum and bass within dance styles but these and others were just
musical styles, not radically different mindsets representing actual
subcultures. Even the term Generation X or Gen X refers to a condition
experienced equally by previous generations and presented in a published
form by journalists and novelists as if it were a new phenomenon. Alternative
society elements continued as DIY Culture. Important musical-cum-social movements included house, rave, techno, trance, hardcore, handbag, garage, electronica, Crusty, pagan techno.

The main new technological development
of the 90s was the internet. As the 1980s ended and the 90s began Tim Berners-Lee created HTML which made possible the World Wide
Web. Importantly, the web allowed internet subcultures
to grow from tiny numbers of geeks, to big global online communities.
These communities are as diverse in their preoccupations as any other
subcultures. Despite its geek-leaning origins, the internet soon became
the focus for subcultures of all kinds.

As always, coffeehouses are a gathering place for subcultures. In the 90s
some new ones sprang up offering internet access with the coffee: Internet cafes [31].

2.3 The origin,
fashion and ideology of subcultures

After the Second World War people got a chance to
show they standpoint and to rebel against the authority. That’s why
a lot of subcultures, such as punk or hippie, appeared. People are distributed
to the subcultures by their attitude as well as by their favorite music
styles.

Youth subcultures are often defined or distinguishable
by elements such as fashion, beliefs, slang, ideology, behaviours or interests.
It was noted that fashion plays a role in all subculture groups and
that some are more strongly defined by their fashion, while others take
the clothing that relates to the music or sport to define the subculture
group. The study of subcultures often consists of the study of symbolism
attached to clothing, music and other visible affectations by members of subcultures.
In the USA the most popular subcultures are hip-hoppers, goths,

skinheads, punks, emo. Now we consider them rather
more detailed.

2.3.1 Punks

The punk subculture emerged in the United States,
the United Kingdom, and Australia in the mid-1970s. Exactly which region
originated punk has long been a major controversy within the movement.

Early punk had an abundance of antecedents and influences,
and Jon Savage has described the subculture as a «bricolage» of almost every previous youth culture that
existed in the West since the Second World War «stuck together
with safety pins» [25,p.16]. Various philosophical, political, and artistic movements influenced the subculture. In particular, punk drew
inspiration from several strains of modern art. Various writers, books, and literary movements
were important to the formation of the punk aesthetic. Punk rock has
a variety of musical origins both within the rock and roll genre and beyond.

The earliest form of punk rock, named protopunk in retrospect, started as a garage rock revival in the northeastern United States in the late 1960s. The
first ongoing music scene that was assigned the punk label appeared
in New York City between 1974 and 1976 [13,p.324].

In the United States during the early 1980s, punk underwent a renaissance
in the form of hardcore punk, which sought to do away with the frivolities introduced in the later
years of the original movement, while at the same time Britain saw a
parallel movement called streetpunk. Hardcore and streetpunk then spread to other regions just as the
original subculture had. In the mid-1980s to the early 1990s in America,
various underground scenes either directly evolved from punk or at least
applied its attitudes to new styles, in the process producing the alternative rock and indie music scenes. A new movement in the United States became visible in the
early and mid-1990s that sought to revive the punk movement, doing away
with some of the trappings of hardcore.

The punk subculture is centered around listening to recordings or
live concerts of a loud, aggressive genre of rock music called punk rock, usually shortened to punk. Different punk subcultures often
distinguish themselves by having a unique style of punk rock, although
not every style of punk rock has its own associated subculture. Punk
bands usually consist of a singer, one or two overdriven electric guitars, an electric bass player, and a drummer (the singer may be one of
the musicians). In some bands, the band members may do backup vocals,
but these typically consist of shouted slogans, choruses, or football(soccer)-style
chants, rather than the sweet, arranged harmony vocals of pop bands.

Although punks are frequently categorized as having left-wing or progressive views, punk politics cover the entire political spectrum. Punk-related ideologies are mostly concerned with individual freedom
and anti-establishment views. Common punk viewpoints include anti-authoritarianism, a DIY ethic, non-conformity, direct action and not selling out. Other notable trends in punk politics include nihilism, anarchism, socialism, anti-militarism, anti-capitalism, anti-racism, anti-sexism, anti-nationalism, anti-homophobia, environmentalism, vegetarianism, veganism and animal rights.

Punks seek to outrage others with the highly theatrical use of clothing, hairstyles, cosmetics, tattoos, jewelry and body modification. Early punk fashion adapted everyday objects for aesthetic effect:
ripped clothing was held together by safety pins or wrapped with tape;
ordinary clothing was customized by embellishing it with marker or adorning
it with paint; a black bin liner became a dress, shirt or skirt; safety pins and razor blades were
used as jewelry. Also popular have been leather, rubber, and vinyl clothing.

Some punks wear tight «drainpipe» jeans, plaid/tartan trousers,
kilts or skirts, T-shirts, leather jackets (which are often decorated with painted band logos,
pins and buttons, and metal studs or spikes), and footwear such as Converse sneakers, skate shoes, brothel creepers, or Dr. Martens boots. Some early punks occasionally wore clothes displaying a Nazi swastika for shock-value, but most contemporary punks are staunchly anti-racist
and are more likely to wear a crossed-out swastika symbol. Some punks
cut their hair into Mohawks or other dramatic shapes, style it to stand in spikes, and color
it with vibrant, unnatural hues.

Some punks are anti-fashion, arguing that punk should
be defined by music or ideology. This is most common in the post-1980s
US hardcore punk scene, where members of the subculture often dressed in plain T-shirts
and jeans [24].

The punk subculture includes a diverse array of ideologies, and forms of expression, including fashion, visual art, dance, literature, and film, which grew out of punk rock.

2.3.2 Emo

Emo (from Latin: «to buy, purchase», pronounced eeee-moe) is a type of subculture (rather
distinctly from the 21st Century) loosely rooted around punk rock with its own distinct style of music, fashion, argot and other trappings in a desperate, though ultimately hopeless
attempt to pronounce their uniqueness [9].

There are a few existing theories on how the entire emo subculture was started, though none of them
are regarded as entirely compelling:

Theory 1: Some people have gone so far to suggest that «emo» originated
in the 1980’s, as a way to describe a branch of hardcore punk that appeared in the 1980’s, with «emo» being short for
«emotive/emotional hardcore/emoxcore/emocore/whatever,» but these people are liars, as early emocore bands like Fugazi are about as far removed from
emotastic «music» as is possible, and everybody on the internet knows that «emo» means «angsty kids who take pictures
of themselves in a mirror on MySpace.» Because random fat people sitting in their basements have
confirmed this, it is generally accepted as true.

Theory 2: Some people believe that «emo»
is a subculture which stemmed from goths, which stemmed from the punk culture, which stemmed from tophats. This is largely debatable and difficult to prove considering the
drastic differences between the «goth» and «emo»
subcultures: goths kill kittens, emos cry when kittens are killed or
when candidates like John Kerry lose the election. Emos wear tight pants, goths wear parachute pants.
By numerous comparisons, those of the emo stereotype have more in common
with a chocolate cookie than they do with goths.

Theory 3: The third theory, designed by Dr. Kent of the University of Stanford while he was on ecstasy, cites vague and obscure evidence that, he argued, strongly proved
the Lithuanian Nihilist movement as being responsible for the emo subculture’s outgrowth in the early
1990s, perhaps as a secret means of creating hybrids to take over the Earth’s teenagers and other abnormally-hormonal people before the egg-shaped meteors came, possibly due to the «emos» being victims
of a fungal infection developed by rogue Cuban scientists. Additionally, Dr. Kent believed that they would eventually
grow cybernetic appendages to make themselves more superior to the rest of the human race, who
would then be victims of a horrific parasitic fringe as detailed in
his short paper on the issue, which stated, «they would eventually grow cybernetic appendages
to make themselves more superior to the rest of the human race, who
would then be victims of a horrific parasitic fringe.» However,
Dr. Kent was killed and eaten by Wilford Brimley in the early 1980s, at least two decades before the emo subculture
started appearing at Hot Topic stores nationwide. Kent was once resurrected from the dead, so it’s
not impossible that he has again managed to return to the land of the
living. This theory has proved controversial [12,pp.154-155].

Today emo is commonly tied to both music and fashion as well as the
emo subculture. Usually among teens, the term «emo» is stereotyped
with wearing skinny jeans, sometimes in bright colors, and tight t-shirts (usually short-sleeved) which often bear the names of emo bands.
Studded belts and black wristbands are common accessories in emo fashion. Black Converse sneakers and skate shoes, such as Vans, are popularly worn among people of the emo fashion. Some males also
wear thick, black horn-rimmed glasses.

The emo fashion is also recognized for its hairstyles. Popular looks
include long side-swept bangs, sometimes covering one or both eyes. Also popular is hair that is
straightened and dyed black. Bright colors, such as blue, pink, red,
or bleached blond, are also typical as highlights in emo hairstyles.
Short, choppy layers of hair are also common. This fashion has at times
been characterized as a fad. In the early 2000s, emo fashion was associated with a clean cut
look but as the style spread to younger teenagers, the style has become
darker, with long bangs and emphasis on the color black replacing sweater vests.

Emo has been associated with a stereotype that includes being particularly
emotional, sensitive, shy, introverted, or angst-ridden. It has also been associated with depression, self-injury, and suicide [9].

Emo is a style of rock music typically characterized by melodic musicianship and expressive, often
confessional lyrics. As the style was echoed by contemporary American punk rock bands, its sound and meaning shifted and changed, blending with pop punk and indie rock and encapsulated in the early 1990s by groups such as Jawbreaker and Sunny Day Real Estate. By the mid 1990s numerous emo acts emerged from the Midwestern and Central United States, and several independent record labels began to specialize in the
style [12,p.152].

2.3.3 Hip-hoppers

Hip-hop (or hip hop) is a modern sub-culture that originated in the late 1970’s in New York City.Hip hop is the culture from which rap emerged. Initially
it consisted of four main elements; graffiti art, breaking (breakdancing),
dj (cuttin’ and scratching) and rapping (emceeing). Hip hop
is a lifestyle with its own language, style of dress, music and mind
set that is continuously evolving. Nowadays because break dancing and
graffiti aren’t as prominent the words “rap” and “hip hop”
have been used interchangeably. However it should be noted that all
aspects of hip hop culture still exist. They’ve just evolved onto
new levels [7,p.8].

Hip hop has a distinctive slang. Due to hip hop’s commercial success in the late nineties and early
21st century, many of these words have been assimilated into many different
dialects across America and the world and even to non-hip hop fans (the
word dis for example is remarkably prolific). There are also words like homie which
predate hip hop but are often associated with it [29,p.98].

2.3.3.1 Rapping and dj

Rapping (also known as emceeing, MCing, spitting (bars), or just rhyming) refers to «spoken or
chanted rhyming lyrics with a strong rhythmic accompaniment». The
art form can be broken down into different components, such as “content”,
“flow” (rhythm and rhyme), and “delivery”. Rapping is distinct from spoken word poetry in that is it performed in time to the beat of the music. The use of the word «rap» to describe quick and slangy speech
or repartee long predates the musical form [2,p.90].

Цели:

Познавательный аспект – знакомство с мнениями
людей о субкультурах.
Развивающий аспект – развитие способности к
обобщению, развитие логичности и
доказательности.
Воспитательная цель – формирование
уважительного отношения к мнению другого
человека, потребности в высказывании своего
собственного мнения.
Учебный аспект – совершенствование речевых
навыков.

Сопутствующая задача – развитие
умения вести диалог с обменом мнениями с
использованием речевой функции agreeing/ disagreeing,
уметь решать проблему, поставленную на уроке.

Речевой материал:

Рецептивный: a subculture – субкультура, Punk –
панки, Goth – готы, Skinhead – скинхеды, Emo – эмо, Hippies –
хиппи

Продуктивный: Internet – Интернет; junk –
ненужная вещь, хлам; Fascinating – захватывающий,
увлекательный, interesting – интересный.

Конструкций для выражения функций согласия и
несогласия agreeing (That’s right. I also think so…)

Disagreeing (On the contrary…, It is said that…, I think, it is absolutely right/
wrong to…)

Оборудование: компьютер, мультимедийное
оборудование, подключение компьютера к
Интернету, магнитофон.

Приложение 1

1. Организационный момент. Good morning, boys and
girls! How are you today?

– How are you keeping?
– How are you getting on?
– How are you feeling today?
– How are things at school?
I’m glad to hear you are all right.

2. Установка учителя. Постановка цели и
проблемы:

Teacher: Today we are going to speak about things which are very familiar and
interesting for you. Subculture. What is such? What kind of people there enter and than
they are engaged?

The teenage subculture is the culture created by teenagers for. It is included in base
culture of a society and is its component, but as against base culture is subject to very
fast changes and frequently the aspiration to uniformity acts as innovative area for base
culture for which in an industrial society primitiveness is characteristic. To the
teenager the attention as the high-grade social status at it still is not present is vital
to be allocated, draw to itself. Slangy language, a fashion, music, the moral climate
reigning in the teenage environment, in many respects are characterized, shocking adults
(for example, piercing of various parts of a body, etc.), but they help teenagers to learn
adherents in the environment and by that help them to be included in a real life.

They usually come out in groups. They wear unconventional clothes, attributes and
accessory like chains, badges. They put on heavy make-up and often have their bodies
pierced almost everywhere. They have unusual hairstyles, sometimes dyed in different
colours. On the whole, they look extraordinary, and even provocative…

Of course, you have seen those strange young people in the streets. They are informals.
Punks, Goths, metallists, skinheads, hiphoppers or something like that. They are adherents
of different youth movements called subcultures.

What do you feel when you are watching them? Is it fright or disgust or irritation, or
maybe curiosity or approval? Have your ever tried to understand their image and behavior?

Subcultures have a strong impact on modern society, on our life and on young people’s
behaviour. This phemomenon can’t be ignored, it is spreading into all areas of social
life all over the world. Yet it seems that the community itself doesn’t know what to do
and is even afraid of those strange people, who belong to different subcultures.

The members of youth cultures are everywhere. If you look attentively you will notice
at least one of them among people around you. Most of them are young people, that’s why
we more often talk about “youth subcultures”. Everyday more and more teenagers decide
that they belong to a group of people with similar interests and tastes. They put on
special clothes and attributes or just make up their mind and say: “I’m a Goth” or
“I’m an Emo” etc.

Why are there so much of them? What makes them change their habitual way of living and
join one of youth subcultures? What is their subculture for them? Is it the music they
listen to or special clothes they wear? Is it their ideology? Or is it a form of a
protest, the wish to destroy the existing order, modern material and spiritual values? Or
maybe it is just a way to show off? The aim of this project is to try to answer these
questions and to form an understanding of the place of youth subcultures in the life of
modern society.

But to answer all these questions we first of all have to know what exactly a
subculture is, to give a full definition of this term, to learn what are the main and the
most widely spread subcultures nowadays, to learn the history of their appearance and
development in modern world, to understand what is the difference between a subculture and
a counterculture

So our purposes for today’s lesson are:

To know different opinions about Subculture and their role in the life of people.
To give your own opinions, arguments for and against
To discuss some statements: (Проблемные утверждения в
течение урока высвечиваются при помощи
мультимейдийного оборудования)

1. Введение незнакомой и редко употребляемой
лексики

a subculture – субкультура
Punk – панки
Goth – готы
Skinhead – скинхеды
Emo – эмо
Hippies – хиппи
Internet – Интернет
Invaluable – бесценный
Junk – ненужная вещь, хлам
Essential – необходимы
Rely – доверять
Not reliable – не заслуживают доверия

2. Работа в группах

(выполнение упр. 1, с. 232, задание 1, 2)

Teacher:

So, work in groups. Name 3 things that you can hardly live without and 3 things that you
can live without. (2–3 мин.)
Compare your list with the list of your classmates. Which things were named most often
in the first category? And in the second category?

(Учащиеся выписывают на доске наиболее
повторяющиеся вещи.)

3. Аудирование и обсуждение прослушанного
текста

(Выполнение упр. 1, с. 72.)

1. Учащиеся поочередно прослушивают и читают
тексты о субкультуре, о панках, готах, об эмо и т.д.
Отвечают на вопросы к текстам (задание 2, страница
72), отмечают истинные и ложные факты из текстов
(задание 2, с. 72)

– Один учащийся выходит к доске для заполнения
таблицы, остальные вычитывают из текстов факты и
записывают их в тетради.

4. Развитие монологической речи

Учащиеся выражают свое отношение к
субкультурам, что им нравиться, что их
привлекает, что они не приемлют.

Teacher: Which arguments do you agree or disagree with?

Учащиеся выражают свое отношение, к
записанным фактам, используя конструкции
согласия и несогласия.

It is said that…
I also think so.
I don’t agree.
On the one hand it is…, but on the other hand …

5. Релаксационная пауза

Если компьютер подключен к Интернету, можно
выйти на сайт Hello, online! – Интернет журнал, для
изучающих английский язык.

Если компьютер не подключен к Интернету, можно
заранее записать все материалы сайта по данной
тематике, учащимся очень интересно узнавать
новое, угадывать. Неплохую роль для релаксации
играют предложенные картинки.

6. Беседа с учащимися по данной теме

Teacher: Express the opinion on subcultures
Teacher: How you consider, what subculture is the most popular among teenagers?
Teacher: What subculture do you belong?

Teacher: Volodya and Sasha, I asked you to prepare a short conversation about the
Goth. Are you ready?

The Goth subculture is a contemporary subculture found in many
countries. It began in the United Kingdom during the early 1980s in the gothic rock scene,
an offshoot of the post-punk genre. The Goth subculture has survived much longer than
others of the same era, and has continued to diversify. Its imagery and cultural
proclivities indicate influences from nineteenth century Gothic literature along with
horror movies and -according to Cesar Fuentes Rodriguez and Carol Siegel – to a lesser
extent, the BDSM culture

The Goth subculture has associated tastes in music, aesthetics,
and fashion, whether or not all individuals who share those tastes are in fact members of
the Goth subculture. Gothic music encompasses a number of different styles. Common to all
is a tendency towards a lugubrious, mystical sound and outlook. Styles of dress within the
subculture range from death rock, punk, androgynous, medieval, some Renaissance and
Victorian style clothes, or combinations of the above, most often with black attire,
makeup and hair.

Teacher: Tanya, as far as I know your friend is Hippies. Tell us some words about
this subculture.

Tanya: Hippies sought to free themselves from
societal restrictions, choose their own way, and find new meaning in life. One expression
of hippie independence from societal norms was found in their standard of dress and
grooming, which made hippies instantly recognizable to one another, and served as a visual
symbol of their respect for individual rights. Through their appearance, hippies declared
their willingness to question authority, and distanced themselves from the
«straight» and «square» (i.e., conformist) segments of society.

At
the same time, many thoughtful hippies distanced themselves from the very idea that the
way a person dresses could be a reliable signal of who he was, especially after outright
criminals, like Charles Manson, began to adopt hippie personas, and also after
plainclothes policemen started to «dress like hippies» in order to harass
legitimate members of the counter-culture. Frank Zappa admonished his audience that
«we all wear a uniform»: the San Francisco clown/hippie Wavy Gravy said in 1987
that he could still see fellow-feeling in the eyes of Market Street businessman who’d
dressed conventionally to survive.

As in the beat movement preceding them, and the punk movement that followed soon after
hippie symbols and iconography were purposely borrowed from either «low» or
«primitive»

cultures, with hippie fashion reflecting a disorderly, often vagrant style. As with
other adolescent, white middle-class movements, deviant behavior of the hippies involved
challenging the prevailing gender differences of their time: both men and women in the
hippie movement wore jeans and maintained long hair, and both genders wore sandals or went
barefoot. Men often wore beards, while women wore little or no makeup, with many going
braless.

Hippies often chose brightly colored clothing and wore unusual styles, such as
bell-bottom pants, vests, tie-dyed garments, dashikis, peasant blouses, and long, full
skirts; non-Western inspired clothing with Native American, Asian, Indian, African and
Latin American motifs were also popular. Much of hippie clothing was self-made in defiance
of corporate culture, and hippies often purchased their clothes from flea markets and
second-hand shops. Favored accessories for both men and women included Native American
jewelry, head scarves, headbands and long beaded necklaces Hippie homes, vehicles and
other possessions were often decorated with psychedelic art

Teacher: Sergey, you wrote, that you are Punk. Tell, pleas, yourself.

Sergey: Punk fashion is the clothing, hairstyles, cosmetics,
jewelry, and body modifications of the punk subculture. Punk fashion varies widely,
ranging from Vivienne Westwood designs to styles modeled on bands like The Exploited. The
distinct social dress of other subcultures and art movements, including glam rock,
skinheads, rude boys, greasers, and mods have influenced punk fashion. Punk fashion has
likewise influenced the styles of these groups, as well as those of popular culture. Many
punks use clothing as a way of making a statement.

Punk fashion has been extremely commercialized at various times, and many
well-established fashion designers — such as Vivienne Westwood and Jean Paul Gaul tier
— have used punk elements in their production. Punk clothing, which was initially
handmade, became mass produced and sold in record stores and some smaller specialty
clothing stores by the 1980s. Many fashion magazines and other glamour-oriented media have
featured classic punk hairstyles and punk-influenced clothing. These have caused
controversy, as many punks view it as having sold out.

Teacher: Olga, you told me that you know about emo. Tell pleas.

Emo occurs from the English word «emotion» and it is
translated as emotional. It is the term designating a kind of hardcore – music. It is
characterized by strong emotions of the vocalist and chaotic music during execution.
Distinctive features emo – quickly varying whisper, cry squeal, shout and groans. Songs
contain personal character of the author, its experience and feeling, and in some cases
about a policy.

The subculture of emo -admirers refers to эмо-киды. Image
эмо-кидов is characterized by a traditional hair dress as a slanting, fragmentary
bang up to a nose, covers one eye, behind short hair of black color sticking out in the
different parties. Girls usually carry nurseries хвостики with bright
заколочками. Frequently эмо-киды make piercing, it is especial on the
person. Can paint lips with a light voice-frequency cream under color of a skin. Eyes and
nails красят in black color. Эмо-киды carry black-pink clothes with two-color
patterns. Black means depression, misfortune, isolation. Pink – the joyful moments,
denying emo with Gothic subculture and approach the priest – punk.

Symbolic is the
pink heart which has been broken off in клочья, a skull with bones, a black
five-pointed star on a pink background. Attributes: a collar, the badges attached to
clothes, glasses in a wide bright frame, a large bright beads.

The emo – culture means itself aspiration to bright experiences and their boundless
expression. The basic values are a reason, feelings, emotions which need to be combined.
Emo disagree with the unfair validity of world around which presses on them. Emo simply
express a pain which is tested by each person more brightly. They are allocated from grey
weight with the appearance, search same as they, and dream of the true love. From other
subcultures of them distinguishes overlapping extreme measures – such, as pleasure and a
pain

7. Работа в группах

Teacher:

1. What are your arguments for and against the subculture? Work in group. Make a list
of arguments.

Учащиеся записывают новые аргументы за и
против субкультур.

8. Развитие диалогической речи

Teacher: Discuss your arguments with other group mates. Let them agree or disagree
with you.

Учащиеся слушают и соглашаются или не
соглашаются с мнениями одноклассников,
используя конструкции:

That’s right. I also think so.
I must agree that…
You are right.
On the contrary, it is … I think it’s absolutely wrong to…
On the one hand it is…, but on the other hand …
Don’t forget about the other side of the problem.

9. Развитие монологической речи

(Если не успевают на уроке, можно дать в виде
домашнего задания.)

Teacher: We have many other versions of subcultures. What can you add?

10. Завершение работы. Выводы. Решение проблемы,
поставленной на уроке

Teacher: Well, students. Let’s do the conclusion. Do you remember the purposes of
our lesson?

Look at the blackboard.

You can see here some arguments. And they are approximately equal. What are your
decisions according these statements?

Учащиеся делают выводы:

11. Оценка работы учащихся на уроке

I’m quite satisfied with your work at the lesson today. I’m pleased with your
answers and work. Thank you for your participation. Thank you for today’s lesson.

Your marks are:
See you in a week.

Муниципальное образовательное учреждение средняя общеобразовательная школа №5 г. Павлово Нижегородской области

Гуманитарное отделение

Секция: лингвистическая

Musical subcultures

Выполнил:

Беспалов Александр, 15 лет

Блатова Ирина, 14 лет

Ф.И.О. руководителя:

Банина Мария Александровна,

учитель английского языка

Павлово

2011

Plan

Introduction 3
The first acquaintance with subcultures 4
Punks 6
Emo 8
Goths 9
Hip – hop 11
The behavior of teenagers 13
Conclusion 14
Список использованной литературы 15
Приложения

Introduction

Today the life of many young people in Russia as well as in other countries of the world is influenced by popular culture. The young follow certain stereotypes that are imposed on them through TV, movies, and music. In their lifestyle they try to imitate the images of their idols. Other young people are sports and music fans. They frequent stadiums and huge concert halls. They follow their idols in their tours and support them. Unfortunately they are intolerant to those who don’t share their view. It’s a specific aspect of the youth subculture that can’t be ignored. But many young people have other interests.

The development of the musical subcultures starts in the late 60’s.

So, in our work we would like to speak about the topic of subcultures, focusing on musical subcultures. This topic is particularly relevant in our times, as in the modern world, many subcultures have developed and they have a significant influence on human society.

Moreover there are a lot of young people around who belongs to some of these subcultures or who have distinctive features of a subculture, that’s why it’s really interesting for us to write about this.

So the aim of our work is to investigate the influence of the musical subcultures on the life and behavior of young people around us.

We have put four tasks:

To ask a group of students about their preferences of the musical subcultures.
To discover some new information about types of the musical subcultures and to learn about the history of the musical subcultures.
To study the influence of the musical subcultures on the behavior of the youth.
To compare the appearance of people of different subcultures.

We used knowledge in the spheres of linguistics, psychology and ethics.

2. The first acquaintance with subcultures.

We like to communicate with friends and classmates. But becoming older we have noticed that some of them have a very peculiar outlook when they are out of school. Some of them have special clothes and make-up; others have pierced lips, nose or eyebrows. Moreover they listen to such music which nobody listens.

So, we were asking ourselves why they were behaving in such an interesting way. To find the answer for this question we decided to investigate their way of living and to discover more information about their interests.

First of all we interviewed friends and asked them about these changes in their lives. One girl says that she likes the black color and earrings. (Приложение №1). She enjoys listening to such music as «Sisters Of Mercy». It appears that there is a youth movement Goths. She took some their specific features to differ from other people.

In our opinion it is good because every person is unique and he should show it.

The story of another girl is interesting as well. She has a lot of friends. She likes to communicate with them very much. But there is a group of people with whom she has much in common. They are called emo, but actually they just have some identity – black and pink colors in clothes, make-up and hair-do. (Приложение №2).

When we learnt it we came to a conclusion that there are various subcultures having their specific features and listening to special music. We decided to ask a group of students about their preferences of the musical subcultures. (приложение №3).

There are such subcultures as musical subcultures, art subculture, internet community and internet culture, industrial and sporting subculture.

One of the brightest and most well-known subcultural communities is youth movements associated with certain genres of music. Image of musical subcultures formed largely in imitation of the scenic image of popular artists of various subcultures.

One of the first musical youth subcultures of our time was a hippie youth movement of pacifists and fans of rock music. Much of their image (in particular, the fashion of long hair) migrated to other subcultures. The subculture of beatniks is associated with the hippie. There was religious and musical movement Rastafari (Rastaman) in Jamaica, which, in addition to reggae music and a particular image has a certain ideology. In particular, the beliefs of rastamanov were pacifism and the legalization of marijuana.

In the 1970’s and 80’s after the new genres in rock music metal and punk formed. The first cultivated the personal freedom and independence. The latter had a pronounced political stance: the motto of punk rock was the idealized anarchy and remains it. With the development of goth-rock in the 1980’s there was the Gothic subculture. Characteristic features are a gloom, the cult of melancholy, the aesthetics of horror films and gothic novels. In New York, thanks to immigrants from Jamaica, hip-hop culture with its music, image and lifestyle came.

In the 1990 years of strong youth subcultures emo kiddy and cyberpunk developed. Emo subculture is one of the young; it promotes a sense of vivid and demonstrative behavior.

We want to stop on Punks, Emo, Goths and Hip – hop and discover the information about them. We are interested in them and we want to learn how they differ and what they have in common.

3. Punks

The punk subculture emerged in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia in the mid-1970s. Exactly the region which originated punk has long been a major controversy within the movement. Two UK punks painted the hand-stenciled crass symbol on the coat of the man on the right in a train carriage in 1986.

Early punk had influences, and Jon Savage has described the subculture as a “bricolage” of almost every previous youth culture that existed in the West since the Second World War “stuck together with safety pins”. Various philosophical, political and artistic movements influenced the subculture. In particular, punk drew inspiration from several strains of modern art. Various writers, books and literary movements were important to the formation of the punk aesthetically. Punk rock has a variety of musical origins both within the rock and roll genre and beyond it.

The earliest form of punk rock, named protopunk in retrospect, started as a garage rock revival in the northeastern United States in the late 1960s. The first music scene that was assigned the punk label appeared in New York City between 1974 and 1976. At about the same time a punk scene developed in London. Soon after, Los Angeles became home to the third major punk scene. These three cities formed the backbone of the burgeoning movement, but there were also other scenes in a number of cities such as Brisbane and Boston.

Around 1977, the subculture began to merge with the proliferation of factions such as 2 Tone, Oi!, pop punk, New Wave, and No Wave. In the United States during the early 1980s, punk underwent a renaissance in the form of hardcore punk, which sought to do away with the frivolities introduced in the later years of the original movement, while at the same time Britain saw a parallel movement called street punk. Hardcore and street punk then spread to other regions just as the original subcultures. In the mid-1980s to the early 1990s in America, various underground scenes either directly evolved from punk or at least applied its attitudes to new styles, in the process produced the alternative rock and indie music scenes. A new movement in the United States became visible in the early and mid-1990s that sought to revive the punk movement, doing away with some of the trappings of hardcore.

And now we’d like to write about the music of punks. The punk subculture is centered on listening to recordings or live concerts of a loud, aggressive genre of rock music called punk rock, usually shortened to punk. While most punk rockers use the distorted guitars and noisy drumming that is derived from 1960s garage rock and 1970s pub rock, some punk bands incorporate elements from other subgenres, such as metal — mid-1980s Discharge — or folk rock — Billy Bragg.

Different punk subcultures often distinguish themselves by having a unique style of punk rock, although not every style of punk rock has its own subculture. Most punk rock songs are short, have simple and somewhat basic arrangements using relatively few chords, and they use lyrics that express punk values and ideologies ranging from the nihilism of the Sex Pistols’ “No Future” to the anti-drug message of Minor Threat’s “Straight Edge”.

Punk rock is usually played in small bands rather than by solo artists. Punk bands usually consist of a singer, one or two overdriven electric guitars, an electric bass player, and a drummer (the singer may be one of the musicians). In some bands, the band members may do backup vocals, but these typically consist of shouted slogans, choruses, or football style chants, rather than the arranged harmony vocals of pop bands.

Although punks are frequently categorized as having left-wing or progressive views, punk politics cover the entire political spectrum. Punk-related ideologies are mostly concerned with individual freedom and anti-establishment views. Other notable trends in punk politics include nihilism, anarchism, socialism, anti-militarism, anti-capitalism, anti-racism, anti-nationalism, environmentalism, vegetarianism and animal rights. However, some individuals within the punk subculture hold right-wing views (such as those associated with the Conservative Punk website), neo-Nazi views (Nazi punk), or are apolitical (horror punk).

4. Emo

The next musical subculture we want to talk about is Emo. Emo is a style of rock music typically characterized by melodic musicianship and expressive, often confessional lyrics. It originated in the mid-1980s from hardcore punk movement of Washington, D.C., where it was known as “emotional hardcore” or “emocore” and pioneered by bands such as Rites of Spring and Embrace. As the style was echoed by contemporary American punk rock bands, its sound and meaning shifted and changed, blending with pop punk and indie rock and encapsulated in the early 1990s by groups such as Jawbreaker and Sunny Day Real Estate. By the mid 1990s numerous emo acts emerged from the Midwestern and Central United States, and several independent record labels began to specialize in the style.

Emo broke into mainstream of the culture in the early 2000s with the platinum-selling success of Jimmy Eat World and Dashboard Confessional and the emergence of the subgenre “scream”. In recent years the term “emo” has been applied by critics and journalists to a variety of artists, including multiplatinum acts and groups with disparate styles and sounds. In addition to music, “emo” is often used more generally to signify a particular relationship between fans and artists, and to describe related aspects of fashion, culture, and behavior.Expression of emotion is the main rule for emo-kidov. They are distinguished by self-expression, resistance to injustice, special, sensual disposition. Often, emo kid is vulnerable and depressed people.

Despite the fact that emo-core emerged and developed as a subspecies of punk rock, the value orientation of these subcultures is quite different. In contrast to the classic punk rock, emo distinguishes romanticism and emphasis on the sublime love. Emo increasingly draw attention to the deep personal experience of social events. Emo is often compared to the Gothic subculture, which usually causes the protest to emo, though some agree that there is certain kinship among these subcultures. Some researchers have suggested that emo has even greater risk of suicide than the Goths.

5. Goths

The Goth subculture is a contemporary subculture found in many countries. It began in England during the early 1980s in the gothic rock scene; it was an offshoot of the Post-punk genre. The Goth subculture has survived much longer than others of the same era. Its image and culture indicate influences of the 19th century Gothic literature along with horror films.

The Goth subculture has associated tastes in music, aesthetics, and fashion. Gothic music includes a number of different styles such as Gothic rock, Darkwave, Ethereal, Neo-Medieval and Neoclassical. Styles of dressing within the subculture range from death rock, punk, Victorian, some Renaissance and Medieval style, or they are combinations of the above, most often with dark color, makeup and hair.

To define an explicit ideology of the gothic subculture is difficult for several reasons. First there is the overwhelming importance of mood and aesthetic attitude for those who are involved. This is, in part, inspired by romanticism and neoromanticism. The love of dark, mysterious, and morbid imagery and mood lies in the same tradition of Romanticism’s gothic novel. During the late 18th and 19th century, feelings of horror and supernatural things were widespread motifs in popular literature; the process continues in the modern horror films.

Balancing this emphasis on mood and aesthetics, another central element of the gothic is a deliberate sense of camp theatricality and self-dramatization, present both in gothic literature as well as in the gothic subculture itself.

Goths, in terms of their membership in the subculture, are usually not supportive of violence, but they are tolerant to alternative lifestyles. Many in the media have incorrectly associated the Goth subculture with violence, hatred of minorities, and other acts of hate. However, violence and hate do not form elements of Goth ideology; rather, the ideology is formed in part by recognition, identification, and grief over societal and personal evils that the mainstream culture wishes to ignore or forget. These are the prevalent themes in Goth music.

Goths have generally apolitical nature. While individual challenge of social norms was socially risky in the 19th century, today it is far less socially radical. Thus, the significance of Goth’s subcultural rebellion is limited, and it draws on imagery at the heart of Western culture. Unlike the hippie or punk movements, the Goth subculture has no pronounced political messages or cries for social activism. The subculture is marked by its emphasis on individualism, tolerance for diversity, a strong emphasis on creativity, tendency toward intellectualism, and a mild tendency towards cynicism, but even these ideas are not universal to all Goths. Goth ideology is based far more on aesthetics and simplified ethics than politics.

Unlike punk, there are few clashes between political affiliation and being a Goth. Similarly, there is no common religious tie that binds together the Goth movement, though spiritual, supernatural, and religious imagery has played a part in gothic fashion, song lyrics and visual art. In particular, aesthetic elements from Catholicism often appear in Goth culture. Reasons for this image range from expression of religious affiliation to satire or simply decorative effect. Regardless, there is a general tolerance for religious beliefs, and everyone including strict Catholics, atheists, and polytheists are accepted.

While involvement with the subculture can be fulfilling, it also can be risky depending on where the Goth lives, especially for the young, because of the negative attention due to public misconceptions of Goth subculture. The value that young people find in the movement is evinced by its continuing existence after other subcultures of the eighties (such as the New Romantics) have died out.

6. Hip – Hop

Hip – hop is the cultural area, which originated in the working class of New York on November 12, 1974. DJ Afrika Bambaataa first identified the five pillars of hip-hop culture: Mcing, Djing, breaking, graffiti, and knowledge. Other elements include beatboxing, hip-hop fashion and slang.

Originating in the South Bronx in the 1980’s hip-hop has become a part of the youth culture in many countries around the world. Since the late 1990’s from the street underground, with a sharp social thrust, hip-hop has slowly become a part of the music industry, and by the middle of the first decade of this century subculture has become “fashionable”, “mainstream”. However, despite this, within the hip-hop a lot of activists are still in its “base line” – a protest against inequality and injustice, opposition to the powers that be.

Creation of the term hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was still known as disco rap. It is believed that Cowboy created the term while teasing a friend who had just joined the U.S. Army, by scat singing the words “hip/hop/hip/hop” in a way that mimicked the rhythmic cadence of marching soldiers. Cowboy later worked the “hip hop” cadence into a part of his stage performance, which was quickly used by other artists such as The Sugarhill Gang in “Rapper’s Delight”.

Universal Zulu Nation founder Afrika Bambaataa is credited with first using the term to describe the subculture in which the music belonged; although it is also suggested that it was a derogatory term to describe the type of music. The first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop.

Hip-hop has become the first music that most fully and originally embodied the ideology of the modern African-American culture. This ideology was based on the antagonism between the American white Anglo-Saxon cultures. Over the past decade have also established their own fashion, radically different from the traditional fashion of the white population, its slang and its cultivated manner of pronunciation, dance styles, their graphic art – graffiti (images and inscriptions on the walls, made aerosol containers or special markers with paint) and more recently a movie (not sure about the rappers, but the plot taking themes from Negro environment, watch the films “Hair,” “Hustle & Flow,” “Boys Next Door,” “Do not Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the quarter”; rappers are also increasingly beginning to become film actors). Thus, a clear boundary between the actual hip-hop and contemporary African-American subculture is becoming difficult.

Despite changing every year, fashion of hip-hop, in general, has some special features. Clothes are usually free, sport style: sneakers and baseball caps (usually with straight roofs) of well-known brands (eg. KIX, New Era, Joker, Tribal, Reebok, Roca Wear, FUBU, Wu-Wear, Sean John, AKADEMIKS, ECKO, Nike, Adidas), t-shirts and basketball jerseys, jackets and sweatshirts with hoods, baggy pants. Hairstyles short, although it is also popular short dreadlocks. Rappers are popular by massive jewelry (chains, medallions, key rings), but wearing jewelers is more related to African Americans.

To sum all information up we’d like to compare outlooks of four subcultures. (Приложение №4). The hairdo of Goths and punks are the most shocking. People of hip – hop have neutral and simple haircut. As for their make-up we can see that emo and Goths have explicitly expressed make-up.

So, we may conclude that every subculture have its own features clearly seen or not. Some of them are for showing a rebellion against standards; others are for differing from other people. But everything has its right to exist.

7. The behavior of teenagers.

There is a widely accepted opinion that teenagers who prefer one of the musical subcultures have unstable behavior. They don’t conform to society standards. They reject everything. Is it true or is it false?

Our school psychologist helped us to make a survey. He offered five teenagers having preferences of any musical subculture and five teenagers of no subculture to do a test. (Приложение №5). According to the results we may make a conclusion that the preferences of some musical subcultures do not influence people’s behavior in the sphere of its being aggressive. (Приложение №6). All ten teenagers show the middle level of aggression.

We think that they just want everybody to see their individuality and to respect their interests.

8.Conclusion

Well, while writing the work “Musical subcultures”, firstly we could investigate that young people take just some features of subcultures because they want to differ from others or they like the way of dressing, or they want to communicate. They are not the fans of the musical subcultures. To learn their preferences we interviewed a group of pupils. Then we came to a conclusion that these people are not more aggressive than people who don’t have any preferences of subcultures.

Secondly we studied the history of the development of such subcultures as punks, emo, hip-hop and goths. We distinguished the specific features of each subculture and compared them

Moreover, having studied these musical subcultures we found out that they took some traits from each other. For example emo originated in the mid-1980s from hardcore punk movement of Washington; and Goths were an offshoot of the Post-punk genre in England during the early 1980s. The Goth subculture is one of the oldest subcultures influenced by the 19th century Gothic literature.

Thus, the topic of musical subcultures is one of the most interesting topics covered in cultural studies. It is broad. It is vital and every day. Subcultures are not static, they change.

We personally are not members of any musical subculture, because we believe that everyone should be themselves. As for the music we prefer to listen to different music ranging from pop music to melodic metal core, power metal.

Our work may be used on the lessons of English when the topics «Music», «The youth movements» are studied.

9. Список использованной литературы

Бэл, Роберт. Англия. Журнал о сегодняшней жизни Великобритании. № 124: Роберт Бэл; Р.О.Box Лондон, 1992, 67 – 70 с.
Ощепкова, В.В. О Британии вкратце. Книга для чтения на английском языке: В.В.Ощепкова, Москва, 1999, 224 с.
Ракитин, Р.Н. 100 экзаменационных тем на английском языке, Москва, 2007, 289 с.
James O’Driscoll. Britain. Oxford University Press, 2005, 386 с.
Материал интернета:

http://ru.wikipedia.org

http://www.darkside.ru/

http://images.yandex.ru

http://www.subcult.ru/

The punk subculture. Modern subculture borders. The goth subculture, origins and development. Gothic ideology. Historical and cultural influences. Hip-hop culture. Modern hip hop fashion. Hip hop music. Fashion & music. The rocker of the 21st century.

Ñòóäåíòû, àñïèðàíòû, ìîëîäûå ó÷åíûå, èñïîëüçóþùèå áàçó çíàíèé â ñâîåé ó÷åáå è ðàáîòå, áóäóò âàì î÷åíü áëàãîäàðíû.

Ðàçìåùåíî íà http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

Music occupies an important place in our daily lives. When we draw an analogy between music and sport, in the sense that they both involve practice and performance, we get a clearer picture of who we are, and of the social, moral ideals that show our life. Music is the most influential factor of life since the beginning of our civilization. We sing when we are happy or when we are sad, we sing when there is war or when there is peace. Music is the most ancient form of self-expressing; real musicians tell us their private emotions, secret thoughts and give us their souls with the melody. Young people hear their own lives in those songs, poverty, divorced parents, and abuse, there is no place to go and music becomes their shelter. So, they buy all those records just to escape into a feeling of not being alone. Artists become the heroes of everyday life.

The idea of my creative work is to know more about music life, about different music styles and subculture; analyze what music styles do the people from different countries prefer and to learn how does music and subcultures influence for people in general; how can it change the views for life.

As understood in sociology, a subculture is a set of people with a different set of behavior and beliefs that differentiate them from a larger culture as a whole of which they are a part of. The subculture may be individual because of the age of its members, or by their race, ethnicity, class and/or gender, and the qualities that determine a subculture as distinct may be aesthetic, religious, political, and sexual or a combination of these factors. Subcultures are often defined by their opposition to the values of the larger culture to which they belong, although this definition is not universally agreed on by theorists. Members of a subculture will often signal their membership through a distinctive and symbolic use of style. Therefore, the study of subculture often consists of the study of the symbolism attached to clothing, music and other visible affectations by members of the subculture, and also the ways in which these same symbols are interpreted by members of the dominant culture.

More simply, subcultures are groups of individuals who, through a variety of methods (conspicuous clothing and ostentatious behavior), present themselves in opposition to the mainstream trends of the mainstream culture that they are a part of. It may also be difficult to identify subcultures because their style (particularly clothing and music) may often be adopted by mass culture for commercial purposes. This process of cultural appropriation may often result in the death or evolution of the subculture, as its members adopt new styles which are alien to the mainstream.

The History of Subcultures

1900-World War I

In the early part of the 20th century, subcultures were mostly informal groupings of like-minded individuals. The Bloomsbury group in London was one example, providing a place where the diverse talents of people like Virginia Woolf, Leonard Woolf, John Maynard Keynes, and E.M. Forster could interact.

Other pre-World War I subcultures were smaller, social groupings of hobbyists or a matter of style and philosophy amongst artists and bohemian poets.

World War I

Hairstyles at the beginning of the century were not strict unless you were in a religious order or other controlled circumstances (the military or prison). Both men and women regarded long hair as normal. Men and women had, after all, always had long hair, since prehistory.

Because of the world war, though, everything changed: the wartime trenches were infested with lice and fleas, so soldiers were forced to shave their heads. As a result men with short hair appeared to have been at the front in the war, while men with long hair might be thought of as pacifists and cowards, even suspected of desertion.

1920s and 1930s

In the 1920s, American Jazz music and motor cars were at the centre of a European subculture which began to break the rules of social etiquette and the class system In America, the same flaming youth subculture was «running wild» but with the added complication of alcohol prohibition. In the southern United States, Mexico and Cuba were popular with drinkers. Thus, a drinking subculture grew in size and a crime subculture grew along with it. Other drugs were used as alternatives to alcohol. When prohibition ended, the subculture of drink, drugs and jazz did not disappear, and neither did the gangsters.

1940s

Avant-garde artists like Max Ernst, Marcel Duchamp and Marc Chagall fled Europe following the outbreak of World War II. These artists arrived in the United States, where a subculture of surrealism and avant-garde experimentation developed in New York City, becoming the new centre of the art world.

In post-war America, folk songs and cowboy songs were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first almost instantaneous mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide area.

1950s

The Existentialists had a profound influence upon subcultures development. Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus transferred their French resistance underground campaign to the context of a cultural revolution and the American beat scene joined the movement. The importance on freedom of the individual influenced the beats in America and Britain and this version of existential bohemianism continued through the 1950s and into the 1960s under the guise of the beat generation. Beards and longer hair returned in another attempt at returning to the image of peacetime man and the normality which had existed before the two wars. At the same time, as a result of American post-war prosperity, a new identity emerged for youth subculture: the teenager.

Jazz culture was transformed, by way of Rhythm and Blues into Rock and Roll culture. At the same time, jazz culture itself continued but changed into a more respected form, no longer necessarily associated with wild behaviour and criminality.

As American rock and roll arrived in the United Kingdom, a subculture grew around it. Some of the British post-war street youths hanging around bombsites in urban areas and getting drawn into petty crime began to dress in a variation of the zoom suit style called a drape suit, with a country style bootlace tie, drainpipe trousers, and Elvis Presley style slicked hair. These youths were called Teddy boys. For day-to-day wear there was a trend toward girls wearing slacks or jeans. At the time, the idea of girls wearing trousers and boys taking time over their hairstyle was socially shocking to many people. British youth divided into factions. There were the modern jazz kids, the trade jazz kids, the rock and roll teenagers. Coffee bars were a meeting place for all the types of youth and the coolest ones were said to be in Soho, London.

1960s

In the 1960s, the beats grew to be an even larger subculture, spreading around the world. Other 1960s subcultures included radicals, rockers, bikers, hippies and the freak scene. In the USA, the hippies’ big year was 1967, the so-called summer of love. The mod subculture began with a few cliques of trendy teenage boys in London, England in the late 1950s, but was at its most popular during the early 1960s. Many of them rode scooters.

Subcultures were often based on socializing and wild behavior, but some of them were centred around politics. In the United States, these included the Black Panthers and the Yippies. Allen Ginsberg took part in several protest movements, including those for gay rights and those against the Vietnam War and nuclear weapons. The Hacker culture was beginning to form in the 1960s, due to the increased usage of computers at colleges and universities. Students who were fascinated by the possible uses of computers and other technologies began figuring out ways to make technology more freely accessible. The international anti-art movement Fluxus also had its beginnings in the 1960s, evolving out of the Beat subculture.

1970s

In the 1970s, the hippie, mod and rocker cultures were in a process of transformation which temporarily took on the name of freaks. Computer usage was still a very inaccessible secret world to most people in those days but lots of people were interested in computers because of their appearance in science fiction. The dream of one day owning a computer was a popular fantasy amongst science fiction fandom which had grown from a minor subculture in the first half of the 20th century to a quite large contingent by the 1970s, along with horror fandom, comics fandom and fantasy freaks. Skinhead culture from the late 1960s continued into the 1970s, and some skinheads became influenced by the punk subculture.

Disco became a really significant centre of subculture from about 1975 onward. However, in some sectors, particularly in the NYC area, where disco had seemingly «taken over» all aspects of youth life from fashion, to behavior, to music, to dance, an aggressive «counter disco» movement was born. Many of the early punks and early punk bands were considered actual lunatics, and incidents of extreme violence against band members and their following occurred, even in the clubs where they had created a community.

They kept the long hair of the freak scene, adopted the black leather jacket as virtually a uniform and took on the name heavy metal. The continuance of hippie ideas of spirituality and mysticism was in the New Age movement, which increased in size and influence.

1980s

At the beginning of the 1980s some of the followers of punk rock began to be bored with it and wanted to make it more stylish and introduce elements of glam. By 1981 this trend had become New Romantics and the music was synthesizer electro-pop.

The clothes style was a return to the freak scene’s role play of fashions from previous eras or imagined future ones. It was like using fashion to create a time warp. Other punk rock followers took the genre and culture further underground, where it evolved into a faster, harder genre coined as «Hardcore» or «Hardcore Punk». Post punk and post hippie elements continued and a particular type of anarchist-pacifist subculture centered around the records being put out on the independent

1990s

The 1990s saw most of the subcultures of the 1980s continuing in some form or another, such as dance music, raves, pop music, hip hop, rock, goth, punk and hippie.

In the UK, the Britpop scene arose, influenced by the 1960s modes, the 1970s/1980s mod revival, and other British rock music styles. Other popular music genres that gained prominence were grunge, drum and bass, house music, rave, techno, trance music, hardcore and electronic.

The 1990s saw an increase in anti-globalizations protests. The anti-globalization protest movement was accompanied by the fair trade movement.

The Punk Subculture

History of the punk subculture

The history of punk plays important part in the history of subcultures in the 20th century. The punk subculture emerged in the United States England and Australia in the mid-to-late-1970s, and has since undergone several developments.

Punk culture encompasses distinct styles of music, ideology, and fashion, as well as visual art, dance, literature, and film. Punk also lays claim to a lifestyle and community.

The punk scene is composed of an assortment of smaller subcultures, such as hardcore punk and street punk. These subcultures distinguish themselves through unique expressions of punk culture. Several subcultures have developed out of punk to become distinct in their own right, including Goth. The punk movement has had a tumultuous relationship with popular culture and struggles to resist commercialization and appropriation.

Ideology

Punk ideology is concerned with the individual’s natural right to freedom, and a less restricted lifestyle. Punk ethics support the role of personal choice in the development of, and pursuit of, greater freedom. Common punk ethics include a radical rejection of conformity, the DIY (Do It Yourself) ethic, direct action for political change, and not selling out to mainstream interests for personal gain.

Punk politics cover the entire political spectrum, although most punks find themselves categorized into left-wing or progressive views. Punks often participate in political protests for local, national or global change. Some common trends in recent punk politics include anarchism, anti-authoritarianism, anti-militarism, anti-capitalism, anti-racism, anti-sexism, anti-nationalism, environmentalism, vegetarianism, veganism, and animal rights. Some individuals within the subculture hold right-wing views or other political views conflicting with the aforementioned, though these comprise a minority.

Fashion

Punks seek to outrage propriety with the highly theatrical use of clothing, hairstyles, cosmetics, jewelry and body modification. Punk clothing adapts existing objects for aesthetic effect: previously ripped clothes are held together by safety pins or wrapped with tape, written on with marker or defaced with paint; a black bin liner might become a dress, shirt or skirt. Leather, rubber and vinyl clothing are also common, possibly due to its implied connection with transgress sexual practices, such as bondage and S&M. Some punks wear tight «drainpipe» jeans, brothel creeper shoes, T-shirts with risque images, and possibly leather rocker jackets (often painted with band logos and decorated in studs) and Converse sneakers, skateboarding shoes, or Dr. Martens boots.

Some punks style their hair to stand in spikes, cut it into Mohawks or other dramatic shapes, and color it with vibrant, unnatural hues. Punks will use safety pins and razor blades as jewelry. Punks tend to show their love for a band or idea by pin-back buttons or patches, which adorn their jackets. They sometimes flaunt taboo symbols such as the Iron Cross. Early punks sometimes wore the Nazi swastika for shock-value, but most modern punks are staunchly anti-racist, and will more likely wear a crossed-out swastika symbol.

Also, some punks are decidedly «anti-fashion», saying that the music should define punk and not the fashion. This is most common in hardcore punk.

Music

Music is the most important aspect of punk. Punk music is called punk rock, sometimes shortened to punk. Most punk rock is a specific style of the rock music genre, though punk musicians sometimes incorporate elements from other genres. Punk subcultures often distinguish themselves by having a unique style of punk rock, though not every style of punk rock has its own associated subculture. Most punk rock involves simple arrangements, short songs and lyrics that espouse punk values. Punk rock is usually played in bands, as opposed to solo artists.

Dance

The punk subculture has developed a variety of dancing styles, some which appear chaotic and violent. This has led some punk concerts to look like small-scale riots. The dance styles most associated with punk rock are pogo dancing and moshing (similar to the slam dancing associated with hardcore music). Stage diving and crowd surfing were originally associated with protopunk bands such as The Stooges, and continued to appear at punk, metal and rock concerts. Ska punk promoted an updated version of skanking. Hardcore dancing is a later development influenced by all of these styles.

Lifestyle

Not everyone who plays a hand in the punk movement identifies as a punk. Specific subsets of punk identify with the mainline subculture to varying degrees. Punks are typically white males from working class or middle class backgrounds.

Typically, a punk enters the subculture during the first few years of high school. Many punks continue playing a role in the subculture for several years, and some even make their involvement a lifelong commitment. Although adolescents are the main age group in punk, there are also many adults who hold to the punk mentality, but do not necessarily dress the part. Some punks leave the subculture in favour of the mainstream. Those still in the subculture sometimes regard this apostasy as selling out.

Though punk decries overt sexism, the subculture is largely male-dominated, with the except of the riot girl movement. Since its inception, female punks have always played important roles in the punk subculture, but numerically speaking, they are vastly underrepresented. Compared to some alternative cultures, punk is much closer to being gender equality.

Although the punk subculture is overwhelmingly anti-racist, it is vastly white (especially in Europe and North America), and some fringe punk factions espouse views of white supremacy. These groups are usually treated with hostility by the rest of the subculture. Numerous ethnic minorities have contributed to the development of the subculture, such as Blacks, Latinos, and Asians.

Punks generally come from working class or middle class backgrounds. Some punks hold low-paid jobs or are unemployed. Some are homeless, and some rely on squatting, panhandling, or dumpster diving to survive. Gutter punks and squeegee punks vary in their actual involvement with the punk subculture.

Excesses of substance abuse and violence have always been a part of the punk scene. The subculture has dealt with issues of suicide and self harm since its beginnings. Drugs such as heroin, methamphetamine, inhalants, and alcohol have both fueled the movement and plagued it with addiction and overdose. Marijuana and hallucinogens such as psychedelic mushrooms and LSD, though the latter are less common, have found moderate use in the scene. However, later trends in the movement such as the rise of straight edge and proliferation of pacifist strains of anarchy-punk have diminished the presence of drug abuse and violence in the subculture.

The Goth Subculture

Origins and development

The goth subculture is a contemporary subculture prevalent in many countries. It began in the United Kingdom during the late 1970s to early 1980s in the gothic rock scene. The goth subculture has survived much longer than others of the same era. Its imagery and cultural proclivities indicate influences from nineteenth century Gothic literature, mainly through horror movies.

The goth subculture has associated gothic tastes in music and fashion. Gothic music encompasses a number of different styles. Common to all is a tendency towards a dark sound and outlook.

By the late 1970s, there were a few post-punk bands in the United Kingdom labeled «gothic.» However, it was not until the early 1980s that gothic rock became its own subgenre within post-punk, and that followers of these bands started to come together as a distinctly recognizable movement.

Modern subculture borders

By the 1990s, the term «goth» and the borders of the associated subculture had become more contentious. New youth subcultures became more popular, some of them being conflated with the Goth subculture by the general public and the popular media. This conflation was primarily owing to similarities of appearance, and the fashions of the subcultures, rather than the musical genres of the bands associated with them. As time went on, the term was extended further in popular usage, sometimes to define groups that had neither musical nor fashion similarities to the original gothic subculture.

This has led to the introduction of Goth slang terms that some goths and others use to sort and label associated trends and members of loosely related subcultures. These include mallgoths or neo-goths in the US, cucarachas in Spain, dark in Latin America and Italy, gogans in Australia, hackians in New Zealand and fjortisgoth in Norway and Sweden, and spooky kids, moshers or mini moshers in the UK. More positive terms, such as mini-goths or baby bats, are also used by some older goths to refer to youths whom they see as exhibiting potential for growth into older goths later on. The prevalence of internet-based information regarding Goth has resulted in a distorted and overstated perception of varying slang terms as used in reality and offline, particularly with regard to those terms allegedly used outside of the UK and US.

Gothic ideology

Defining an ideology of the gothic subculture is difficult for several reasons. First is the overwhelming importance of mood for those involved. This is, in part, inspired by romanticism and neoromanticism. The attraction for Goths of dark, mysterious, and morbid imagery and mood lies in the same tradition. The rise of Romanticism’s gothic novel during the 19th century saw feelings of horror being commercially exploited as a form of mass entertainment, a process continued in the modern horror film. Balancing this emphasis on mood, the other central element of the subculture is a conscious sense of camp theatricality or self-dramatization.

The second impediment to defining a gothic ideology is Goth’s sometimes apolitical nature. While individual defiance of social norms was a very risky business in the nineteenth century, today it is far less socially radical. So, the significance of Goth’s subcultural revolution is limited, and it draws on imagery at the heart of Western culture. Unlike the hippie or punk movements, the goth subculture has no pronounced political messages or cries for social activism. The subculture is marked by its emphasis on individualism, tolerance for diversity, a strong emphasis on creativity, tendency toward intellectualism, a dislike of social conservatism and a strong tendency towards cynicism, but even these ideas are not common to all goths. Goth ideology is based far more on aesthetics than ethics or politics.

Gothic music

The bands that began the gothic rock and death rock scene were limited in number, and included Bauhaus, Siouxsie & the Banshees, The Cure, Southern Death Cult, Sex Gang Children, 45 Grave, UK Decay, The Virgin Prunes, Alien Sex Fiend and Christian Death. Joy Division, Dead Can Dance and Killing Joke have also been linked, but there is debate about this.

By the mid-eighties, the number of bands began proliferating and became increasingly popular, including The Sisters of Mercy, The Mission UK, Xmal Deutschland, The Bolshoi and Fields of the Nephilim. The nineties saw the further growth of eighties bands and emergence of many new bands. Factory Records, 4AD Records, and Beggars Banquet Records released much of this music in Europe, while Cleopatra Records amongst others released much of this music in the United States, where the subculture grew especially in New York, Los Angeles, & Orange County, California, with many nightclubs featuring «gothic/industrial» nights. The popularity of 4AD bands resulted in the creation of a similar US label called Projekt Records. This produces what is colloquially termed Ethereal Wave, a subgenre of Darkwave music.

By the mid-1990s, styles of music that were heard in venues that goths attended ranged from gothic rock, death rock, Industrial music, EBM, ambient, experimental, synthpop, shoegazing, punk rock, 1970s glam rock, indie rock, to 1980s dance music. This variety was a result of a need to maximize attendance from everyone across the alternative music scene, particularly in smaller towns, and due to the eclectic tastes of the members of the subculture; but it also signaled new shifts in attitude.

The other significant development of the nineties was the popularity of electronic dance bands such as VNV Nation, Apoptygma Berzerk and Covenant in the goth scene. The rise of what has been called cybergoth music and style, which has much in common with techno/synthpop and EBM, caused bitter divisions between its fans and those firmly attached to the analog and/or guitar based sound of gothic rock. Bands with a darkwave sound or those such as The Cruxshadows, which combine an electronic and gothic rock sound, appeal to both sides to some extent.

Today, the goth music scene thrives most actively in Western Europe, especially Germany, with large festivals such as Wave-Gotik-Treffen, Zillo (which ceased to be active after 2004), M’era Luna and others draw tens of thousands of fans from all over the world.

20th century influences

The influence of the gothic novel on the Goth subculture can be seen in numerous examples of the subculture’s poetry and music, though this influence sometimes came second hand, through the popular imagery of horror films and television. The Byronic hero, in particular, was a key precursor to the male goth image, while Dracula’s iconic portrayal by Bela Lugosi appealed powerfully to early goths. They were attracted by Lugosi’s aura of camp menace, elegance and mystique. Some people even credit the band Bauhaus’ first single «Bela Lugosi’s Dead», released August 1979, , with the start of the goth subculture, though many prior art house movements also influenced gothic fashion and style. A notable early example was Siouxsie Sioux, of the musical group Siouxsie and the Banshees. Some members of Bauhaus were, themselves, fine art students and/or active artists.

The concept of the femme fatale, which appeared in Romantic literature, film noir, as well as in the gothic novel, went on to become a vital image for female goths. In cinema, the femme fatale style adopted by silent movie actress Theda Bara exerted a lasting influence. Bara was nicknamed the vamp, and her first name was an anagram for «death». She established the look for pale predatory women in later films, which ultimately influenced the Goth subculture.

Film poster for The Hunger, a key influence in the early days of the Goth subculture

Some of the early gothic rock and death rock artists adopted traditional horror movie images, and also drew on horror movie soundtracks for inspiration. Their audiences responded in kind by further adopting appropriate dress and props. Use of standard horror film props like swirling smoke, rubber bats, and cobwebs were used as gothic club decor from the beginning in The Batcave. Such references in their music and image were originally tongue-in-cheek, but as time went on, bands and members of the subculture took the connection more seriously. As a result, morbid, supernatural, and occult themes became a more noticeably serious element in the subculture. The interconnection between horror and goth was highlighted in its early days by The Hunger, a 1983 vampire film, which starred David Bowie, Catherine Deneuve, and Susan Sarandon. The movie featured gothic rock group Bauhaus performing «Bela Lugosi’s Dead» in a nightclub. In 1993, Whitby became the location for what became the UK’s biggest goth festival as a direct result of being featured in Bram Stoker’s Dracula.

Throughout the evolution of the goth subculture, familiarity with gothic literature became significant for many goths. Keats, Poe, Baudelaire and other romantic writers became just as symbolic of the subculture as dressing all in black.

A literary influence on the gothic scene was Anne Rice’s re-imagining of the idea of the vampire. Rice’s characters were depicted as struggling with eternity and loneliness, this with their ambivalent or tragic sexuality had deep attractions for many goth readers, making her works very popular in the eighties through the nineties. Movies based on her books have been filmed in recent years — notably Interview with the Vampire, which starred Tom Cruise, and the more recent Queen of the Damned, in which Goths appear directly and indirectly.

Historical and cultural influences

The original Goths were an Eastern Germanic tribe who played an important role in the fall of the western Roman Empire. In some circles, the name «goth» later became pejorative: synonymous with «barbarian» and the uncultured due to the then-contemporary view of the fall of Rome and historically inaccurate depictions of the pagan Gothic tribes during and after the process of Christianization of Europe. During the Renaissance period in Europe, medieval architecture was retroactively labeled gothic architecture, and was considered unfashionable in contrast to the then-modern lines of classical architecture.

In the United Kingdom, by the late 1700s, however, nostalgia for the medieval period led people to become fascinated with medieval gothic ruins. This fascination was often combined with an interest in medieval romances, Roman Catholic religion and the supernatural. Enthusiasts for gothic revival architecture in the United Kingdom were led by Horace Walpole, and were sometimes nicknamed «Goths», the first positive use of the term in the modern period.[citation needed]

The gothic novel of the late eighteenth century, a genre founded by Horace Walpole with the 1764 publication of The Castle of Otranto, was responsible for the more modern connotations of the term gothic. Henceforth, the term was associated with a mood of horror, morbidity, darkness and the supernatural. The gothic novel established much of the iconography of later horror literature and cinema, such as graveyards, ruined castles or churches, ghosts, vampires, nightmares, cursed families, being buried alive and melodramatic plots. Another notable element was the brooding figure of the gothic villain, which developed into the Byronic hero. The most famous gothic villain is the vampire, Dracula, originally depicted in a novel by Bram Stoker, then made more famous through the medium of horror movies.

The powerful imagery of horror movies began in German expressionist cinema in the twenties then passed onto the Universal Studios films of the thirties, then to camp horror B films such as Plan 9 From Outer Space and then to Hammer Horror films. By the 1960s, TV series, such as The Addams Family and The Monsters, used these stereotypes for camp comedy.

Certain elements in the dark, atmospheric music and dress of the post punk scene were clearly gothic in this sense. The use of gothic as an adjective in describing this music and its followers led to the term Goth.

Hip-Hop Culture

Hip hop is a cultural movement that began among African-American and Puerto Rican communities in the South Bronx in the late 1970s. Portions of the culture began spreading into the mainstream during the early 1980s; by the 1990s, hip hop culture had spread all over the world. The movement began with the work of DJ Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five, Afrika Bambaattaa and Disco King Mario.

The main aspects, or «elements,» of hip hop culture are MCing (rapping), DJing, urban inspired art/tagging (graffiti), b-boying (or breakdancing, to most), and beat boxing. Most consider knowledge, or «droppin’ science,» as the sixth element. The most known «extended» elements are political activism, hip hop fashion, hip hop slang, double dutching (an urban form of rope skipping), or other elements as important facets of hip hop. In mainstream spheres, the term «hip hop» typically refers only to hip hop music (or rap music), the music produced by the MCing and DJing aspects of hip hop culture.

Hip hop music

Hip hop music, also known as rap music, is a style of music which came into existence in the United States during the mid-1970s, and became a large part of modern pop culture during the 1980s. It consists of two main components: rapping (MCing) and DJing (production and scratching). Along with hip hop dance (notably breakdancing) and urban inspired art, or notably graffiti, these compose the four elements of hip hop, a cultural movement that was initiated by inner-city youth, mostly African Americans and Latinos in New York City, in the early 1970s.

Typically, hip hop music consists of rhythmic lyrics making use of techniques like assonance, alliteration, and rhyme. The rapper is accompanied by an instrumental track, usually referred to as a «beat,» performed by a DJ, created by a producer, or one or more instrumentalists. Historically, this beat has often been created using a sample of the percussion break of another song: usually funk and soul recordings have been utilized. However, in recent years, it has become more common for the beat to be built up from individual drum samples. In addition to the beat, other sounds are often sampled, synthesized, or performed. Sometimes a track can be instrumental, as a showcase of the skills of the DJ or producer.

Hip hop began in The Bronx, a borough in New York City, when DJs began isolating the percussion break from funk and disco songs. The early role of the MC was to introduce the DJ and the music and to keep the audience excited. MCs began by speaking between songs, giving exhortations to dance, greetings to audience members, jokes and anecdotes. Eventually this practice became more stylized and became known as rapping. In the 1990s, a form of hip hop called gangsta rap became a major part of American music, causing significant controversy over lyrics which were perceived as promoting violence, promiscuity, drug use and misogyny. Nevertheless, by the beginning of the 2000s, hip hop was a staple of popular music charts and was being performed in many styles across the world.

Modern hip hop fashion

After the influx of the hip-pop influence, hip hop fashion became less based in actual street wear and more in an idealization of such. Hip hop clothing is often produced by popular and successful designers, who charge significant amounts for their products.

The main elements of modern male hip hop fashion are sagging, gold or platinum chains, boots or a fresh pair of kicks (sneakers), and a bandana or do-rag tied around the head (often with a fitted cap on top). Large T-Shirts are also standard street wear.

Today, hip hop fashion is worn by a significant percentage of young people around the world. Many hip hop artists and executives have started their own fashion labels and clothing lines, including Russell Simmons (Phat Farm), Kimora Lee Simmons (Baby Phat), Damon Dash and Jay-Z (Rocawear), 50 Cent (G-Unit Clothing), Eminem (Shady Ltd),OutKast (OutKast Clothing) and Beyonce Knowles (House of dereon). Other prominent hip hop fashion companies have included, in addition to the aforementioned Karl Kani and FUBU, Ecko, Girbaud, Enyce,Famous Stars and Straps, Bape, LRG, Timberland Boots, A Bathing Ape, and Akademiks. There are now a significant number of retailers that are dedicated to the sale of hip hop inspired fashions such as Dr.Jays. Hip hop fashion is often satirised by comedians such as Ali G.

According to many, hip hop fashion has become much more mainstream, possibly due to the popular acceptance of hip hop culture. Today, arguably more so than in the past, the music goes with the fashion; one does not exist without the other. Present-day hip hop fashion is not simply limited to one particular group of people but to anyone who has decided to identify with the culture. Recent trends in hip hop fashion have geared toward a tighter style of dressing (so called «prep-hop), which is coming to include raiments such as Nike Dunks, polo shirts, and tighter denim jeans. In some circles, the baggy style has lost some favor, with the growing popularity with rappers such as Kanye West and Andre 3000, often sporting such colorful fitted prep-hop clothing, and tighter-fitting skater influenced styles in the case of Pharrell. Yet, the baggy style remains de rigueur in some places such as South Central L.A. and Bed-Stuy, where prep-hop and tighter-fitted styles are oft viewed with an air of waspishness.

Breakdancing

Breakdancing, also known as breaking, b-girling or b-boying, is a street dance style that evolved as part of the hip hop movement that originated among African American and Latin American youths in the South Bronx of New York City during the early 1970s. It is arguably the best known of all hip hop dance styles. A breakdancer is also known as a breaker.

For most breakdancers, fashion is a defining aspect of identity. The breakdancers of the 1980s typically sported flat-soled Adidas, Puma, or Fila shoes with thick, elaborately patterned laces. Some breakdancing crews matched their hats, shirts, and shoes to show uniformity, and were perceived as a threat to the competitor by their apparent strength in numbers. B-boys also wore nylon tracksuits which were functional as well as fashionable. The slick, low-friction material allowed the breakdancer to slide on the floor much more readily than with cotton or most other materials. Hooded nylon jackets allowed dancers to perform head spins and windmills with greater ease. Additionally, the popular image of the original breakdancer always involved a public performance on the street, accompanied by the essential boombox and oversized sheet of cardboard, which serves as a dance floor.

Function is heavily intertwined with b-boy fashion. Due to the demands on the feet in b-boying, b-boys look for shoes with low weight, good grip, and durability in the sole as well as elsewhere. Headwear can facilitate the movement of the head on the ground, especially in headspins. Bandannas underneath headwear can protect against the discomfort of fabric pulling on hair. Wristbands placed along the arm can also lower friction in particular places, as well as provide some protection. Today’s breakdancing styles, which emphasize fast-paced, fluid floor moves and freezes, differ from that of two decades ago, requiring more freedom of movement in the upper body. Therefore, less baggy upperwear is more common today (though pants remain baggy).Some dancers and crews have begun to dress in a style similar to «goth» or punk rockers in order to stand out from the more traditional toned-down b-boy appearance.

Certain clothing brands have been associated with breaking, for instance, Tribal. Puma is also well known in the breaking community. Both brands sponsor many b-boy events.

But aside from these generalities, many b-boys choose not to try too hard to dress for breaking, because one would want to be able to break anytime, anywhere, whatever the circumstances. This is part of the reason why many breakdancers would rather learn headpins without a helmet even though helmets allow them to learn the technique more easily.

subculture modern gothic music

Emo (slang)

Emo is a somewhat ambiguous, controversial slang term most frequently used to describe a fashion or subculture which is usually defined to have roots in punk fashion and subculture, as well as some attributes of gothic fashion and subculture. It is loosely defined, and its meaning varies by region, but most definitions share a number of similarities.

History in music

1980s

Emo was not always used as slang referring to a subculture. The term was born in the 1980s to describe a genre of music stemming from the hardcore punk music scene in Washington, D.C. Early bands labeled emo (or sometimes emocore) in this scene included Rites of Spring, Embrace, and Fugazi.

1990s to present

The word has more recently been used to describe a subculture as a slang term, but still describes a music genre as well. The term emo as a music genre has become broader and broader with time, and now is loosely understood to mean «rock music with emotionally-based lyrics or effect.» Emo now often refers to a person’s fashion, personality, or both, as well as the music genre.

Fashion

Emo fashion is usually defined to have roots in punk fashion as well as gothic fashion. By almost all current definitions, emo clothing is characterized by tight jeans on males and females alike, long fringe (bangs) often brushed to one side of the face, dyed black hair, tight t-shirts which often bear the names of rock bands, studded belts, belt buckles, Chuck Taylor All-Stars or other black shoes — often old and beaten up — and thick, black-rimmed glasses.

Emo personality is also often connected with writing poetry, which addresses confusion, depression, loneliness, and anger, all resulting from the world’s inability to understand the author. Emo poetry uses a combination of any of: a highly emotional tone, stream of consciousness writing, a simple (ABAB) or nonexistent rhyme scheme, references to the flesh, especially the heart, heavy use of dark or depressing adjectives, concern over the mutability of time and/or love, and disregard for punctuation, grammar, and/or spelling. Themes such as life is pain are common.

Emo (music)

Emo is a subgenre of hardcore music. Since it’s inception, emo has come to describe several independent variations, linked loosely but with common ancestry. As such, use of the term has been the subject of much debate.

In its original incarnation, the term emo was used to describe the music of the mid-1980s Washington, DC scene and its associated bands. In later years, the term emocore, short for Emotional Hardcore.

So far, no one has found a primary source that uses the term «emotive hardcore» before 1996. On the other hand, there are plenty of sources from late 80s and early 90s that demonstrate usage of the term «emotional hardcore». Please do not alter this definition without providing a primary source.

Emotional hardcore, was also used to describe the DC scene and some of the regional scenes that spawned from it. The term emo was derived from the fact that, on occasion, members of a band would become spontaneously and strongly emotional during performances. The most recognizable names of the period included Rites of Spring, Embrace, One Last Wish, Beefeater, Gray Matter, Fire Party, and, slightly later, Moss Icon. The first wave of emo began to fade after the breakups of most of the involved bands in the early 1990s.

Starting in the mid-1990s, the term emo began to reflect the indie scene that followed the influences of Fugazi, which itself was an offshoot of the first wave of emo. Bands including Sunny Day Real Estate and Texas Is the Reason put forth a more indie rock style of emo, more melodic and less chaotic in nature than its predecessor. The so-called «indie emo» scene survived until the late 1990s, as many of the bands either disbanded or shifted to mainstream styles.

As the remaining indie emo bands entered the mainstream, newer bands began to emulate the more mainstream style, creating a style of music that has now earned the moniker emo within popular culture. Whereas, even in the past, the term emo was used to identify a wide variety of bands, the breadth of bands listed under today’s emo is even more vast, leaving the term «emo» as more of a loose identifier than as a specific genre of music.

Rockers

Rockers were a term originally applied in a derogatory manner to British motorcycle-riding youths in the 1960s, but was later adopted by those same youths.

Rockers became defined as the antitheses of their scooter-riding contemporaries, the mods. Before this time, young motorcyclists had not been grouped together and labelled in such a manner. Mods and Rockers attracted attention in 1964 because of sensationalistic media coverage of fights between the two groups. Mods and rockers became known for Bank Holiday clashes in the southern English holiday resorts of Clacton, Margate and Brighton.

Fashion & Music

Rockers are generally associated with being a music/fashion subculture in England and favored 1950s and early 1960s-era Rock’n’Roll by artists like Gene Vincent, Eddie Cochran, Chuck Berry and the early Elvis Presley. However the English Rockers of the 1950s were motorcyclists first and foremost, not a fashion or music focused subculture. These early Rockers were actually referred to as Ton Up Boys, ‘ton-up’ being English slang for doing 100mph (160kph) along North London’s Circular roads around the area of the famous Ace Cafe, which was one of their most popular hangouts.

The rocker style was born out of necessity and practicality. They wore heavily-decorated leather motorcycle jackets often adorned with studs, patches, pins, and sometimes an ESSO Petroleum gas man trinket. They were generally seen riding their motorcycles wearing a classic open-face helmet, aviator goggles, and a white silk scarf (to protect from the cold and cover their mouths). Other common items included: Levi’s jeans, leather trousers, tall motorcycle boots made by Lewis Leathers, engineer boots, brothel creepers, T-shirts and Daddy-O-style shirts. Also popular was a patch declaring membership to the 59 Club of England, a church-based, youth organization that later formed into a genuine motorcycle club with members all over the world. The Rocker hairstyle, kept in place with dubious amounts of Brylcreem pomade, was usually a tame or exaggerated pompadour hairstyle, as was popular with some 1950s rock ‘n’ roll musicians.

Modern Day

The Rocker of the 21st century has evolved from its humble working-class British beginnings more than 40 years ago and so has the fashion ; Full length motorcycle boots such as the classic Lewis Leather styles are still used, but Winkle Pickers, sharp pointed shoes are no longer so common.

Engineer boots and occasionally Doc Martens being the norm. Brothel Creepers, thick crepe soled shoes, have worked themselves back into fashion, as originally worn by the » Teds » or Teddy Boys. Rockers continue to wear motorcycle jackets with leather trousers and the ubiquitous white silk scarf while riding their bikes. Also the use of Levi 501 or 505’s has always maintained as part of Rocker fashion. Leather caps, all the rage with Rockers during the 1950s and 1960s adorned with studs and chains, are rarely ever seen anymore, but in its place you might see Rockers of today wearing a classic wool English ‘driving cap’.

To complete the look, Rockers would tend to ride a classic British motorcycle, preferably but not exclusively a Cafe racer, usually Triumph or Norton or the Triton motorcycle hybrid of the two, but sometimes a BSA, Royal Enfield or Matchless from the 1960s, as this was the heyday of the British motorcycle industry. Many of these bikes have been lovingly restored.

The Conclusion

A theme of my creative work even for me was unusual enough, because personally I never took interest such concepts as a subculture and did not know about existence of many styles of music and life in general. But lately on the streets of our city, our country I began to notice separate people which differed from other the style of clothes or hair-do. And that is why I decided in more depth to learn these differences in different subcultures. I examined basic subcultures which arose up in England and USA approximately at the end of a 20 age and at the beginning of a 21 age. And I understood, that such style this life not only way to be in some way selected. In it people find the place, ideas and looks which can be freely expressed together with like-minded persons. It is their ideology; it is a method of existence. But unfortunately with modern development of subcultures all more people which want to be selected from other began to appear; only dressed not so as all. For itself I understood that a subculture — it not only style of clothes, hair-do not look like other, it is ideology which includes for itself existence of individual looks. In the English-speaking countries people with individual looks respect and give complete freedom of actions within the limits of laws. But in our country people doesn’t perceive this quietly and it remains a problem. In my opinion, it simply needs to be understood and it will come in course of time. I hope that reading my creative work, you made sure in it.

Literature

1. Hebdige, Pick. Subculture: The Meaning of Style.

2. Hodkinson, Paul. Goth: Identity, Style and Subculture, 2002.

3. Light, Alan. The Vibe History of Hip-Hop. New-York, 1999.

4. Nelson, George. Hip-Hop America, 2000.

5. Robb, John. The birth of Punk. The Independent (UK), 2005.

6. Sabin, Roger. Punk Rock: So What? (The Cultural Legacy of Punk), 1999.

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Задание №13483.
Чтение. ОГЭ по английскому

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1 — 8 и текстами A — G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

1. Choice.
2. Their own duty.
3. Being a teenage mother.
4. A chance for the baby.
5. A great problem.
6. Ways out.
7. Factors of influence.
8. A bit of history.

A. In Victorian Britain any discussions of sex and sexuality were not allowed and considered immoral. Since then, Britain has seen the crazy sixties with their new ideas of ‘free love’ and ‘sexual revolution’. It has also seen the seventies, when British women began to see themselves as career-makers as well as mothers and wives. In the eighties it became normal to see nude images on TV and in the nineties nobody was any longer surprised at the great number of sexual images in the media.

B. All these social changes haven’t changed the British attitude towards sex. A lot of Britons still find it difficult to discuss sex. The UK has the highest proportion of teenage pregnancies in Western Europe. Each year 90,000 girls get pregnant. 2,200 of these are under 14 and 77,000 are under 16 years old. The British figure for this younger group is 10 times higher than in Japan and ten times higher than in Sweden and the Netherlands, where attitudes to sex are more open.

C. The dramatic situation with teenage pregnancies in the UK is due firstly to the lack of sex education, secondly, to the lack of general education and thirdly to the lack of necessary family support. It’s well known that most teenage mothers come from poorly educated and deprived families.

D. Being a teenage mother is not easy. Some pregnant teenage girls decide to have an abortion. However, some decide to go all the way. Quite often, keeping the baby means never continuing education and ending up unemployed and living on benefits from the state.

E. It’s clear that better and more open sex education can help prevent teenage pregnancies. Contraceptive advice and services can also have a positive influence on teenagers’ sexual behavior. Creating special support schools, where school-age mothers can combine school education with looking after the babies is a good idea. This gives the young mothers a chance to make their way in the world and not to depend on state benefits.

F. Before giving birth to their babies, young mothers mostly concentrate on their social life. Instead of studying or helping their families they would go out clubbing and drinking. They don’t realize that having a baby means a lot of personal responsibility and that very often members of their families can’t or even don’t want to share it.

G. In some countries single mothers are obliged by law to give the newspapers some details of their past if they want to give the baby up for adoption. The young women must give their name, height, weight, eye color, the names of their sexual partners and etc. This is done to give the baby’s father, who may or may not know about the baby, a chance to claim responsibility for the child before it can be adopted.

A	B	C	D	E	F	G

Решение:
Заголовок 8 (A bit of history. — Немного истории.) соответствует содержанию текста A: «In Victorian Britain any discussions of sex and sexuality were not allowed…»

Заголовок 5 (A great problem. — Большая проблема.) соответствует содержанию текста B: «A lot of Britons still find it difficult to discuss sex.»

Заголовок 7 (Factors of influence. — Факторы влияния.) соответствует содержанию текста C: «… is due firstly to the lack of sex education, secondly, to the lack of general education…»

Заголовок 1 (Choice. — Выбор.) соответствует содержанию текста D: «Some pregnant teenage girls decide to have an abortion.»

Заголовок 6 (Ways out. — Выходы.) соответствует содержанию текста E: «Contraceptive advice and services can also have a positive influence…»

Заголовок 2 (Their own duty. — Их собственный долг.) соответствует содержанию текста F: «They don’t realize that having a baby means a lot of personal responsibility…»

Заголовок 4 (A chance for the baby. — Шанс для ребенка.) соответствует содержанию текста G: «This is done to give the baby’s father, …, a chance…»

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Источник: ОГЭ-2019. 30 тренировочных вариантов. Л. М. Гудкова, О. В. Терентьева

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Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 — лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.

Nevsky Prospect

Nevsky Prospect is the main and most famous street of St. Petersburg. The unique architectural ensemble of Nevsky Prospect was formed during the 18th – early 20th centuries. It starts from the bank of the Neva River, runs through the centre of the city and ends at the Neva River. The whole history of St. Petersburg can be seen in the history of the avenue. Nevsky Prospect is 4.5 km long and 25-60 m wide. The narrowest section is located from the Admiralty to the Moika River, A_______________________.

After the construction of the Admiralty in 1704 and the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in 1710, it was decided to build a road B_______________________ each other and with the Novgorod Path, which was used by Russian merchants. The construction began on both sides at the same time, the roads were laid through the wood, and in 1760s they were connected into one road, C_______________________, but with a turn at the Vosstaniya Square. Nevsky Prospect got its name only in 1783. The road was paved with cobble stones, D_______________________. It was the first street in St. Petersburg with gas lighting. By the early 20th century Nevsky Prospect had become the financial centre of Russia E_______________________ had their offices there.

Nowadays, Nevsky Prospect is the centre of cultural and social life of St. Petersburg. There are museums, theatres, exhibition halls, cinemas, restaurants, cafés, shops F_______________________.

1.  and hotels there or nearby the avenue

2.  showing the original width of the avenue

3.  which was not as straight as it was planned

4.  which were built by famous architects and

5.  connecting these two important structures with

6.  and a few rows of trees were planted along the street

7.  as the 40 largest banks of Russia, Europe and America

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Emo Scene Intro | Emo Music | Emo Fashion & Style | Emo Lifestyle & Culture | Scene Kids

EMO means «emotional»…

Emo is a slang term known to be short for emotional, but that doesn’t make much sense really. If you claim «emo» were to mean «emotional» it then becomes an all encompassing word. It becomes extremely vague and it has no limit as to what it can describe. Emo when wrongfully used to mean «emotional» describes every living thing, every song, every word, every breath, every statement.

EMO is a subculture…

The term emo is used to describe a subculture which has evolved dramatically over time so the emo of yesterday and today will be discussed.

Emo of yesterday…

Emo was created as a shortened term to describe a specific thing, in this case «emotive hardcore» developed out of the D.C. punk scene in the 80s. In its original incarnation, emo was short for emocore, or emotional-hardcore. The name was applied to hardcore punk rock bands who distinguished themselves from their peers by adding an emotional element to their music. Themes of sadness, love and angst were dealt with in their lyrics. The music was also characterised by particularly dramatic vocals which left the audience in an emotionally charged state, crying or screaming. Real Emo was manly and hard. It was fast and thrashy sung in a way that wasn’t pretencious and whiney. This genre is still alive today, although very obscure and unknown to most.

The history of emo is somewhat less ambiguous than its current meaning which is detailed next.

Emo of today…

Emo Guy

The emo culture continued to develop through the 90’s and into the new millennium really kicking off around 2003 and reaching the height of its popularity to date. The word has been adopted by a whole generation of teenage music lovers for whom a melodramatic attitude and style of dress is just as important as musical taste. It’s now seen as one of the more consumer-driven subcultures, and one of the most brand-obsessed.

Initially defined as a genre of music, nowadays the cultural phenomenon that is Emo is much more than that encompassing its own set of fashion, style, behavior, and perspectives on life within the definition. The music is also significantly different to what was once classed as emo. These changes/evolution obviously are the subject of debate and anger «yesterdays true» emos. At the end of the day its just a word that has horned its way into popular usage while shedding many of the qualities that originally defined it.

Punk which can be described as Emo’s predecessor also evolved to encompass a diversified set of lifestyle suggestions above and beyond the kind of music, including certain behaviors, fashion imperatives and identity traits which are indicative of an emerging new culture. Emo still has its roots firmly planted in music with «emotion» is at its core though.

The behaviors, attitudes, and values expressed through the music involve emotionally turbulent themes often associated with adolescence such as despair, nostalgia, heartbreak, hope, and self-loathing. The various and sometimes conflicting social practices associated with Emo subculture contain valuable insights into what it means to be an adolescent today. For many youth, Emo subculture facilitates identity formation, social interactions and emotional involvement. It is a place where many adolescents share their experiences about the world and express their feelings about life through music.

Emo Music [read more]

By the millennium arguably «emo» bands were garnering regular rotation on MTV, Kerrang, etc and radio stations nationwide. These days, emo (inc. screamo, etc) music has been popularised and sent into the mainstream through bands like Dashboard Confessional, Taking Back Sunday, Fall Out Boy, MCR, Aiden, Atreyu, Hawthorne Heights, Silverstein, Funeral For A Friend, etc…(see emo bands)

Bless The Fall & Panic At The Disco

Emo Fashion [read more]

Probably nothing characterises the Emo look more than the Emo hairstyle — long fringe (bangs) brushed to one side of the face or over one or both eyes, dyed black (or other colors), straightened and layered… Spikes are occasionally accentuated at certain angles of the hair.

Emo clothing is characteristed by skinny jeans (usually black), tight band or vintage looking t-shirts or zip- hoodies, studded belts, converse or skate shoes, black nail polish and eye liner on both genders. Black thick-rimmed glasses are another popular feature.

Today’s emo fashion derives its influence from the gothic subculture as well as from punk.

Emo Lifestyle [read more]

When referring to a person’s personality and attitude, most definitions of emo include a number of the following terms: shy, quiet, mysterious, introvert, angst ridden and sensitive often identified by his/her music and fashion. (generalising here). Artist talent is known to be associated with the emo culture along with a degree of sophistication and depth. Emos can feel they are misunderstood by society.

Emo’s like to go to gigs, write poetry (of the romantic and morbid kind), gather on online communities such as soEmo.co.uk, Myspace, etc. They are like any normal person really!

Self-harm is wrongly associated with the emo culture and the media has played a large part in this describing the emo scene as dangerous for example!

Confusion and Criticism

The term’s definition is still the subject of debate, with some question as to whether it can even be defined. There is no one definition of emo, nowadays it is seemed to describe anything that’s a little bit different from the social ‘norms’ if you will.

Many other music-centered cultural movements are difficult to define. Meanings evolve, replicate, and recombine so that Emo, which started as a somewhat «agreed-upon» collective subculture, has become a highly contested set of meanings and collective practices. «Emo» will just get harder and harder to define as time goes on…You can get into a hundred pointless debates about the definition and origin of emo.

In the years since emo music’s rise in popularity, it has attracted criticism, often severe.

Society sometimes considers emos as failures; they are not strong enough to hide their emotions, they’re sensitive, shy, introverted, and often quiet. The outward expression of feelings makes them a target for ridicule. Usually, Emo kids like to express their feelings writing poems about their problems with depression, confusion, and anger; all because the world fails to understand them.

Emo has been characterised as a fad that will be discarded and forgotten in the near future. Critics cast the emo music as lacking any artistic merit and/or musical skill, the emo fashion as embarrassing and the emo people as imagining or pretending that they lead harsh, painful lives when they actually live in comfortable, middle- to upper-class homes.

The ones who are emo not because they feel it, but because they like to be trendy are named ‘posers’. Apparently a big percent of the current emo subculture is formed by posers.

The emo subculture is accused that it is celebrating self-harm. I think you’ll agree this is pretty stupid though! A lot of the pathethic anti-emo quotes shown below link emo to self harm:

«It’s like the Emo culture has taken Punk and sprayed it with girly deoderant.»
«I’m so Emo, even surgeons are impressed with my skills with a blade.»
«I’m so emo, its a lucky day if I get a papercut.»
«I’m so emo, i’m changing my name to Gillette.»
«I wish my lawn were emo…then it would cut itself.»
«I’m so emo, i attempted to drown myself… in my own tears.»
«Im so emo, id cut my wrists and hope to die with tears of blood running from my eye.»

MCR (My Chemical Romance) / Emo Fans even staged a protest against The Daily Mail’s false «suicide cult» claims in London, UK

Future

The themes underpinning the Emo revolution will never go away. They will always be prominant feature of mainstream youth culture. Emo, as a catch-all phrase, will eventually phase out and be replaced by a new word-of-the-day befitting the emotional character of the times.

The term «scene» has become popular since the emo subculture kicked off. Scene kids or scenesters I believe are more about the style and looking like an emo without the personality of it all. In other words, scene kids are the ones that dress emo, but only because it’s a trend or you could say Scene is Emo without the emotion. The term is subject to a significant debate like emo though.

Emo Videos

www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GRig1UUyFA — hot emo boys
www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCIXfmmqk-A — Sweet Emo Boys !!!
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljuUBs70VKk — Emo Girls Dear Whoever — Security Without Doubt
www.youtube.com/watch?v=LoBqoHWSugs — Emo/Scene Girls
www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aAHgp3DJDQ — How to be emo
www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQjEd0xYD3A — My Chemical Romance Protest against the Daily Mail
www.youtube.com/watch?v=92Th-FA1ezI — Legoshire Hot Pots — He’s Turned Emo
www.youtube.com/watch?v=JrFUr8e-vjs — I spent a day with *EMOs* 2019

Emo Quizzes

www.gotoquiz.com/the_how_emo_are_you_quiz
www.quizrocket.com/emo-quiz
www.quibblo.com/quiz/_KHFcq/Are-You-Emo-A-true-emo-test-Im-tired-of-all-those-Your-emo-got-slit-your-wrist-and-die-quizzes-Im-not-like-that
www.playbuzz.com/emmawr11/are-you-emo-or-something-else
www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=are-you-true-emo_1
www.buzzfeed.com/jasminnahar/what-percentage-emo-were-you

Emo Books

Everybody Hurts: An Essential Guide to Emo Culture
Nothing Feels Good: Punk Rock, Teenagers, and Emo
Emo Boy Volume 1: Nobody Cares About Anything Anyway, So Why Don’t We All Just Die?

References

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo_(slang)
www.wikihow.com/Be-Emo
www.fourfa.com/
www.punk.org.au/emo-music
popular.ebay.co.uk/clothes-shoes-accessories/emo.htm
www.luv-emo.com
www.squidoo.com/More_Emo
wber.monroe.edu/EmoECYC.pdf
www.spacefem.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=24289
www.gurl.com/findout/label/pages/0,,673303,00.html
www.mygothicheart.com/thread_310
Emo clothing and culture

Last revision 16.11.2021

Источник

History

The term emo is short for emocore which is short for emotional hardcore. Emotional Hardcore is a type of music that is loud with harsh vocals which can very in structure and flourishing patterns. people describe the term «emo» as a way of getting in touch with their emotional side. Emos are often mistaken as gothics because of their common clothing style. The subculture came about through the music and their fashion that later became a trend. The subculture started off as a movement in D.C.

Values and Beliefs

Emo subculture values expressing their emotions through fashion or music. They also value acceptance, since most of them feel indifferent and unwanted by others . Emos believe after death they will be regenerated and go to a better world. They also worship death, pain, and heartache.

Symbols

Emos wear black or dark colors as a base color. This shows feelings like sulking, fear, mysteriousness, and confidence.
The dark make-up they wear around their(boys&girls) eyes with long hair covering a side of their face, shows them trying to avoid unnecessary attention.
Wear tight clothes to show their sensitivity and fragility
The thick, black framed and horn rimmed glasses show their intellectual side and their love of reading.
They wear other colors like pink, purple, red, blue, green, etc. to show other feelings such as: happy, sad, irritated, etc..

Language

The «emo» subculture do not have a specific language of their own. They talk just as any other person talks. Emos’ do express their feelings more than a person normally will and they enjoy writing poetry, songs and even just simple quotes like the one to the right.

Effect on Mainstream Society

Emo subculture has become more popular amongst mainstream society especially because people seem to like the things they do and believe in. Some people view emos as bad influences that should not be followed. But others value them for being different.

Links to Articles

www.huffingtonpost.com/mobileweb/2012/03/11/iraq-emo-killings-gay_n_1337427.html
www.mibba.com/Articles/people/2309/The-emo-Stereotype-Right-or-wrong/

Источник

Подробности: 24956


Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски в предложениях под номерами В11-В16 соответствующими формами слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами справа от каждого предложения. TEST 03 (part 2)

History of fashion

B11	Different events in history influence how people dressed during those times. For example, during World War II people used the minimum amount of clothing materials to make simple outfits. They were practical enough for wartime duties.	Practice
B12	The profession of designer was not popular at the time.	Design
B13	Sometimes social and political changes affect how people dress. For instance, in the 1980s the idea was that you could become as successful as you believed yourself to be. Therefore, many people «dressed for success». Many men and women wore suits that would help them move up the career ladder.	Success
B14	Present-day fashion for men is still conservative. Usually a dark-colored suit is worn with a white shirt and a tie.	Conserve
B15	Some fashions are classic, meaning that they never go out of style. However, other clothing items are fashionable for a short season only.	Fashion
B16	Sometimes the popularity of a particular outfit depends upon one person — a film star or a pop-singer.	Popular

Источник

Task 1 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A–F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7. Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

Fire Crews Hunt Escaped Hamster

Eight firefighters have been called in to help find an escaped hamster. Two crews used a chocolate-covered camera and a vacuum cleaner A ____ , called Fudgie, at the home of a six-year-old girl in Dunbar, Scotland.

The girl’s mother said: ‘We came down for breakfast and discovered Fudgie had opened the top lid of her cage and had made her way into the kitchen and we think she has gone В ____ .’

The fire crews spent five hours trying to recover the pet after it ran down a hole in the kitchen floor. But, the hamster still refused С ____ .

In the search for Fudgie, the firefighters took the family cooker and gas pipes apart. They also dropped a mini-camera coated with chocolate under the floorboards. They then hoped to take out the hamster using a vacuum cleaner. Despite all their efforts, they failed to find Fudgie.

In the end, the firefighters put another camera down the hole D ____ , connected to the screen of the family home computer, to see if Fudgie appeared. Besides, the girl and her parents regularly dropped food E ____ .

At last, after eight days the hamster returned to her cage safe and sound. She crawled from the hole in the kitchen floor early in the morning. It was the girl’s father who first found Fudgie F ____ .

The girl said that day it was like Christmas morning for her. Her parents added that they too felt extremely happy when Fudgie had finally returned.

through a small hole in the floor
through the hole for the hamster
and locked the runaway hamster
to come out of the hole
to look after the pet
to try and locate the missing hamster
and left it under the floorboards

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	4	7	2	3

Task 2

Speed of eating is ‘key to obesity’

If you eat very quickly, it may be enough to increase your risk of being overweight, research suggests.

Osaka University scientists looked at the eating habits of 3,000 people. Just about half of them told researchers that they A ______ . Compared with those who did not eat quickly, fast-eating men were 84% more likely to be overweight, and women were 100% more likely to В ______ .

Japanese scientists said that there were a number of reasons why eating fast С ______ . They said it could prevent the work of a signalling system which tells your brain to stop eating because your stomach is full. They said: ‘If you eat quickly you basically fill your stomach before the system has a chance to react, so you D _____ .

The researchers also explained that a mechanism that helps make us fat today, developed with evolution and helped people get more food in the periods when they were short of it. The scientists added that the habit of eating fast could be received from one’s parents genes or E ______ .

They said that, if possible, children should be taught to F ______ , and allowed to stop when they felt full up at mealtimes. ‘The advice of our grandmothers about chewing everything 20 times might be true — if you take a bit more time eating, it could have a positive influence on your weight.

just overfill your stomach
could be bad for your weight
have a habit of eating quickly
linked to obesity
eat as slowly as possible
put on weight
learned at a very early age

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	1	7	5

Task 3

Hi-Tech Brings Families Together

Technology is helping families stay in touch like never before, says a report carried out in the US.

Instead of driving people apart, mobile phones and the Internet are A ____ . The research looked at the differences in technology use between families with children and single adults. It found that traditional families have more hi-tech gadgets in their home В ____ . Several mobile phones were found in 89% of families and 66% had a high-speed Internet connection. The research also found that 58% of families have more С ____ .

Many people use their mobile phone to keep in touch and communicate with parents and children. Seventy percent of couples, D ____ , use it every day to chat or say hello. In addition, it was found that 42% of parents contact their children via their mobile every day.

The growing use of mobile phones, computers and the Internet means that families no longer gather round the TV to spend time together. 25% of those who took part in the report said they now spend less time E ____ . Only 58% of 18—29 year olds said they watched TV every day. Instead the research found that 52% of Internet users who live with their families go online F ____ several times a week and 51% of parents browse the web with their children.

Some analysts have worried that new technologies hurt families, but we see that technology allows for new kinds of connectedness built around cell phones and the Internet/ said the report.

than any other group
watching television
in the company of someone else
than two computers in the home
communicated with their families
helping them communicate
owning a mobile

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	4	7	2	3

Task 4

The Power of ‘Hello’

I work at a company where there are hundreds of employees. I know most of them and almost all of them know me. It is all based on one simple principle: I believe every single person deserves to be acknowledged, A ______ .

When I was about 10 years old, I was walking down the street with my mother. She stopped to speak to Mr. Lee. I knew I could see Mr. Lee any time around the neighborhood, В ______ .

After we passed Mr. Lee, my mother said something that has stuck with me from that day until now. She said, ‘You let that be the last time you ever walk by somebody and not open up your mouth to speak, because even a dog can wag its tail С______ . That phrase sounds simple, but it has been a guidepost for me and the foundation of who I am. I started to see that when I spoke to someone, they spoke back. And that felt good. It is not just something I believe in — D ______ . I believe that every person deserves to feel someone acknowledges their presence, no matter how unimportant they may be.

At work, I always used to say ‘hello’ to the founder of the company and ask him how our business was doing. But I was also speaking to the people in the cafe, and asked how their children were doing. I remembered after a few years of passing by the founder, I had the courage to ask him for a meeting. We had a great talk.

At a certain point, I asked him E ______ . He said, ‘If you want to, you can get all the way to this seat.’ I have become vice president, but that has not changed the way I approach people. I speak to everyone I see, no matter where I am. I have learned that speaking to people creates a pathway into their world, F ______ .

it has become a way of life.
when it passes you on the street.
when you see him and talk to him.
and it lets them come into mine, too.
so I did not pay any attention to him.
however small or simple the greeting is.
how far he thought I could go in his company.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	2	1	7	4

Task 5

Friendship and Love

A strong friendship takes a significant amount of time to develop. It will not just magically mature overnight. A friendship involves committing oneself to help another person A ______ . I believe that, nothing can replace a true friend, not material objects, or money, and definitely not a boy.

I met this guy a couple summers ago who I ended up spending almost all of my free time with. His parents did not approve of our dating because of our age difference, В ______ . He had told me the day we met that he had joined the air force and would leave for overseas that coming October. After three months had past, the time came when he had to leave. This left me feeling completely alone.

I turned to my friends for support, but to my surprise, С ______ . I had spent so much time with this guy and so little time with them, that they did not feel sorry for me when he left. For so long they had become the only constant in my life, and I had taken them for granted over something D ______ .

When my boyfriend came back, our relationship changed. I tried to fix all the aspects in my life that had gone so wrong in the previous six months.

This experience taught me that true friendships will only survive if one puts forth effort to make them last. Keeping friends close will guarantee that E ______ . When a relationship falls apart, a friend will always do everything in their power to make everything less painful. As for me, I try to keep my friends as close as I can. I know they will always support me in whatever I do, and to them, I F ______ .

but we did anyway.
whenever a need arises.
they did not really care.
whenever they need your help.
could not guarantee would even last.
am eternally grateful for a second chance.
someone will always have a shoulder to cry on.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	1	3	5	7	6

Task 6

Mobile phones

On New Year’s Day, 1985, Michael Harrison phoned his father, Sir Ernest, to wish him a happy new year. Sir Ernest was chairman of Racal Electronics, the owner of Vodafone, A ______ .

At the time, mobile phones weighed almost a kilogram, cost several thousand pounds and provided only 20 minutes talktime. The networks themselves were small; Vodafone had just a dozen masts covering London. Nobody had any idea of the huge potential of wireless communication and the dramatic impact В ______ .

Hardly anyone believed there would come a day when mobile phones were so popular С ______ .But in 1999 one mobile phone was sold in the UK every four seconds, and by 2004 there were more mobile phones in the UK than people. The boom was a result of increased competition which pushed prices lower and created innovations in the way that mobiles were sold.

When the government introduced more competition, companies started cutting prices to attract more customers. Cellnet, for example, changed its prices, D ______ . It also introduced local call tariffs.

The way that handsets themselves were marketed was also changing and it was Finland’s Nokia who made E ______ . In the late 1990s Nokia realized that the mobile phone was a fashion item: so it offered interchangeable covers which allowed you to customize and personalize your handset.

The mobile phone industry has spent the later part of the past decade reducing its monthly charge F ______ , which has culminated in the fight between the iPhone and a succession of touch screen rivals.

trying to persuade people to do more with their phones than just call and text
that there would be more phones in the UK than there are people
and relying instead on actual call charges
that mobile phones would have over the next quarter century
the leap from phones as technology to phones as fashion items
and his son was making the first-ever mobile phone call in the UK
the move to digital technology, connecting machines to wireless networks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	2	1	5	3

Task 7

London Zoo

London Zoo is one of the most important zoos in the world. There are over 12,000 animals at London Zoo and A ______ ! Its main concern is to breed threatened animals in captivity. This means we might be able to restock the wild, should disaster ever befall the wild population.

Partula Snail, Red Crowned Crane, Arabian Oryx, Golden Lion Tamarin, Persian Leopard, Asiatic Lion and Sumatran Tiger are just some of the species London Zoo is helping to save.

That is why it is so important that we fight to preserve the habitats that these animals live in, as well as eliminate other dangers В ______ . But we aim to make your day at London Zoo a fun and memorable time, С ______ .

In the Ambika Paul Children’s Zoo, for instance, youngsters can learn a new love and appreciation for animals D ______ . They can also learn how to care for favourite pets in the Pet Care Centre.

Then there are numerous special Highlight events E ______ unforgettable pony rides to feeding times and spectacular animal displays. You will get to meet keepers and ask them what you are interested in about the animals they care for, F ______ .

Whatever you decide, you will have a great day. We have left no stone unturned to make sure you do!

such as hunting exotic animals and selling furs
as well as the ins and outs of being a keeper at London Zoo
which take place every day, from
because they see and touch them close up
despite the serious side to our work
which demand much time and effort
that is not counting every ant in the colony

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	1	5	4	3	2

Task 8

‘Second Stonehenge’ discovered near original

Archaeologists have discovered evidence of what they believe was a second Stonehenge located a little more than a mile away from the world-famous prehistoric monument.

The new find on the west bank of the river Avon has been called «Bluestonehenge», after the colour of the 25 Welsh stones of A______.

Excavations at the site have suggested there was once a stone circle 10 metres in diameter and surrounded by a henge — a ditch with an external bank, according to the project director, Professor Mike Parker Pearson, of the University of Sheffield.

The stones at the site were removed thousands of years ago but the sizes of the holes in B ______ indicate that this was a circle of bluestones, brought from the Preseli mountains of Wales, 150 miles away.

The standing stones marked the end of the avenue C _____, a 1¾-mile long processional route constructed at the end of the Stone Age. The outer henge around the stones was built about 2400BC but arrowheads found in the stone circle indicate the stones were put up as much as 500 years earlier.

Parker Pearson said his team was waiting for results of radiocarbon dating D _____ whether stones currently in the inner circle of Stonehenge were originally located at the other riverside construction.

Pearson said: «The big, big question is when these stones were erected and when they were removed — and when we get the dating evidence we can answer both those questions.»

He added: «We speculated in the past E ______ at the end of the avenue near the river. But we were completely unprepared to discover that there was an entire stone circle. Another team member, Professor Julian Thomas, said the discovery indicated F______was central to the religious lives of the people who built Stonehenge. «Old theories about Stonehenge that do not explain the evident significance of the river will have to be rethought,» he said. Dr Josh Pollard, project co-director from the University of Bristol, described the discovery as «incredible».

which could reveal
which they stood
which it was once made up
that this stretch of the river Avon
that there might have been something
that it should be considered as integral part
that leads from the river Avon to Stonehenge

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	2	7	1	5	4

Task 9

Australia

Australia was the last great landmass to be discovered by the Europeans. The continent they eventually discovered had already been inhabited for tens of thousands of years.

Australia is an island continent A _____ is the result of gradual changes wrought over millions of years.

B ____, Australia is one of the most stable land masses, and for about 100 million years has been free of the forces that have given rise to huge mountain ranges elsewhere.

From the east coast a narrow, fertile strip merges into the greatly eroded Great Dividing Range, C ____.

The mountains are merely reminders of the mighty range, D ____. Only in the section straddling the New South Wales border with Victoria and in Tasmania, are they high enough to have winter snow.

West of the range of the country becomes increasingly flat and dry. The endless flatness is broken only by salt lakes, occasional mysterious protuberances and some mountains E ____. In places the scant vegetation is sufficient to allow some grazing. However, much of the Australian outback is a barren land of harsh stone deserts and dry lakes.

The extreme north of Australia, the Top End, is a tropical area within the monsoon belt. F ____, it comes in more or less one short, sharp burst. This has prevented the Top End from becoming seriously productive area.

that once stood here
that is almost continent long
whose property is situated to the north of Tasmania
whose landscape — much of bleak and inhospitable
whose beauty reminds of the MacDonald Ranges
Although its annual rainfall looks adequate on paper
Although there is still seismic activity in the eastern highland area

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	2	1	5	6

Task 10

Scotland Yard

Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London. To most people, its name immediately brings to mind the picture of a detective — cool, efficient, ready to track down any criminal, or a helmeted police constable — A____ and trusty helper of every traveller from overseas.

Scotland Yard is situated on the Thames Embankment close to the Houses of Parliament and the familiar clock tower of Big Ben, and its jurisdiction extends over 740 square miles with the exception of the ancient City of London, B____.

One of the most successful developments in Scotland Yard’s crime detection and emergency service has been the “999 system”. On receipt of a call the 999 Room operator ascertains by electronic device the position of the nearest available police car, C ____. Almost instantly a message is also sent by teleprinter to the police station concerned so that within seconds of a call for assistance being received, a police car is on its way to the scene. An old-established section of the Metropolitan police is the Mounted Branch, with its strength of about 200 horses stabled at strategic points. These horses are particularly suited to ceremonial occasions, D ____.

An interesting branch of Scotland Yard is the branch of Police Dogs, first used as an experiment in 1939. Now these dogs are an important part of the Force. One dog, for example, can search a warehouse in ten minutes, E ____.

There is also the River Police, or Thames Division, which deals with all crimes occurring within its river boundaries.

There are two other departments of Scotland Yard – the Witness Room (known as the Rogues’ Gallery) where a photographic record of known and suspected criminals is kept, and the Museum, F ____.

which is contacted by radio
that familiar figure of the London scene
for they are accustomed to military bands
which possesses its own separate police force
which contains murder relics and forgery exhibits
that this policeman will bring the criminal to justice
whereas the same search would take six men an hour

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	4	1	3	7	5

Task 11

Harry Potter course for university students

Students of Durham University are being given the chance to sign up to what is thought to be the UK’s first course focusing on the world of Harry Potter. Although every English-speaking person in the world knows about Harry Potter books and films, few have thought of using them as a guide to … modern life.

The Durham University module uses the works of JK Rowling A ______ modern society. “Harry Potter and the Age of Illusion” will be available for study next year. So far about 80 undergraduates have signed В ______ a BA degree in Education Studies. Future educationalists will analyse JK Rowling’s fanfiction from various points of view.

A university spokesman said: “This module places the Harry Potter novels in a wider social and cultural context.” He added that a number of themes would be explored, С ______ the classroom, bullying, friendship and solidarity and the ideals of and good citizenship.

The module was created by the head of the Department of Education at Durham University. He said the idea for the new module had appeared in response D ______ body: “It seeks to place the series in its wider social and cultural context and will explore some fundamental issues E ______ . You just need to read the academic writing which started F ______ that Harry Potter is worthy of serious study.”

up for the optional module, part of
to emerge four or five years ago to see
to examine prejudice, citizenship and bullying in
such as the response of the writer
including the world of rituals, prejudice and intolerance in
to growing demand from the student
such as the moral universe of the school

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	1	5	6	7	2

Task 12

Laughing and evolution

The first hoots of laughter from an ancient ancestor of humans could be heard at least 10 million years ago, according to the results of a new study. Researchers used recordings of apes and babies being tickled A ______ to the last common ancestor that humans shared with the modern great apes, which include chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The finding challenges the opinion В ______ , suggesting instead that it emerged long before humans split from the evolutionary path that led to our primate cousins, between 10m and 16m years ago.

“In humans, laughing can be the strongest way of expressing how much we are enjoying ourselves, but it can also be used in other contexts, like making fun of someone,” said Marina Davila Ross, a psychologist at Portsmouth University. “I was interested in С ______ .”

Davila Ross travelled to seven zoos around Europe and visited a wildlife reserve in Sabah, Borneo, to record baby and juvenile apes D ______ . Great apes are known to make noises that are similar to laughter when they are excited and while they are playing with each other.

Davila Ross collected recordings of laughter from 21 chimps, gorillas, orangutans and bonobos and added recordings of three babies that were tickled to make them laugh.

To analyze the recordings, the team put them into a computer program. “Our evolutionary tree based on these acoustic recordings alone showed E ______ , but furthest from orangutans, with gorillas somewhere in the middle.” said Davila Ross. “What this shows is strong evidence to suggest F ______ .”

whether laughing emerged earlier on than humans did
to create the evolutionary tree linking humans and apes
that laughter is a uniquely human trait
that humans were closest to chimps and bonobos
that laughing comes from a common primate ancestor
while their caretakers tickled them
to trace the origin of laughter back

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	3	1	6	4	5

Task 13

Nenets culture affected by global warming

For 1,000 years the indigenous Nenets people have migrated along the 450-mile- long Yamal peninsula in northern Russia. In summer they wander northwards, taking their reindeer with them. In winter they return southwards.

But this remote region of north-west Siberia is now being affected by global warming. Traditionally the Nenets travel across the frozen River Ob in November A ___ around Nadym. These days, though, this annual winter migration is delayed. Last year the Nenets, together with many thousands of reindeer, had to wait until late December В ____ .

“Our reindeer were hungry. There wasn’t enough food,” Jakov Japtik, a Nenets reindeer herder, said. “The snow is melting sooner, quicker and faster than before. In spring it’s difficult for the reindeer to pull the sledges. They get tired,” Japtik said.

Herders say that the peninsula’s weather is increasingly unpredictable — with unseasonal snowstorms С ___, and milder longer autumns. In winter, temperatures used to go down to -50°C. Now they are normally around -30°C, according to Japtik. “Obviously we prefer -30°C. But the changes aren’t good for the reindeer D ___,” he said, setting off on his sledge to round up his reindeer herd.

Even here, in one of the most remote parts of the planet, E __ . Last year the Nenets arrived at a regular summer camping spot and discovered that half of their lake had disappeared. The water had drained away after a landslide. The Nenets report other curious changes — there are fewer mosquitoes and a strange increase in flies. Scientists say there is unmistakable evidence F ___ .

when the ice was finally thick enough to cross
that the impact on Russia would be disastrous
the environment is under pressure
and in the end what is good for the reindeer is good for us
and set up their camps in the southern forests
that Yamal’s ancient permafrost is melting
when the reindeer give birth in May

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	1	7	4	3	6

Task 14

Duration of life and its social implications

The world’s population is about to reach a landmark of huge social and economic importance, when the proportion of the global population over 65 outnumbers children under 5 for the first time. A new report by the US census bureau shows A____ , with enormous consequences for both rich and poor nations.

The rate of growth will shoot up in the next couple of years. The В ___ a combination of the high birth rates after the Second World War and more recent improvements in health that are bringing down death rates at older ages. Separate UN forecasts predict that the global population will be more than nine billion by 2050.

The US census bureau was the first to sound the С ___ . Its latest forecasts warn governments and international bodies that this change in population structure will bring widespread challenges at every level of human organization, starting with the structure of the family, which will be transformed as people live longer. This will in turn place new burdens on careers and social services providers, D ___ for health services and pensions systems.

“People are living longer and, in some parts of the world, healthier lives,” the authors conclude. “This represents one of the greatest achievements of the last century but also a significant challenge E ___ population.”

Ageing will put pressure on societies at all levels. One way of measuring that is to look at the older dependency ratio, F ___ that must be supported by them. The ODR is the number of people aged 65 and over for every 100 people aged 20 to 64. It varies widely, from just six in Kenya to 33 in Italy and Japan. The UK has an ODR of 26, and the US has 21.

which recently replaced Italy as the world’s oldest major country
alarm about these changes
a huge shift towards an ageing population
change is due to
while patterns of work and retirement will have huge implications
which shows the balance between working-age people and the older
as proportions of older people increase in most countries

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	2	5	7	6

Task 15

Elephants sense ‘danger’ clothes

St Andrews University researchers discovered that elephants could recognise the degree of danger posed by various groups of individuals. The study found that African elephants always reacted with fear A ______ previously worn by men of the Maasai tribe. They are known to demonstrate their courage by В ______ .

The elephants also responded aggressively to red clothing, which defines traditional Maasai dress.

However, the elephants showed a much milder reaction to clothing previously worn by the Kamba people, С ______ and pose little threat.

The researchers first presented elephants with clean, red clothing and with red clothing that had been worn for five days by D ______ .

They revealed that Maasai-smelt clothing motivated elephants to travel significantly faster in the first minute after they moved away.

They then investigated whether elephants could also use the colour of clothing as a cue to classify a potential threat and found the elephants reacted with aggression E ______ . This suggested that they associated the colour red with the Maasai.

The researchers believe the distinction in the elephants’ emotional reaction to smell and colour might be explained by F ______ . They might be able to distinguish among different human groups according to the level of risk they posed.

«We regard this experiment as just a start to investigating precisely how elephants ‘see the world’, and it may be that their abilities will turn out to equal or exceed those of our closer relatives, the monkeys and apes,» researchers added.

either a Maasai or a Kamba man
who do not hunt elephants
when they detected the smell of clothes
who carried out the research
the amount of risk they sense
spearing elephants
when they spotted red but not white cloth

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	1	7	5

Task 16

Culture and customs

In less than twenty years, the mobile telephone has gone from being rare, expensive equipment of the business elite to a pervasive, low-cost personal item. In many countries, mobile telephones A ___ ; in the U.S., 50 per cent of children have mobile telephones. In many young adults’ households it has supplanted the land-line telephone. The mobile phone is В ___ , such as North Korea.

Paul Levinson in his 2004 book Cellphone argues that by looking back through history we can find many precursors to the idea of people simultaneously walking and talking on a mobile phone. Mobile phones are the next extension in portable media, that now can be С ___ into one device. Levinson highlights that as the only mammal to use only two out of our four limbs to walk, we are left two hands free D ___ — like talking on a mobile phone.

Levinson writes that “Intelligence and inventiveness, applied to our need to communicate regardless of where we may be, led logically and eventually to telephones that we E ___ .”

Given the high levels of societal mobile telephone service penetration, it is a key means for people F ___ . The SMS feature spawned the «texting» sub-culture. In December 1993, the first person-to-person SMS text message was transmitted in Finland. Currently, texting is the most widely-used data service; 1.8 billion users generated $80 billion of revenue in 2006.

to perform other actions
outnumber traditional telephones
to communicate with each other
combined with the Internet
to serve basic needs
banned in some countries
carry in our pockets

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	4	1	7	5

Task 17

My Stage

My family moved to Rockaway, New Jersey in the summer of 1978. It was there that my dreams of stardom began.

I was nine years old. Heather Lambrix lived next door, and she and I became best friends. I thought she was so lucky A ___ . She took tap and jazz and got to wear cool costumes with bright sequences and makeup and perform on stage. I went to all of her recitals and В ___ .

My living room and sometimes the garage were my stage. I belonged to a cast of four, which consisted of Heather, my two younger sisters, Lisa and Faith, and I. Since I was the oldest and the bossiest, I was the director. Heather came with her own costumes С ___ . We choreographed most of our dance numbers as we went along. Poor Faith … we would throw her around D ___ . She was only about four or five … and so agile. We danced around in our bathing suits to audiocassettes and records from all the Broadway musicals. We’d put a small piece of plywood on the living room carpet, E ___ . And I would imitate her in my sneakers on the linoleum in the hall. I was a dancer in the making.

My dad eventually converted a part of our basement into a small theater. He hung two “spotlights” and a sheet for a curtain. We performed dance numbers to tunes like “One” and “The Music and the Mirror” from A Chorus Line. I sang all the songs from Annie. I loved to sing, F ___. I just loved to sing. So I belted out songs like “Tomorrow”, “Maybe” and “What I Did For Love.” I knew then, this is what I wanted to do with my life.

like she was a rag doll
whether I was good at it or not
wished I, too, could be on stage
and I designed the rest
and I was star struck
so Heather could do her tap routine
because she got to go to dance lessons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	3	4	1	6	2

Task 18

Cat’s punctuality

Sergeant Podge, a Norwegian Forest Cat, disappears from his owner’s home in a small town in Kent, every night. But what baffles his owner, Liz Bullard, mostly is the fact that the next morning, the 12-year-old cat always pops up in exactly the same place, A ___ . And every morning Ms. Bullard takes her son to school before collecting Sergeant Podge.

She said that the routine had set in earlier this year, when Sergeant Podge disappeared one day. Ms. Bullard spent hours telephoning her neighbours В ___ .

An elderly woman living about one and a half miles away called back to inform Ms. Bullard that she had found a cat matching Sergeant Podge’s description. Ms. Bullard picked him up but within days he vanished from sight again. She rang the elderly woman С ___ .

She said a routine has now become established, where each morning she takes her son to school before driving to collect Sergeant Podge D ___ .

It is thought Sergeant Podge walks across a golf course every night to reach his destination.

Ms. Bullard said: “If it’s raining he may be in the bush but he comes running if I clap my hands.” All she has to do is open the car passenger door from the inside for Sergeant Podge to jump in.

Ms. Bullard also makes the trip at weekends and during school holidays — E ___ .

She does not know why, after 12 years, Sergeant Podge has begun the routine but explained that another woman who lived nearby used to feed him sardines, and that he may be F ___ .

His owner doesn’t mind his wandering off at night as long as she knows where to collect him.

on the look-out for more treats
from the pavement between 0800 and 0815 GMT
to discover Sergeant Podge was back outside her home
on a pavement about one and a half miles (2.4km) away
to identify if anyone had bumped into him
when her son is having a lie-in
collected by car every morning

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	5	3	2	6	1

Task 19

Do you speak English?

When I arrived in England I thought I knew English. After I’d been here an hour I realized that I did not understand one word. In the first week I picked up a tolerable working knowledge of the language and the next seven years convinced me gradually but thoroughly that I A ______ , let alone perfectly. This is sad. My only consolation being that nobody speaks English perfectly.

Remember that those five hundred words an average Englishman uses are B ______ . You may learn another five hundred and another five thousand and yet another fifty thousand and still you may come across a further fifty thousand C ______ .

If you live here long enough you will find out to your greatest amazement that the adjective nice is not the only adjective the language possesses, in spite of the fact that D ______ . You can say that the weather is nice, a restaurant is nice, Mr. Soandso is nice, Mrs. Soandso’s clothes are nice, you had a nice time, E ______ .

Then you have to decide on your accent. The easiest way to give the impression of having a good accent or no foreign accent at all is to hold an unlit pipe in your mouth, to mutter between your teeth and finish all your sentences with the question: “isn’t it?” People will not understand much, but they are accustomed to that and they will get a F ______ .

whatever it costs
most excellent impression
you have never heard of before, and nobody else either
in the first three years you do not need to learn or use any other adjectives
would never know it really well
far from being the whole vocabulary of the language
and all this

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	6	3	4	7	2

Task 20

Before the Hubble Space Telescope was launched, scientists thought they knew the universe. They were wrong.

The Hubble Space Telescope has changed many scientists’ view of the universe. The telescope is named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, A ______ .

He established that many galaxies exist and developed the first system for their classifications.

In many ways, Hubble is like any other telescope. It simply gathers light. It is roughly the size of a large school bus. What makes Hubble special is not what it is, B ______ .

Hubble was launched in 1990 from the “Discovery” space shuttle and it is about 350 miles above our planet, C ______ .

It is far from the glare of city lights, it doesn’t have to look through the air, D ______ .

And what a view it is! Hubble is so powerful it could spot a fly on the moon. Yet in an average orbit, it uses the same amount of energy as 28100-watt light bulbs. Hubble pictures require no film. The telescope takes digital images E ______ .

Hubble has snapped photos of storms on Saturn and exploding stars. Hubble doesn’t just focus on our solar system. It also peers into our galaxy and beyond. Many Hubble photos show the stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy. A galaxy is a city of stars.

Hubble cannot take pictures of the sun or other very bright objects, because doing so could “fry” the telescope’s instruments, but it can detect infrared and ultra violet light F ______ .

Some of the sights of our solar system that Hubble has glimpsed may even change the number of planets in it.

which is above Earth’s atmosphere.
which are transmitted to scientists on Earth.
which is invisible to the human eye.
who calculated the speed at which galaxies move.
so it has a clear view of space.
because many stars are in clouds of gas.
but where it is.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	1	5	2	3

Task 21

The science of sound, or acoustics, as it is often called, has been made over radically within a comparatively short space of time. Not so long ago the lectures on sound in colleges and high schools dealt chiefly with the vibrations of such things as the air columns in organ pipes. Nowadays, however, thanks chiefly to a number of electronic instruments engineers can study sounds as effectively A ____ . The result has been a new approach to research in sound. Scientists have been able to make far-reaching discoveries in many fields of acoustics B _____ .

Foremost among the instruments that have revolutionized the study of acoustics are electronic sound-level meters also known as sound meters and sound-intensity meters. These are effective devices that first convert sound waves into weak electric signals, then amplify the signals through electronic means C ______ . The intensity of a sound is measured in units called decibels. “Zero” sound is the faintest sound D ______ . The decibel measures the ratio of the intensity of a given sound to the standard “zero” sound. The decibel scale ranges from 0 to 130. An intensity of 130 decibels is perceived not only as a sound, but also E ______ . The normal range of painlessly audible sounds for the average human ear is about 120 decibels. For forms of life other than ourselves, the range can be quite different.

The ordinary sound meter measures the intensity of a given sound, rather than its actual loudness. Under most conditions, however, it is a quite good indicator of loudness. Probably the loudest known noise ever heard by human ears was that of the explosive eruption in August, 1883, of the volcano of Krakatoa in the East Indies. No electronic sound meters, of course, were in existence then, but physicists estimate that the sound at its source must have had an intensity of 190 decibels, F ______ .

and finally measure them.
since it was heard 3,000 miles away.
and they have been able to put many of these discoveries to practical use.
that loud sound is of high intensity.
as they study mechanical forces.
as a painful sensation in the ear.
that the unaided human ear can detect.

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	3	1	7	6	2

Task 22

Chocolate

Chocolate is made from a number of raw and processed foods produced from the seeds of tropical cacao trees. Cacao has been cultivated in A ______ at least 3000 years. For most of this time it was made into a drink called, in translation — “bitter water”. This is because В ______ to be fermented to develop a palatable flavour. After fermentation the beans are dried and roasted and the shell is removed to produce cacao nibs. These are then ground and liquefied into chocolate liquor. The liquor is then processed into cocoa solids or cocoa butter. Pure chocolate contains primarily cocoa solids and butter in different proportions. Much of С ______ with added sugar. Milk chocolate is sweetened chocolate that additionally contains either milk powder or condensed milk. White chocolate on the other D ______ is therefore not a true chocolate. Chocolate contains theobromine and phenethylamine which have physiological effects on the body. It is similar to serotonin levels in the brain. Scientists claim E ______ , can lower blood pressure. Recently, dark chocolate has also been promoted for its health benefits. But pet owners should remember that the presence of theobromine makes it toxic to cats and dogs. Chocolate is now one F______ , although 16 of the top 20 chocolate consuming countries are in Europe. Also interesting is that 66% of world chocolate is consumed between meals.

the chocolate consumed today is made
that chocolate, eaten in moderation
central and southern America for
of the world’s most popular flavours
hand contains no cocoa solids and
cacao seeds are intensely bitter and have
many countries worldwide at

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	1	5	2	4

Task 23

Reality TV

Reality TV seems to dominate broadcasting these days. But what is it, how did it emerge and why on earth is it so popular? The first question is easily answered. Reality TV A ______ presents unscripted, dramatic or humorous situations or events. It can involve celebrities В ______ of the public. Reality TV has been gradually growing in importance for over 60 years. “Candid Camera” — the show that filmed ordinary people reacting to set ups and pranks — started in 1948. Some people, however, believe it was the Japanese with their awful shows in the 1980s and 90s that brought reality TV to centre stage. Others believe С ______ that is called “Big Brother” was the show that spawned the reality TV age. But why are the shows so popular? Different theories come to life. Some believe that it is D ______ we like to watch horrible behaviour: the same instinct that once inspired the ancient Romans to go and watch gladiators destroy each other at the Coliseum. Others suggest a kind of voyeurism is involved there — an unhealthy curiosity to spy on other people’s lives.

Whatever the real reason — the trend seems to have already peaked. A lot of such shows E ______ or are expected to go in the near future. And the replacement seems to be talents shows — watching competitions in dance, singing and general entertainment. Does it mean that people are changing? It is too early to say. Most agree that these F ______ .

due to basic human instinct that
is still early to judge
are simply the cycles of fashion
but more usually the stars are members
that the television phenomenon
is a type of programme that
seem to have disappeared

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	5	1	7	3

Task 24

Mikhail Lomonosov and Moscow State University

Mikhail Lomonosov was one of the intellectual titans of XVIII century. His interests ranged from history, rhetoric, art and poetry A ______ . Alexander Pushkin described him as В ______ , whose lifelong passion was learning.

Lomonosov’s activity is a manifestation of the enormous potential of the Russian scientific community. Peter I reformed Russia, which allowed the country to reach the standard of С ______ many spheres. Great importance was placed on education. St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter I, established a university and a grammar school to educate intellectuals and researchers the country needed; however, these educational establishments could not fulfill the task they took on. It was Michail Lomonosov D ______ of establishing a university in Moscow. An influential courtier and the E ______ Count Shuvalov supported Lomonosov’s plans for a new university and presented them to the Empress.

In 1755, on 25 January-St. Tatiana’s Day according to the Russian Orthodox Church calendar — Elizaveta signed the decree that a university should be founded in Moscow. The opening ceremony took place on 26 April, when Elizaveta’s coronation day was celebrated. Since 1755 25 January and 26 April F ______ Moscow University; the annual conference where students present the results of their research work is traditionally held in April.

who suggested in his letter to Count Shuvalov the idea
to mechanics, chemistry and mineralogy
a person of formidable willpower and keen scientific mind
favourite of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, the patron of arts and science
the contemporary European powers in
are marked by special events and festivities at
famous among all educated people

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	3	5	1	4	6

Task 25

Window Shopping

The day would be spent with my best friends Kath and Kate. We are actually three Catherines (by birth spelt with a C), A______ we are all K’s: Kat (that’s me), Kath and Kate — the 3K Window Shopping gang!

Window shopping is simply wonderful. You can look at any outfit. You can try on В ______ not a single item on sale for which the price is a problem. You will try something on, ponder, pout, twirl, think hard, check yourself in the mirror one last time and finally reflect С ______ right for you! The highlight of this regular adventure however, is generally the 3K chocolate and ice cream break in the Shopping Centre’s top floor cafii Of course we do not believe that we are wasting anyone’s time. We do D ______ as well, but a reliable equation for us is — 3Ks + shopping mall = a good time.

But E ______ out to be especially memorable. One of the stores had a questionnaire lottery with the first prize being a voucher worth £200. We filled in the question forms while in the cafiiand returned to the store by their 2.00pm deadline. Kate won the first prize but we had decided in advance that if any of us won something, we would share equally: All for one К and one for all! At this point our morning of window shopping paid off. We completed F ______ slightly less than 10 minutes: three skirts, three hats and three belts and three very OK, K’s.

not like to spend our time
that it’s probably not quite
that particular day turned
our real shopping in
sometimes go shopping for real
anything you want and there is
but when we are together

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	6	2	5	3	4

Task 26

The Hotel

“Have you stayed with us before sir?” asked the receptionist. His accent sounded middle-European; Czech possibly or Polish. Actually I hadn’t stayed at this particular hotel before A ______ to many others from the same chain that I had stayed at. “No — first time” I replied with unnecessary brevity. The thing is I always feel В ______ rather than treated as an individual. Every word that I was about to hear, I had heard before — delivered no doubt from the depths of a tourism and hospitality course. “Welcome to Newcastle sir. Is this your first visit to our city? Can I trouble you to complete this form? Actually the first two lines and the signature at the bottom will do. Would you like С ______ , Sir? This will automatically unlock room facilities like mini-bar and telephone and any other extras you may require. Can I see your passport sir?” The questions and information D ______ responses were actually required and I handed over my passport, credit card and partly filled out form. I was tempted to write under name and address “Donald Duck, Duck Towers, Disney Street” — E ______ ever read the form again. But being a creature of habit I wrote my real name and address. While my card was being processed I looked across the reception area through the wall height windows to the beautiful River Tyne. A wave of nostalgia came over me. It was good to be back. I found myself thinking about her again and wondering F ______ a voice broke in: “It’s a plastic key card sir. You also need it to activate the lift and when you get to your room, plug it into the switch on the left as you open the door. It will automatically supply electricity to the room. Any help with your baggage? No? Then enjoy your stay”. The accomplished young Pole smiled as he delivered the final command and duly processed, I proceeded to the card activated lift.

me to take a print of your credit card
points poured out smoothly, no verbal
if I would even see her when
although it seemed virtually identical
so sure was I that nobody would
me to help you with your luggage
as if I am being processed like a product

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	7	1	2	5	3

Task 27

Lindsay Wildlife Museum

Lindsay Wildlife Museum is a unique natural history and environmental education centre where visitors can listen to the cry of a red-tailed hawk, go eye-to-eye with a grey fox and watch a bald eagle eat lunch. More than fifty species of native California animals are on exhibit here.

Thousands of school children learn about the natural environment in their classrooms A ____ of the museum. Nature- and science- oriented classes and trips are offered for adults and children. More than 600 volunteers help to feed and care for wild animals, В _____. Volunteers are active in the museum’s work, contributing С ____.

The museum was founded by a local businessman, Alexander Lindsay. Sandy, as friends knew him, started teaching neighborhood children about nature in the early 1950s. Initially housed in an elementary school, the museum began offering school-aged children summer classes, D ____.

After nearly a decade of the museum operation, it became apparent E ____. With a new 5,000 square-foot home, the museum could now develop and display a permanent collection of live, native wildlife and natural history objects. People came to the museum for help with wild animals F ___ urban growth. In response, a formal wildlife rehabilitation programme — the first of its kind in the United States of America — began in 1970.

that a permanent, year-round site was necessary
as well as field trips focused on the natural world
many hours of service to wildlife care and fundraising
that had been injured or orphaned because of intense
that needed public attention and a new building
as well as teach children and adults about nature
through education programmes and on-site tours

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	6	3	2	1	4

Task 28

America’s fun place on America’s main street

If any city were considered a part of every citizen in the United States, it would be Washington, DC. To many, the Old Post Office Pavilion serves A ____. If you are in the area, be a part of it all by visiting us — or В ____. Doing so will keep you aware of the latest musical events, great happenings and international dining, to say the least.

Originally built in 1899, the Old Post Office Pavilion embodied the modern spirit С ____. Today, our architecture and spirit of innovation continues to evolve and thrive. And, thanks to forward-thinking people, you can now stroll through the Old Post Office Pavilion and experience both D ____ with international food, eclectic shopping and musical events. All designed to entertain lunch, mid-day and after work audiences all week long.

A highlight of the Old Post Office Pavilion is its 315-foot Clock Tower. Offering a breath-taking view of the city, National Park Service Rangers give free Clock Tower tours every day! Individuals and large tour groups are all welcome. The Old Post Office Clock Tower also proudly houses the official United States Bells of Congress, a gift from England E ____. The Washington Ringing Society sounds the Bells of Congress every Thursday evening and on special occasions.

Visit the Old Post Office Pavilion, right on Pennsylvania Avenue between the White House and the Capitol. It is a great opportunity F ____, this is a landmark not to be missed no matter your age.

that are offered to the visitors
its glamorous past and fun-filled present
as a landmark reminder of wonderful experiences
by joining our e-community
that was sweeping the country
celebrating the end of the Revolutionary War
to learn more about American history

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	5	2	6	7

Task 29

Number of teenagers with Saturday job drops

The number of teenagers with Saturday jobs has dropped. Young people do not acquire any experience for their CVs — a crucial step towards getting full-time work. The proportion of teenagers combining part-time jobs with school or college has slumped from 40% in the 1990s to around 20% now, according to the UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES), a government agency. Latest figures show that only A ____ in 1997.

The trend is not just recession-related, but the result of an increasing expectation В ____ well as a falling number of Saturday jobs, according to the report. Many of the jobs that young people do, such as bar work, are in long-term decline, and are forecast to decline further over the next decade.

«Recruiters place significant emphasis on experience С ____,» the report says. Word of mouth is the most common way to get a job, D _____ young people are unable to build up informal contacts, it adds.

Ms. Todd, a commissioner at the UKCES, said: «There’s more emphasis on doing well at school, young people are finding less time to do what they would have done a few years ago.» «I think it’s also the changing structure of the labour market. Retail is still a big employer, E ____. As a consequence, we need to think about how we get young people the work experience they need.»

A new initiative to send employees into state schools to talk about their careers was also launched recently. The scheme, Inspiring the Future, is meant to give state schoolchildren access to the kind of careers advice that private schools offer. The deputy prime minister said: «The power of making connections F ____ and can be life-changing.»

that it was researching the system of funding education after 16
260,000 teenagers have a Saturday job compared with 435,000
but young people are leaving education increasingly less experienced
that inspire young people is immeasurable
but an increasing shortage of work experience means
that young people should stay on at school, as
but a lot more of it is being done online

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	3	5	7	4

Task 30

Lots of fun in Cardiff

As you would expect of a capital city, Cardiff offers a huge choice of exciting sport and entertainment throughout the year.

Every March the city celebrates St. David, Wales’ patron saint, with parades and music. August sees the International Festival of Street Entertainment, with the heart of the city A ____. Family fun days in the parks and at the waterfront are part of this sensational summer scene. Brass and military bands are often to be seen on Cardiff s streets. Between May and October the world’s only seagoing paddle steamer cruises from Cardiff’s seaside resort.

In autumn the fun continues with Cardiff s Festival of the Arts В _____. Music is at the centre of the festival, with international stars С ____. Christmas in Cardiff is full of colour and festivities. The truly spectacular Christmas illuminations have earned Cardiff the title of «Christmas City». And there is entertainment for all the family, D ____.

There is always something happening in Cardiff. The BBC National Orchestra of Wales and Welsh National Opera can both be heard here. Cardiff previews many London «West End» shows E _____.

The city’s range of accommodation facilities is truly impressive, F ____. And with a city as compact as Cardiff there are places to stay in all price brackets.

from international names to family-run guest houses
joining some of Wales’ most talented musicians
having their summer holidays in Cardiff
that usually attract hundreds of theatre lovers
which features music, film, literature and graphics
from pantomimes to Christmas tree celebrations
beating with dance and theatrical performances

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	5	2	6	4	1

Task 31

Changing image

For more than 200 years Madame Tussaud’s has been attracting tourists from all over the world and it remains just as popular as it ever was. There are many reasons for this enduring success, but at the heart of it all is good, old-fashioned curiosity.

Madame Tussaud’s original concept has entered a brand new era of interactive entertainment A _____. Today’s visitors are sent on a breathtaking journey in black cabs through hundreds of years of the past. They have a unique chance to see the great legends of history, В _____ of politics.

Much of the figure construction technique follows the traditional pattern, beginning whenever possible with the subject С _____ and personal characteristics. The surprising likeliness of the wax portraits also owes much to many stars D _____, either by providing their stage clothes, or simply giving useful advice.

The museum continues constantly to add figures E ____ popularity. The attraction also continues to expand globally with established international branches in New York, Hong Kong, Amsterdam and many other cities. And they all have the same rich mix of interaction, authenticity and local appeal.

The museum provides a stimulating and educational environment for schoolchildren. Its specialists are working together with practicing teachers and educational advisors to create different programmes of activities, F ____.

as well as resources on art, technology and drama
as well as the idols of popular music and the icons
who is sitting to determine exact measurements
ranging from special effects to fully animated figures
ranging from all kinds of souvenirs to sports equipment
that reflect contemporary public opinion and celebrity
who are eager to help in any possible way they can

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	2	3	7	6	1

Task 32

Saturday jobs: memories of weekend working

Research has shown a sharp fall in the number of teenagers who do Saturday jobs. It seems such a shame — my Saturday job as a kitchen porter was something of a rite of passage. I’ll never forget long hours A _____, scouring grease off huge saucepans and griddles. Working atmosphere there helped me grow a thicker skin, develop quicker banter and, most importantly, taught me the value of hard work. It also resulted in a steady supply of cash, В ____. I’m not the only one who has strong memories of weekend work. DJ Trevor Nelson said everyone should be able to have a Saturday job: «It taught me a lot, С ____.»

The link between the type of Saturday job a celebrity performed and their later career is sometimes obvious. Dragon’s Den star and businessman Peter Jones, for example, showed early promise by starting his own business. «I passed my Lawn Tennis Association coaching exam, D ____,» he explains. «At the start I was coaching other kids, E ____, for which I could charge £25-30 an hour. While my friends on milk rounds were getting £35 a week, I was doing five hours on a Saturday and earning four times as much.»

Skier Chemmy Alcott got a job working for the Good Ski Guide, on the advertising side. «It became clear to me what my personal value to companies could be. It led directly to me finding my head sponsor … and it offered me an eight-year contract. That gave me the financial backing F ____.»

As part of its response to the Saturday job statistics, the UK Commission for Employment and Skills said a lack of early work opportunities makes it harder for young people to acquire experience for their СVs.

and things would be different if everyone was given the chance
which let me know he approved of me
and I persuaded my local club to let me use a court on Saturdays
which I needed to become a professional skier
which I would happily spend as I liked
that I spent in the kitchen of a busy country pub in East Sussex
but soon I got adults wanting to book lessons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	1	3	7	4

Task 33

Orient Express

In the early 1860s, trains were the preferred way to travel. They weren’t particularly comfortable, however, until American engineer George Mortimer Pullman decided to make trains more luxurious.

By the late 1860s, trains furnished not only sleeping cars, but kitchen and dining facilities, where A _____. This was innovative for the time, and was aimed to encourage people В _____. The first of these Pullman trains in England ran from London to Brighton and used electricity for illumination.

In 1881, another railway entrepreneur, George Nagelmacker, introduced the use of a restaurant car onboard, and the first Orient Express train service was begun. Running from Paris to Romania the route included Strasbourg, Vienna, Budapest and Bucharest.

Thanks to the 12 mile Simplon Tunnel, С _____, the Orient Express expanded, including a route to Istanbul, and the legendary romance of the Orient Express was in full swing.

Everyone in the social register, including royalty, chose to travel on the wheels of that luxury hotel D _____ in wealthy surroundings. Legends, stories, and intrigue surrounded those trips to exotic places, and those famous people E _____.

Unfortunately, during World War II this luxury travel was closed for the most part, and later, after the war, F ____ to start it again. Within the next few years airplane travel became popular, and train passenger service declined.

elegant meals were served to passengers
to use trains for long distance travel and vacations
who rode the train
who wrote about it
which connected Switzerland and Italy
that served dishes and wines
there was no money

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	2	5	6	3	7

Task 34

Arizona’s world class cruise

Spectacular Canyon Lake is situated in the heart of the Superstition Mountains in Arizona, giving home to the Dolly Steamboat. The Dolly Steamboat, A ____, now cruises the secluded inner waterways of this beautiful lake. It is worth exploring this favourite destination of President Theodore Roosevelt who declared, «The Apache Trail and surrounding area combines the grandeur of the Alps, the glory of the Rockies, the magnificence of the Grand Canyon and then adds something В ____.» You will marvel as you travel up to the national forest, which provides the most inspiring and beautiful panorama С ____. Every trip brings new discoveries of rock formations, geological history, and the flora and fauna distinct to the deserts of Arizona.

Once aboard the Dolly Steamboat, you may view the majestic desert big horn sheep, bald eagles and a host bird of other wildlife, water fowl, D ____. Experience the unique sound harmony that is created by the waters of Canyon Lake. Stretch out and relax at one of the tables or stand next to the railings on the deck. There is plenty of leg room on the Dolly. You will get a unique chance to listen to the captain E ____.

All the passengers are treated with outstanding service and personal attention to every need. Feel free to ask questions, move about and mingle with the crew. So enjoy an unforgettable vacation cruise and see F ____ ,like a ride on Arizona’s Dolly Steamboat.

that nature has ever created in the wild
that none of the others have
hovering over the magnificent lake
who retells the legends of the mysterious past
for yourself why there is nothing quite
who pays much attention to children’s safety
continuing a tradition of cruising since 1925

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	2	1	3	4	5

Task 35

US Congress

The Congress of the United States of America is an important part of the US federal government.

It is an assembly of elected representatives A ____ but not to select the chief executive of the nation; that individual is elected by the people.

Congress is not a single organization; it is a vast and complex collection of organizations B ____ and through which members of Congress form alliances.

C ____, in which political parties are the only important kind of organization, parties are only one of many important units in Congress.

In fact other organizations have grown in number D ____.

The Democrats and Republicans in the House and the Senate are organized by party leaders, E ____ within the House and Senate. The party structure is essentially the same in the House as in the Senate, though the titles of various posts are different.

But leadership carries more power in the House than in the Senate because of the House rules. F _____, the House must restrict debate and schedule its business with great care; thus leaders who do the scheduling and who determine how the rules shall be applied usually have substantial influence.

as party influence has declined
against the spirit of the Constitution
being so large (435 members)
empowered to make laws
unlike the British Parliament
by which the business of Congress is carried on
who in turn are elected by the full party membership

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	6	5	1	7	3

Task 36

The Trailblazers

In the early 1800s, the area that would become the western United States was completely undeveloped.

Explorers, hunters, traders, and settlers had to blaze their own trails. A____ to move possessions and supplies became common place.

Manifest Destiny was the belief that Americans had a God-given right to take over the continent. As they moved west, settlers used this policy B_____ to new people and territories.

Trails increased trade opportunities between western and eastern regions, and the U.S. economy prospered C_____ on each other for goods.

To achieve Manifest Destiny, the United States purchased land from other countries or conquered territory D_____ until its borders stretched from coast to coast.

More than one-half million people chose to travel West on trails between 1800 and 1870, E_____.

As new technology spread across the West, however, the use of trails came to an end. The railroads built thousands of miles of tracks, and, F ____, a cheap, relatively safe, and quick way to transport people and supplies to western areas existed.

to spread U.S. ideas and government
for the first time in history
thus replacing them forever
as territories became interdependent
the use of covered wagons
by taking land from Native peoples
forming the largest mass migration in history

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	1	4	6	7	2

Task 37

A Young Mayor

This is a very unusual case, but as you will see, unusual doesn’t mean impossible.

An 18-year-old school girl has become the youngest mayor of a British town in history. Amanda Bracebridge, A_____, won leadership of Clun village council in a dramatic election last night. The tiny village only has 122 voters and Amanda won the election by just two votes from the only other candidate, 69-year-old Fred Gardner of the Conservative party. Amanda, B _____, was an independent candidate. She was surprised by her success, C _____. “My election promise was to make sure D _____,” she told us. She was referring to the plans from a large company to buy up farmland and build flats there. “We live in one of the most beautiful villages in Shropshire and I want to make sure it stays that way.”

Amanda, who is in her last year at nearby Bishop’s Castle High School, E _____ and her exams which she takes in two months. “It’s going to be a pretty busy few months,” she said. “But when the exams are over I will be able to concentrate completely on helping my village”.

Amanda had plans to go to university but is now going to start a year later F _____. “I’ve talked to Leeds University and they say my place will wait for me”. And what is she going to study? Politics? “No, actually, I am going to do sociology and economics”.

who is not a member of any political party
that our village would be protected from outside interests
but it was not a total shock to her
being a politics student at the university
so she can do her job as mayor properly
who is only just old enough to vote herself
will have to find time for her work as mayor

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	1	3	2	7	5

Task 38

Is there enough to say?

They only appeared about ten years ago but already they are everywhere, everyone’s got one. They are the wonder of the modern age — mobile phones, or cell phones, A ____. Apparently, mobile phones are now used by about 2.5 billion people worldwide, and about one billion new mobile phones are sold every year worldwide. Go back to 1997, and only 100 million were sold. As we can see, the mobile phone business B_____.

And the developments keep on coming. Once we could only make phone calls; now mobile phones C_____ and do many other useful things. Once we had to hold our mobile phones in our hand; now we can use throat microphones. What next? We are told that soon, tiny microphones will be implanted into our lips. We’ll be able to dial numbers just by saying them.

But surely we need to ask ourselves: What’s good about this? OK, we can talk to other people almost all the time now — but is that so great? Watch and listen to people when a plane has landed. Anxious D _____, dial a number, and then: “It’s me, I’m here. I’ll be there in twenty minutes.” Is this communication? Is this what all these years of technology have brought us to?

In the early days of communication there were letters. When they arrived at your house, you knew they had been delivered by a man E _____.

In those days, people would think very hard before they wrote a letter. You had to have a good reason to write — communication was serious. Now it’s not — people phone each other F ____. Once the phone was a way for people far away from each other to talk — now it’s just an excuse to talk.

has been developed very quickly
not understand why they are doing it for
as Americans call them
riding halfway across the country on a horse
just because they can
can also be used to take and send photos
fingers immediately switch on the mobile phone

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	1	6	7	4	5

Task 39

Promoting language learning

The European Union (EU) is committed to supporting the rights of its citizens to personal and professional mobility, and their ability to communicate with each other. It does so by A_____ to promote the teaching and learning of European languages. These programmes have at least one thing in common: they cover cross-border projects involving partners from two, and often three or more, EU countries.

The EU programmes are designed to complement the national education policies of member countries. Each government is responsible for its own national education policy, B_____. What the EU programmes do is to create links between countries and regions via joint projects, C____.

Since 2007 the main programmes have been put under the overall umbrella of the EU’s lifelong learning programme. All languages are eligible for support under this programme: official languages, regional, minority and migrant languages, D____. There are national information centres in each country, E_____.

The cultural programmes of the EU also promote linguistic and cultural diversity in a number of ways. The “Media” programme funds the dubbing and subtitling of European films for F ____. The “Culture” programme builds cross-cultural bridges by supporting the translation of modern authors into other EU languages.

and the languages of the EU’s major trading partners
which includes language teaching and learning
cinemas and television in other EU countries
which enhance the impact of language teaching and learning
funding a number of educational programmes
and encouraging people to learn new languages
where details about the application procedures are given

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	2	4	1	7	3

Task 40

Starting your own business

What are the reasons for starting your own business? One of them is because you believe you are the best in that line or because you have a product or service that has never been offered to the market before. Another is that you are a person in a real hurry and cannot suffer the A_____ to reach your goals. Sometimes it is because you have an inheritance B_____ soon after you set up a business or that there already is a cash purse with loose strings and you want to make the best of this bonanza.

If your reasons are any or all of the above, abandon the thought right now and save yourself the disillusionment C____ into the world of commerce.

Start your own business just for the sake of doing a trade, or for D____. Do not burden yourself with lofty notions of superiority when compared to your peers. When setting out to start your own business, be emotional about it, but not impractical; don’t be led by your heart, but be dictated by your mind.

Having covered those parts that are not taught in a business school, let us look at E____ your own business. You should start with a SWOT analysis – strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats – analyze these for yourself, for partners in your business, if any, and for the business itself.

If the result of the analysis is encouraging, then prepare a business plan. It is like a road map for actions in the near foreseeable future to achieve your business goals. Finally, execute the business plan with precision; tweak it as you go along, only so that it helps to meet the end goal of successfully F_____ the business.

the essentials of starting
that awaits when you step
trials and tribulations of employment
establishing and conducting
preparing a business plan
waiting to be acquired
undertaking the commercial activity

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	2	7	1	4

Task 41

Archaeology done underwater

Nautical archaeology is the science of finding, collecting, preserving, and studying human objects that have become lost or buried under water. It is a fairly modern field of study since it depends on having the technology to be able to remain underwater for some time to do real work. Whether it is conducted in freshwater or in the sea, A____, nautical archaeology is another way of learning more about the human past.

Although some use the words nautical archaeology to mean a specialized branch of underwater archaeology, B____, most consider the term to mean the same as the words underwater archaeology or marine

archaeology. All of these interchangeable terms mean simply C_____.

Once real trade began, it is safe to say D_____ was probably transported over water at some point in time. By studying submerged objects, we can learn more about past human cultures. In fact, studying ancient artifacts is the only way to learn anything about human societies E_____. Being able to examine the actual objects made and used by ancient people not only adds to the written records they left behind, but allows us to get much closer to the reality of what life was like when they lived. Also, if we pay close attention to how the objects were made and used, we begin to get a more realistic picture of F_____.

that existed long before the invention of writing
that nearly every object made by humans
what those people were really like
which is concerned only with ships and the history of seafaring
that it is the study of archaeology done underwater
and whether it finds sunken ships or old cities
and what was discovered underwater

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	5	2	1	3

Task 42

Visiting the Royal Parks

London has a well-deserved reputation as one of the greenest cities in Europe, with a huge number of open spaces across the center of the city. Tourists A_____ can always relax in a lovely, quiet London park.

The Royal Parks, such as St James’s, Green Park, the Regent’s Park, Hyde Park, Richmond, Greenwich, Bushy Park and Kensington Gardens, are beautifully maintained and popular with locals and visitors alike. Many are former hunting estates of English monarchs, preserved as open space B______. They are ideal places to relax and sunbathe in summer, enjoy gorgeous flower beds in spring C_____.

The Royal Parks provide fantastic green routes in London D______ and through some of the most attractive areas of the capital. Picnics in the parks are also a popular activity especially during the busy summer months.

Dogs are welcome in all the Royal Parks, although there are some places E_____. These are clearly indicated within each park and are usually ecologically sensitive sites, children’s play areas, restaurants, cafes and some sports areas. Ground nesting birds are particularly sensitive to disturbance by dogs and people. So it is necessary to observe the warning signs F____. In Bushy Park and Richmond Park dogs should be kept away from the deer.

The Royal Parks are for everyone to enjoy.

that are displayed during the nesting season
while the city has grown up around them
and admire the changing leaves as autumn arrives
where they are not allowed or should be kept on a lead
who are tired of the noise, crowds and excitement of sightseeing
who does not know the route to the place of destination
that take cyclists away from traffic

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	2	3	7	4	1

Task 43

The Survival of the Welsh Language

Wales is a small country of just over 3 million people, on the north west seaboard of Europe. Despite many historical incursions of other peoples, particularly the English, it has preserved its ancient Celtic language, A_____. Welsh is habitually spoken by about 10% of the people, half understood by a further 10%, and not spoken at all by the majority in this ‘bilingual’ society.

Up to the First World War most people were Welsh speaking, especially in the mountains of North Wales. The English-speaking areas were along the more fertile coastal plains. On the whole there was an easy tolerance of the two languages, B______.

By 1919 there was a considerable drop in Welsh speakers. This was due to the large flows of capital investment from England into the South Wales coalfield, C_____.

Now, D_____, commerce and everyday business were carried out in English.

In the rural mountain areas 80% to 85% of the population were Welsh speakers, E ____. However, in the coalfield country of Glamorgan 70% spoke English only, and in its neighbour border county the figure was over 90%.

By 1931 the number of people able to speak Welsh in the whole of Wales had fallen to 37% of the population, F ____. It continued to drop and reached its lowest – 18.6% — in the 1990s. But by the start of the 21st century, numbers had begun to increase again and reached 21.7% in 2004!

as well as education and the law
the only one of a number of allied languages that remain
with radio and the English press further speeding the decline
many being able to speak Welsh only
where Welsh was studied as language and literature in an academic manner
apart from the fact that Welsh was not permitted to be used at all in the schools
bringing a flood of immigrant labour from all over Britain

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	7	1	4	3

Task 44

Secrets of Long Life

There are places in the world where people live longer than anywhere else. The remote Japanese island of Okinawa is one of these places. While the lifespan in Britain is 77 years for men and 81 for women, Okinawa has a population of about one million, of which 900 are centenarians — A_____ in Britain or the USA. So what is their secret of long life?

«The calendar may say they’re 80, but their body says they’re 60,» says Bradley Willcox, a scientist researching the extraordinary phenomenon. The research has shown hormonal differences between Okinawans and B____ but their longevity has been linked to diet. They eat more tofu and soya than any other people in the world and also enjoy a range of different fruit and vegetables, all rich in anti-oxidants. But the most significant thing isn’t what they eat but how much. The Okinawans C_____ known as ‘hara hachi bu’, which translates as ‘eat until you are only 80 % full’.

Scientists refer to this way of eating as ‘caloric restrictions’. No-one knows exactly why it works, but scientists believe it D_____ that there is the danger of famine. This in turn E_____ and so may lead to better preservation and slower aging.

«It’s a stark contrast with the cultural habits that drive food consumption in F____ » says Mr. Willcox. If we look at high streets and supermarkets in most other countries, you will see that he is right. Restaurants offer all-you-can-eat menus and supersize portions. Supermarkets are full of special offers encouraging us to buy more food than we need.

make it a healthy diet
other parts of the world
four times higher than the average
have a cultural tradition
sends a signal to the body
the rest of the population
makes the body protect itself

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	4	5	7	2

Task 45

Beaches of Portugal

Covering more than 850 km, the Portuguese coast boasts such a large number of fine, white sandy beaches that it is almost impossible to keep count. All bathed by the Atlantic Ocean and all different, their beauty is hard to describe, so there is nothing better A _____.

The most famous are in the Algarve. With three thousand hours of sun per year and warm waters, there are beaches to suit every taste and many dreamlike resorts. The choices are many, from sandy stretches extending as far as the eye can see B ______, the trade image of the region. They are always accompanied by a calm clear sea, C_____.

In Costa da Caparica, the beaches are particularly dear to Lisbonites D _____ for sun and sea bathing. There are deserted beaches here too, of a wild beauty, E ____ nature. In the centre, tourists will find very wide sandy stretches, to which traditional fishing adds a picturesque touch. And further north, the colder waters and the invigorating sea are tempered by the welcoming atmosphere and the clean air of the mountains and the forests.

Despite all their differences, all beaches share one thing – quality. They are safe and offer a wide range of support and recreational services, F ____. And a large number of Portuguese beaches are granted the European blue flag every year, a distinction that is a sign of their excellent conditions.

where one can enjoy close contact with
which meet every need of their users
than to discover them once for oneself
who has never been to this wonderful city
which is ideal for various water sports
to the smaller coves, sheltered by huge cliffs
who have different options around the capital

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	5	7	1	2

Task 46

The Joy of Reading

Have you ever wondered why people read? Why reading is one of the few things A _____ for thousands of years? Even before reading became available to the general public, stories were told around campfires, passed down from generation to generation.

First of all, stories are a good way to escape from your ordinary life, to get immersed in another world, if only for a little time. While reading, you can imagine yourself in different situations B _____, but in the moment that doesn’t matter. Whether you’re suffering from depression or are just bored, reading is a great distraction.

Similarly, another reason people are attracted to stories, is because they are lonely, very often they feel as if they are the only ones in the world C _____. Identifying with a fictional character can make a big difference in helping a person understand D _____.

Other people read because it can be a good way to relax. It can be very nice to sit down and enjoy a good plot unfold, to watch the actions of fictional characters from the side, and to see the consequences of these actions, E ____.

Lastly, people read because it is the easiest way to gain knowledge in a certain area. Instead of finding a teacher, you can just find a book, sit down, and spend a few hours reading. This way you can study wherever you want, whenever you want F _____.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

try to avoid the boredom of life
that has consistently remained part of society
that they are not alone
going through something difficult
without having to bear any responsibility
that range from unlikely to impossible
at your own pace

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	4	3	5	7

Task 47

Peter and Paul Fortress

The Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, located on small Hare Island, is the historic core of the city. The history of St. Petersburg begins with the history of the fortress.

Since 1700 Russia had been fighting the Northern War against Sweden. By 1703 the lands by the Neva River were conquered. To protect them from the attacks of the Swedes it was necessary to build a strong outpost here. The fortress was founded on Hare Island 16 (27) May, 1703 by joint plan of Peter I and French engineer Joseph-Gaspard Lambert de Guerin. This day is well known A____.

The fortress stretches from west to east with six bastions B____. The Peter’s Gate on the east side, C____, has remained since the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Cathedral, D____ emperors and the monument of Russian baroque, was completed after the death of the emperor, in 1733. The weathervane as a golden angel with a cross, E____, is one of the main symbols of the city. On the opposite side of the cathedral, there is the Mint building, constructed in the time of Paul I by architect A. Porto. Coinage was moved to the fortress F____ in the time of Peter I. The Peter and Paul Fortress has never directly participated in any fighting. From the very beginning of its existence it was used as a political prison. Since 1924 the Peter and Paul Fortress has been a part of the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg.

as the day of the birth of St. Petersburg
which was designed by D. Trezzini
which was the burial place of Russian
and reminding of the rich history of the city
as the most protected part of the city
which is located on the spire of the cathedral
that are located at the corners

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	7	2	3	6	5

Task 48

Surviving in a Desert

A desert is defined as a place that gets less than 250 mm of rain each year. It differs sharply from the climate of a rain forest, A _____.

Arid desert lands cover about one third of the earth’s surface. Most deserts are covered with sand, B _____. There are also usually a lot of rocky areas. This combination of sand and rock means that the soil is not very fertile. C ____, some living things are able to do well in this setting. Many plants have changed and developed in ways D____. These changes have become apparent in a number of ways. Some plants are able to grow very quickly E____. They turn green and produce flowers within just a few days. Other desert plants simply stop growing in very dry weather. They appear to be dead, but when the rain returns, they come back to life and begin growing again.

Desert animals have also developed many characteristics that help them to survive in arid environment. Camels can go for a very long time without drinking. Other animals, such as snakes and rats, find cool places to sleep during the day and come out only at night. The extremely long ears of desert rabbits help them F_____. Changes like these have allowed some animals and plants to grow and develop successfully in a very challenging ecological system: the desert.

There are countless books in the world, and whoever you are, whatever you’re feeling, there is definitely a book out there, just waiting for you to discover it.

which is often in the form of hills called sand dunes
whenever it rains
to find water as far as 25 metres away
which can receive up to 10,000 mm of rain annually
to better distribute their body heat and stay cool
even though the desert environment is very dry and hot
that help them to live in the desert

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	1	6	7	2	5

Task 49

Nevsky Prospect

After the construction of the Admiralty in 1704 and the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in 1710, it was decided to build a road B_____ each other and with the Novgorod Path, which was used by Russian merchants. The construction began on both sides at the same time, the roads were laid through the wood, and in 1760s they were connected into one road, C_____, but with a turn at the Vosstaniya Square. Nevsky Prospect got its name only in 1783. The road was paved with cobble stones, D_____. It was the first street in St. Petersburg with gas lighting. By the early 20th century Nevsky Prospect had become the financial centre of Russia E____ had their offices there.

Nowadays, Nevsky Prospect is the centre of cultural and social life of St. Petersburg. There are museums, theatres, exhibition halls, cinemas, restaurants, cafés, shops F____.

and hotels there or nearby the avenue
showing the original width of the avenue
which was not as straight as it was planned
which were built by famous architects and
connecting these two important structures with
and a few rows of trees were planted along the street
as the 40 largest banks of Russia, Europe and America

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	5	3	6	7	1

Task 50

Whales in a Noisy Ocean

Whales use sound in very different ways. Some whales produce songs that travel over vast distances. They also use echolocation, like bats, A _____. But other noise in the ocean creates a problem for the whales.

Since 1987, the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) has sent their research vessel Song of the Whale around the world B _____. During the travels, the Song of the Whale scientists have developed expertise C ____ to listen to and record the sounds that the animals make. Thishelps them to track, identify, and survey different species.

One of the threats facing whales and other marine animals is noise pollution in the seas, such as noise from drilling, military activities, oil exploration, and coastal construction. This noise can cause great distress to whales and dolphins and can D _____.

It is feared this noise pollution may cause mass strandings, E _____. If the Song of the Whale team can F ____, then hopefully the nature and location of disturbing noise can be changed.

in using underwater microphones
to locate food and find their way
result in injury and even death
track and identify their habitats
to filter out food from the water
to provide a platform for marine research
when large numbers come ashore

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	1	3	7	4

Task 51

Unique nature of Kamchatka

Kamchatka is a peninsula located in the north-eastern part of Russia. It is surrounded with the Okhotskoye Sea, the Beringovo Sea and the Pacific Ocean. This region has a very unique environment A_____ one is looking for picturesque views, unforgettable travels and unity with nature.

Kamchatka is famous for its volcanoes, B_____. Volcanoes are represented on Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the most eastern city in the northern hemisphere, coat of arms as well. There are more than 300 volcanoes

in Kamchatka, from 28 up to 36 of them are active, or potentially active. Kamchatka volcanoes are included in the list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The region is also known C____ — rivers and lakes. Many Kamchatka rivers spring from mountain tops and glaciers, that is why they are very clean, and it is wonderful for those D_____. In general, there are up to 14 thousand rivers and streams, 100 thousand lakes and 414 glaciers in Kamchatka.

Kamchatka is a home to the Valley of Geysers, E_____ geysers in the world, after Icelandic geyser fields. It is not easily accessible, as long as it is too unique to be opened for tourists all the time. The Valley of Geysers’ ecosystem is very vulnerable, F_____ and regulate the visiting. In fact, the larger part of Kamchatka is preserved. There are many nature reserves and nature parks in Kamchatka.

which are depicted on most souvenirs there
so it is necessary to monitor it all the time
who love fishing, including Kamchatka bears
which has the second largest concentration of
to be a place of many water sources
to be a popular nature reserve and health resort
that makes it a place to visit when

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
7	1	5	3	4	2

Task 52

The life of Pi

«The Life of Pi» published in 2001 is the third book by the Canadian author Yann Martel. It has A_____, won several prizes and been translated into forty-one languages.

At the start of the book, we B____ in India. His father owns the city zoo and the family home is in the zoo. When they aren’t at school, Pi and his brother help their father at the zoo and he learns a lot about animals.

When Pi is sixteen, his parents decide to close the zoo and move to Canada. They travel by ship taking the animals with them. On the way, there is C_____. Sadly, Pi’s family and the sailors all die in the storm, but Pi lives and finds himself in a lifeboat with a hyena, zebra, orangutan and an enormous tiger. At first, Pi is scared of the animals and jumps into the ocean. Then he remembers there are sharks in the water and decides to climb back into the lifeboat. One by one, the animals in the lifeboat kill and eat each other, till only Pi and the tiger are left alive. Luckily for Pi, there is D_____, but he soon needs to start catching fish. He feeds the tiger to stop it killing and eating him. He also uses a whistle and E_____ and show it that he’s the boss.

Pi and the tiger spend 227 days in the lifeboat. They live through terrible storms and the burning heat of the Pacific sun. They are often hungry and ill. Finally, they arrive at the coast of Mexico, but you will have to F_____ in the end!

read the book to find out what happens
some food and water on the lifeboat
his knowledge of animals to control the tiger
received an award for being strong
sold seven million copies worldwide
learn about Pi’s childhood in Pondicherry
a terrible storm and the ship sinks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	6	7	2	3	1

Task 53

Santa Claus

The man we know as Santa Claus has a history all to his own. Today, he is thought of mainly as the jolly man in red, but his story A_____ the 3rd century to a monk named St. Nicholas. It is believed that Nicholas was born sometime around 280 AD in modern-day Turkey. Much admired for his kindness, St. Nicholas B_____. It is said that he gave away all of his inherited wealth and traveled the countryside helping the poor and sick. Over the course of many years, Nicholas’s popularity spread and he became known as the protector of children and sailors. His feast day C_____ his death, December 6. This was traditionally considered a lucky day to make large purchases or to get married. By the Renaissance, St. Nicholas was the most popular saint in Europe.

St. Nicholas first D______ at the end of the 18th century. The name Santa Claus evolved from a Dutch shortened form of Sint Nikolaas. As his popularity grew, Sinter Klaas was described as everything from a jocker with a blue three-cornered hat, red waistcoat, and yellow stockings to a man wearing a broad-brimmed hat and a huge pair of Flemish trousers.

In the 19th centuries big stores E_____ using images of the newly-popular Santa Claus. In 1841, thousands of children visited a Philadelphia shop to see a life-size Santa Claus model. It F_____ before stores began to attract children, and their parents, with the lure of a peek at the “real-life” Santa Claus with his famous white beard and red gown.

began to advertise Christmas shopping
became the subject of many legends
began dressing up unemployed men in
is celebrated on the anniversary of
was only a matter of time
stretches all the way back to
appeared in American popular culture

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	2	4	7	1	5

Task 54

Welcome to the Smithsonian

When you visit any of the Smithsonian’s 19 museums and galleries or the National zoo, you are entering the largest museum complex in the world. This complex holds about 137 million unique objects in its trust for the American people.

The Smithsonian was established in 1846 with funds given to the United States by James Smithson, an English scientist. The main idea was to increase and spread knowledge for free. And now all Smithsonian institutions are still devoted to public education, A__________ history.

Ten Smithsonian museums and galleries are located in the centre of the U.S. capital. Six other museums and the National zoo are nearby in the Washington metropolitan area, B__________.

The 19th and the newest museum C__________ is the National Museum of African American history and culture. It is now operating in the form of a virtual museum. Its key feature is the memory book, D__________. These diverse memories are linked to each other and to the museum content, E__________.

The Smithsonian complex is home to the world’s foremost research centres in science, the arts and the humanities. Besides the basic research F__________, there are a number of special facilities. Conservation centre at the zoo studies rare and endangered species, environment centre carries out research in ecosystems in the coastal area.

that is carried on regularly in each of the museums
providing different materials in the arts, science and
placing a spotlight on people and events in African American history
that has been established within the Smithsonian complex
which allows website visitors to upload their own stories or images
and visitors can enjoy watching rare exhibits on
and two museums are situated in New York City

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	4	5	3	1

Task 55

National Gallery of Art

The National Gallery of Art was created in Washington D.C. for the people of the United States in 1937. It started with the gift of the financier and art collector A__________. His gift also included a building to house the new museum, to be constructed on the National Mall. Opened to the public in 1941, this grand building, B__________, was at the time the largest marble structure in the world.

The newly created National Gallery soon attracted similar gifts from hundreds of other collectors. This tradition of generosity continues to this day with gifts from private donors and artists C__________.

The gallery’s East building contains the collection of modern and contemporary painting, sculpture, D__________. The East and West buildings are connected by an underground tunnel with a moving walkway.

The National Gallery enjoys federal support, E__________, to fulfill its mission to exhibit and interpret great works of European and American art in the nation’s collection. Since its founding, federal funds have fostered the protection and care of the art collection and have supported the gallery’s work, ensuring F__________. Private funding helped to create a renowned collection of works of art and to construct the two landmark buildings. Private support makes possible to arrange a changing programme of special exhibitions.

which is now called the West building
that the gallery brings daily profit to the country
who are willing to share their possessions with the public
who presented old master paintings and sculptures to the country
as well as partnership with private organizations
that the gallery is open daily and free of charge
as well as an advanced research centre and an art library

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	1	3	7	5	6

Task 56

Healthy school meals

Children at Southdown Infants School in Bath enjoy tasty homemade meals such as roast turkey with fresh vegetables, chicken, salad and fresh fruit for pudding. Vegetables are A ____________. Instead of crisps, chocolate and sweets, the school canteen serves organic carrots, dried fruit and fresh seasonal fruit in bags for 10p, B ______________.

Southdown’s healthy eating initiative began four years ago with the start of a breakfast club.

Now Ms Culley, the head teacher of the school, says that the teachers very clearly see the link between diet and concentration. “Children’s concentration and behaviour C ______________.” The teachers would also like to give the children the experience of eating together. It turned out that some children weren’t used to that.

Pupils are also encouraged to find out more about where their food comes from by D ______________.

Parents are also involved and are invited in to try school dinners on special occasions, E _______________.

The efforts of staff, pupils and parents to create a healthy eating environment were recognized earlier this month F ______________ the Best School Dinner award.

Ms Culley said: “We are happy to win this award. Healthy eating is at the centre of everything we do. It’s really rewarding to see so many children enjoy real food.”

such as Easter and Christmas
visiting a local farm
local, fresh and organic where possible
provide good quality food
definitely improve after a good meal
and about 100 bags are sold each day
when the school was awarded

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	6	5	2	1	7

Task 57

Walking is not enough to keep fit

Walking may not be enough on its own to produce significant health benefits, research suggests. A team from Canada’s University of Alberta compared a 10,000-step exercise programme with a more traditional fitness regime of moderate intensity. Researchers found improvements A _______ were significantly higher in the second group. They told an American College of Sports Medicine meeting that gentle exercise was B __________. In total 128 people took C _________. The researchers assessed influence on fitness by measuring blood pressure and lung capacity. They found out the 10,000-step programme did help to get people motivated – and was an excellent way to start D _________. But to increase the effectiveness, some intensity must be added to their exercise. “Across your day, while you are achieving those 10,000 steps, take 200 to 400 of them at a faster pace. You’ve got to do more than light exercise and include regular moderate activity, and don’t be shy to have an occasional period of time at an energetic level.” The researchers were concerned there was too much focus E __________, rather than on its intensity.

Professor Stuart Biddle, an expert in exercise science at the University of Loughborough, said it was possible that the current guidelines on how much exercise to take were set too low. “However, you have got to find F ____. The harder you make it, the fewer people will actually do it.” Professor Biddle said there was no doubt that energetic exercise was the way to get fit, but volume rather than intensity might be more useful in tackling issues such as obesity.

part in the project
taking exercise
gave marked health benefits
in fitness levels
on simply getting people to take exercise
not enough to get fit
a compromise between physiology and psychology

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	6	1	2	5	7

Task 58

Double-decker Bus

A double-decker bus is a bus that has two levels. While double-decker long-distance buses are in widespread use around the world, A ____. Double-decker buses are popular in some European cities and in some parts of Asia, usually in former British colonies. Many towns around the world have a few that specialize in short sight-seeing tours for tourists because, as William Gladstone observed, «the way to see London is from the top of a ‘bus'».

Double-decker buses are taller than other buses. They are extensively used in the United Kingdom, B _____, removed from normal service in December 2005 — they still operate on heritage routes. Elsewhere in Europe, double-deckers are used throughout the Dublin Bus network in Ireland, where they are making a comeback on Dublin’s outer suburban routes and also the streets of Cork, Limerick, Galway and Waterford. They are a common sight in Berlin, where the BVG makes extensive use of them. Double-decker long-distance coaches are also in widespread use throughout Europe.

Most buses in Hong Kong and about half in Singapore are double-deckers as well. The only areas in North America that C _____ are the western Canadian province of British Columbia and the United States city of Las Vegas. They are currently being tested in Ottawa on the express routes. The city of Davis, California, in the United States uses vintage double-decker buses for public transport. Davis, California is also home to the first vintage double-decker bus converted from diesel gasoline to run on CNG. The city of Victoria, BC, the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and a couple of others use Dennis Tridents. A few are also used as tour buses, especially in New York. Double-deckers are have also been used in Mumbai since 1937.

In Brazil, D _____, some companies use double-decker buses. Double-deckers are not a good option for use outside the towns (most roads in Brazil are in very poor condition), and E _____.

Double-decker buses are in widespread use in India in many of the major cities. Some double-decker buses F _____, with no roof and shallow sides. These are popular for sightseeing tours.

double-deckers are adored by thousands of tourists
use double-decker buses for public transport
double-decker city buses are less common
where perhaps the most famous was the London Routemaster
their use is being discouraged by transportation authorities
have an open upper deck
where buses are sometimes the only interstate transport

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	4	2	7	5	6

Task 59

Natural Links In a Long Chain of Being

I believe we are not alone.

Even if I am on the other side of the world from the farmhouse I live in, I still dream of the ancient vines out the window, and the shed out back that my grandfather’s father built in 1870 with eucalyptus trunks. As long as I can recreate these images, A ____.

All of us need some grounding in our modern world of constant moving, buying, selling, meeting and leaving. Some find constancy in religion, others in friends or community. But we need some daily signposts that we are not different, not better, B ____.

For me, this house, farm, these ancient vines are those roots. Although I came into this world alone and will leave alone, I am not alone.

There are ghosts of dozens of conversations in the hallways, stories I remember about buying new plows that now rust in the barnyard and ruined crops from the same vines C ____.

All of us are natural links in a long chain of being, and that I need to know what time of day it is, what season is coming, whether the wind is blowing north or from the east, and if the moon is still full tomorrow night, D _____.

The physical world around us constantly changes, E _____. We must struggle in our brief existence to find some transcendent meaning and so find relief in the knowledge F _____.

You may find that too boring, living with the past as present. I find it refreshing. There is an old answer to every new problem, that wise whispers of the past are with us. If we just listen and remember, we are not alone; we have been here before.

I never quite leave home
but human nature does not
that we are now harvesting
but we as well as our heart did not
not worse than those who came before us
just as the farmers who came before me did
that our ancestors have gone through this before

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	5	3	6	2	7

Task 60

The Show Begins

My Uncle Jim took me to all the Broadway shows in New York City, and I was star struck! Actually he wasn’t my real uncle – that’s just what we called him. He was a close friend of my parents. He was a bit stocky with red hair, A _________.

I remember the theaters on Broadway, B __________. The curtains were made of this real heavy, dark red material. There were huge chandelier lights hanging from the ceiling. The walls were dark, paneled wood. The seats were red and cushy C __________.

The orchestra sat at the base of the stage in a pit. I usually went down to the front to see the musicians D __________. They were all crammed into such a tiny space. I played the flute myself and my dad kept encouraging me that if I kept it up, E ___________. But truly, I didn’t want to be tucked away down there. I wanted to be on top, front and center.

Most people dressed rather finely, and certain fragrances took center stage as various women passed by. The sounds of the audience F __________ at their seats were clearly heard while last minute patrons filled in. There was electricity in the air and then the lights would go down and up, and you knew it was time for the show to get started. The lights dimmed. The music began. And you were swept up into a whole new world. I loved it!

I could be playing down there someday
and set real close together
which were so old and posh
and he had a beard and moustache
I wasn’t that good at music
getting ready and warming up
laughing and chattering away

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	3	2	6	1	7

Task 61

Scouting moves ahead

The Scout Movement, which is also known as the Boy Scouts has changed massively in more than 100 years, though many people do not realise this.

For many people in Britain the word “scouting” evokes images of boys in short trousers A__________. Many people imagine that the Scout Association and its female counterpart the Guides Association are old-fashioned. They think these associations are for people B__________ than the future, people who just like camping in the rain and washing in cold water.

It’s quite easy to understand why Scouts and Guides have this sort of image. The “Boy Scouts” were founded over 100 years ago by Robert Baden-Powell, a retired English army general; the “Girl Guides” followed three years later. They were organised in an almost military manner. Young people had to learn discipline and how to do things as a group. They C__________ in difficult conditions, learnt to make campfires and, yes, they certainly had to get used to washing in cold water. In those days though, that D__________ many people washed in cold water.

Nevertheless, even at the start, there was much more to scouting than that. Scouts and Guides also learned the value of solidarity. Right from the start, they had to cope with difficult situations, E__________, and play a useful part in society. Baden-Powell’s organisations were inclusive, and never exclusive; any young person could become a Scout or a Guide, regardless of race, background or religion.

Though the Scout and Guide movements began in England, they soon spread to other countries, and within 50 years, scouting F__________ with young people all over the world.

who are more interested in the past
and girls in blue uniforms
that were generally better
was not particularly unusual as
went on camping expeditions
interact with other people
had become a popular activity

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	1	5	4	6	7

Task 62

Skip the sun, get a glow the healthy way

Everyone at some point has wanted a “healthy glow,” whether it’s a must-have for summer, or a vacation, the thought of tan skin has crossed the minds of millions. If you are pale, it A__________. There is wild excitement when after a day in the sun your skin is tan, not burnt. Surely everyone is familiar with the famous conversation upon the realization that you got fried at the beach. Your friends reassure you with “Don’t worry it B__________.” It may all seem like fun and games at the time, but alarming new research C__________.

Some tan-seekers do it the old-fashioned way, grab a towel and hit the pool or beach. Recently, millions of young girls D__________ instead. Regardless of how the tan is achieved, any change in skin coloring is evidence of skin cell damage. This can lead to cancer. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, melanoma, or skin cancer, among people aged 18 to 39 has risen dramatically. In the United States the number of skin cancer cases due to tanning, is higher than the number of lung cancer cases due to smoking.

While it is true that being outside and active is great for your body and the sun does provide vitamin D, everyone’s health still needs protecting. However, it’s E__________, limit time spent in direct sunlight, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., and wear sunscreen at all times. A fashionable option is the sun hat: both elegant and fun. Big floppy hats may seem ridiculous at first, but F__________.

Another advice is to look into sunless tanners: They are cheap and in no way endanger the lives of users. So, fake it, don’t bake it!

takes a lot of time and effort to tan
have been turning to tanning beds
they are actually quite classy accessories
better to avoid indoor tanning
have inspired people to get their skin checked
will eventually turn into a tan
has taken the healthy out of healthy glow

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	6	7	2	4	3

Task 63

Grant-making agency

The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent grant-making agency of the United States government. Established in 1965, it is one of the largest sources of grant funds for humanities projects and programs in the U.S. NEH promotes knowledge of the history, thought, and culture, not only of the United States, A__________.

NEH grants facilitate research and original scholarship, strengthen teaching and learning in the humanities in American schools and colleges, give opportunities for citizens to engage in lifelong learning, B__________.

The Endowment is directed by a chairman, C__________ and confirmed by the U.S. Senate for a term of four years. Advising the chairman is the National Council on the Humanities, a board of 26 distinguished private citizens D__________ with the advice of the Senate. The National Council members serve six-year terms.

NEH grants are typically awarded to U.S. cultural institutions, such as museums, archives, libraries, colleges, universities, and public television and radio stations, E__________. Eligibility is limited to U.S. non-profit institutions and to U.S. citizens and foreigners F__________ prior to the time of application. Grants are awarded through a competitive process. The chairman takes into account the advice provided by the review process and, by law, makes all funding decisions.

who is appointed by the president
but of other countries of the world
but in every aspect of social sciences
who are also appointed by the president
who have been living in the U.S. for three years
as well as to individual scholars of the humanities
as well as provide access to cultural and educational resources

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	1	4	6	5

Task 64

The Bonfire Night

The 5th of November has always had a very special place in my heart. More important than New Year’s Eve, but probably less important than the Olympics ceremonies, the 5th of November every year is A __________ all over the country to go wild!

The night of the 5th is often cold and damp and parents wrap up their children in layers of jumpers, coats, hats, scarves and gloves. They fuss over the littlest B __________ aren’t scared. They comfort their pets and give them a safe place to curl up inside, away from the cacophony about to start outside.

Outside the bonfire is C __________ up your nose. If you’re lucky, there might be some pumpkin soup left over from Halloween to warm you up, because in spite of all the layers and the excitement, you’ll still need warming up until the bonfire gets going!

When it’s absolutely dark and the bonfire is blazing, the children and parents huddle together in groups, staring up at the sky. What are they waiting for? The screech of the first firework deafens them all and D __________. The “oohs” and “aaahs” of the crowd keep perfect time with the “kabooms” of the rockets. With every firework that lights up the sky, parents watch the delight grow on their children’s faces and sigh with relief.

After the grand finale, they make their way home with the noises still echoing in their ears. An extra special treat E __________! Waving them through the chilly air, spelling out names and drawing pictures, even the oldest members of the family remember how to be kids!

This is what the 5th of November means to me. Every year, it F __________ such bright and colourful fireworks and heard such loud bangs. I really hope I never grow out of it!

differences in traditions
children and hope that they
the day for fireworks lovers
the explosion lights up the sky
feels like the first time I’ve seen
waits at home though: sparklers
lit and the smell of smoke creeps

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	2	7	4	6	5

Task 65

Earth-sheltered homes

Earth-sheltered or simply underground homes are one of those creations by man, which brings him closer to nature. Unlike the normal traditional houses that A __________, these earth-sheltered homes are built using the shelter of the ground. Earth-sheltered homes can be easily made in hilly areas.

The basic idea behind the construction of such a house is that they are built with the idea of B ________ and each of these homes is built entirely different from each other.

The construction of these homes is usually done according to the shape of the area where the house is built. Their designs C ________ to the nature. The early earth houses which were initially built lacked windows. Modern day earth-sheltered homes though have windows as well as any other facility that the people living there might require.

Some of the major benefits of earth-sheltered homes are that they are naturally insulating. This makes them cool in the summer and cozy and warm in the winter. Another advantage D __________ and are well protected from earthquakes as well as wind-storms. Many earth-sheltered homes are also defended against intruders since there is usually only one entry.

As everything has its pros and cons, earth-sheltered homes also do. The interior decoration of these homes, like placing the furniture or huge paintings, E __________. These homes also have dark spaces inside and for this reason, lots of lighting is essential.

Earth-sheltered homes are one of the greenest housing designs that combines Mother Nature with eco-friendly F __________.

are built on the ground
are usually very organic
is being built facing south
being environmentally friendly
building materials and lifestyle
is that these homes are safe from fire
can be difficult due to the construction

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
1	4	2	6	7	5

Task 66

Australia

Australia is one of the world’s most ethnically diverse nations. Nearly a quarter of the people who live in Australia A __________. They come from the United Kingdom and other European countries, but also from China, Vietnam, North Africa, and the Middle East.

First people arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago. They B __________ land bridges when sea levels were lower. The next to land in Australia were Dutch explorers. They came in 1606. In 1788 the British began to settle there. Many settlers C __________ as punishment. For a short time, the newcomers lived peacefully with the Aboriginal people.

In 1851, gold was discovered in Australia. A rush to find riches brought D __________ 1859, six separate colonies were created which later became part of the British Commonwealth.

Australian culture is founded on stories of battlers, bushrangers and brave soldiers. Today E __________ its Aboriginal heritage, vibrant mix of cultures, innovative ideas and a thriving ecosystem.

Australia’s ecosystem is an unusual one because of its remote location. As a result, there are F __________ and nowhere else in the world, such as kangaroo and koala.

One of Australia’s most amazing sites rises like an enormous whale’s back from a flat desert called the Red Center. It is a sacred natural formation at the heart of the country and the largest rock in the world!

Australia is one of the most
were born in other countries
Australia also defines itself by
many animal species that occur here
may have travelled from Asia across
thousands of new immigrants, and by
were criminals sent to live in Australia

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	5	7	6	3	4

Task 67

Living nature in Madeira

Right in the middle of the Atlantic, the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo are a haven of natural beauty. The exotic colours of the flowers stand out from among the blue sea and the emerald green vegetation. This is an archipelago where the big territory is a protected area and A __________ is located.

The Madeira Natural Park was created in 1982 to preserve this vast natural heritage, a worldwide rarity. The park is classified as a Biogenetic Reserve, B __________, with some rare species such as the mountain orchid, unique in the world, and also some exotic large trees. To visit this park is to discover Nature! The park covers about two-thirds of the island, making Madeira a truly ecological destination.

The springtime temperature, C __________, cries out for open air activities. Visitors can go for a walk in the park, visit the city of Funchal or roam freely around the island. Boat rides are an excellent way of D __________. In such a naturally welcoming environment, balance and well-being are taken for granted. Madeira offers various tourist complexes E __________.

Popular feasts, F __________, are opportunities to appreciate traditional gastronomic flavours and see Madeira partying, especially for the Carnival parades, the Flower festival, the Atlantic festival and, above all, the end-of-year fireworks display.

which is felt all year round
which take place in Madeira all year round
where the largest laurel forest in the world
admiring the coastline from a different perspective
where one can find a unique range of flora and fauna
choosing this holiday destination for its natural beauty
that have prime conditions for boating and scuba diving

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	5	1	4	7	2

Task 68

Wild animals in cities

Have you ever seen bears in Vancouver parks, leopards on the streets of Mumbai or wild pigs in gardens in Berlin? Recently, there A __________ on TV about big animals coming into towns and cities. What happens when wild animals come into our cities? Is it dangerous for us and the animals?

Wild animals usually come into cities to look for food. In Cape Town, South Africa, baboons sometimes come into the suburbs. They eat fruit from gardens and go into people’s kitchens and take food from cupboards and fridges! Baboons are B __________ children and fight with pet dogs. Many people do not like them, but the city can be dangerous for baboons too. Sometimes, baboons are C __________ human food can be very bad for their teeth. The city council in Cape Town has a team of Baboon Monitors whose job is to find baboons D ___________ to the countryside. This makes the city safer for people and is healthier for the baboons. However, the main problem is that a lot of baboons will come back to the city to find food again.

In Berlin, Germany, groups of wild pigs have come into the city for hundreds of years, but now the winters are warmer, there are even more pigs than in the past. Pigs eat flowers and plants and dig in gardens and parks in the city. They also E __________ accidents. Some city residents like the pigs and give them food. But the city council is worried about the traffic accidents, so they F __________ have put up fences to stop the pigs coming into the city.

cause lots of problems
in the city and take them back
walk in the street and cause traffic
hurt in car accidents and the sugar in
strong animals and sometimes they scare
have been many reports in newspapers and
have told people to stop giving the pigs food and

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	5	4	2	3	7

Task 69

Europe’s best hidden gems

There are incredible destinations in Europe known worldwide, such as Amsterdam and its canals, London and its museums, its shopping and atmosphere, or Paris, the City of Light. Europe also has thousands of hidden treasures. There is a wide selection of the finest unknown destinations in Europe, from Lugano in Switzerland A __________.

Lugano is an international city, the crossroads and melting pot of European culture. It constitutes one of the most interesting regions to be discovered. Lugano is not only Switzerland’s third most important financial centre, B __________ old buildings.

The area of Cinque Terre in Italy represents one of the best preserved natural sights of the Mediterranean. Human activity has contributed to creating a unique landscape in which the development of typical stone walls is so extensive C __________. All this, D __________, makes the Cinque Terre an increasingly popular location among Italian and foreign tourists.

Sintra is a jewel set between the mountains and the sea, waiting to be discovered by tourists E __________, luxuriant nature and cosmopolitan cultural offer. Sintra has a wonderful charm that left a deep impression on the soul and work of the writers F __________. Sintra is truly the capital of Romanticism. It is a place to be experienced by everyone!

but showed evidence of an early human housing
to Cinque Terre in Italy and Sintra in Portugal
as to equal that of the famous Great Wall of China
but also a town of parks and flowers, villas and
who want to be lost in its majestic historical heritage
combined with the beauty of a crystal clear sea
who pioneered the Romantic spirit in the eighteenth century

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	4	3	6	5	7

Task 70

Beautiful cities of Italy

The political and cultural centre of Italy is the ‘Eternal City’, Rome. Ever since the Roman Empire, as its capital, Rome has become famous as a centre of European culture. The most striking sights of Rome are, of course, the Colosseum and the Forum. Once the Colosseum was able to receive about 50 thousand spectators, A __________ and concert halls. The Pantheon, the old temple of all gods, B __________, is also located in Rome.

The second most important town in Italy is Milan. Milan is the capital of fashion and C __________, exhibitions and conferences. The main attraction of Milan is its Cathedral Square, where the monument to the King Victor Emmanuel II is installed. Theatre fans will not be left disappointed by visiting the Theatre of La Scala.

The most popular city among tourists is Venice. The city is unique because it has more than 120 islands, D __________ and 400 bridges. Venice has been known for more than fifteen hundred years, and for E __________. The main area of the city is Saint Mark’s Square with the Cathedral of San Marco. One of the most beautiful buildings in Venice is the Palace of Doges. The other famous attraction is the Grand Canal F______.

In addition to this, there are such beautiful cities in Italy as Naples, Turin, Florence, Genoa, Pisa and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily. All of them are outstanding places to visit.

that is the largest in Venice
which was built in the early I century
that everyone is dreaming about this trip
which is comparable with modern stadiums
which are сonnected by more than 150 canals
the venue for major international festivals
that time it produced a lot of attractions

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
4	2	6	5	7	1

Task 71

City of fountains

Peterhof is a monument of world architecture and palace and park art. Peterhof includes a palace and park ensemble of the 18-19th centuries, A__________. Peterhof is a city of fountains as it contains 173 fountains and 4 cascades B__________. Each year up to 3 million people come here to enjoy the splendour of numerous fountains and the unique parks of Peterhof.

The name Peterhof was first mentioned in 1705. It was a coastal manor, close to which the construction of a grand country residence began. The original plan belonged to Peter the Great. After the brilliant victory of Russian troops over the Swedes, security of St. Petersburg both from the land C__________. Since that time, the construction of the Peterhof residence grew immensely in scope.

According to the plan of Peter the Great, on the one hand, Peterhof was meant to be equal in splendour with the most famous royal residences in Europe, D__________ to access the Baltic Sea. Both were successfully done. The Great Palace was built on a natural hill here, E__________. Following the plan of Peter the Great, F__________, the Grand Cascade with the famous Samson fountain was constructed. This is still one of the most spectacular fountains in the world. In 1990 the palaces and parks of Peterhof were included in the list of the world heritage of UNESCO.

and from the sea has been firmly ensured
which is a former royal countryside residence
who designs many royal residences in Europe
and then rebuilt in the baroque style in the 18th century
who wanted to decorate the main entrance with waterfalls
that are located in the park on the coast of the Gulf of Finland
and on the other hand, to become a monument of Russia’s struggle

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	6	1	7	4	5

Task 72

Sights of Sochi

Sochi is unique among other Russian cities because it has many aspects of a subtropical resort. Apart from the scenic Caucasus Mountains, pebble and sand beaches, the city attracts tourists with its vegetation, numerous parks, monuments, and extravagant architecture. About two million people visit Greater Sochi each summer, A__________. The famous Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, B__________, lies just north from the city.

Popularity of Sochi among tourists is largely explained by the beauty of its surroundings. Walking along the river Agura, everyone will admire the nature around, C__________, and amazing waterfalls. From the bridge over the Agura opens a magnificent view to the lowest Agura waterfall. In the shady Agura gorge tourists will feel the gentle coolness, D__________.

Akhun Mountain the biggest in the region has a beautiful tower on the top. The height of the tower is more than 30 metres, E__________ are stunning. The observation platform on the top of the tower gives a chance to take superb pictures of the city. Every year thousands of people visit this stone tower, F__________ the perfect view of the Black Sea coast and the Caucasus Mountains. It is a truly unforgettable experience. Tourists will enjoy visiting all the sights and the resort itself, full of exotic green and the boundless blue of the Black Sea.

and the views that open from it
which is built on the top to give visitors
when the subtropical resort is almost empty
which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
enjoying the sound of birds singing and waterfalls gurgling
when the city is home to the annual film festival “Kinotavr”
including high cliffs, exotic vegetation, breathtaking canyons

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
6	4	7	5	1	2

Task 73

Saint Petersburg

A city of palaces and museums, broad avenues and narrow canals, St. Petersburg’s short history is rich in architectural and artistic treasures. Alongside world-famous attractions such as the Hermitage and St. Isaac’s Cathedral, the city has a lot of equally interesting buildings A__________. St. Petersburg is considered to be Russia’s cultural capital. It reflects the country’s extraordinary fate like no other city.

St. Petersburg is a relatively young city, by both Russian and European standards, as B__________. Despite its short life, the city has a rich history. From the early days of Peter the Great to modern times, the city has always bustled with life and intrigue.

Lying across the delta of the Neva River, St. Petersburg, the Venice of the North, is a city C__________, some of which are well-known for their unique history. Bridges are an essential part of the city’s architectural make-up. Among the city’s over 500 bridges, there are numerous technological masterpieces. The centre of the city offers vast areas of green space, D__________.

St. Petersburg is a beautiful and fascinating holiday destination and one E__________. Whether to visit the city in a romantic and snowy Russian winter F__________, visitors will be spellbound by
St. Petersburg’s culture and beauty.

that is built on hundreds of islands
or during the dazzling white nights in summer
it was only founded in 1703 by Tsar Peter the Great
or considering a variety of the trip accommodation offers
that reveal the mysterious and tragic genius of St. Petersburg
of the most intriguing and historically significant cities in Europe
including beautiful historic gardens and extensive leisure parks

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
5	3	1	7	6	2

Task 74

State Hermitage Museum

The Hermitage is St. Petersburg’s most popular visitor attraction, and one of the world’s largest and most prestigious museums. It is a must-see for all first-time travellers to the city. With over 3 million items in its collection, it also rewards repeat visits, A__________ of the riches on offer here, from Impressionist masterpieces to fascinating Oriental treasures. It was estimated B__________ on display for just one minute. So many visitors prefer a guided tour to ensure C__________ highlights. Art-lovers, however, may find it more rewarding to seek out for themselves the works D__________.

The bulk of the Hermitage collection is housed in the Winter Palace, E__________. However, there are a number of other sites that constitute part of the Hermitage, including the recently opened Storage Facility in the north of St. Petersburg. It offers guided tours through some of the museum’s vast stocks. The magnificent General Staff Building opposite the Winter Palace is most famous for its central triumphal arch, F__________ Nevsky Prospekt. The General Staff Building contains a number of unique exhibitions. It includes the Modern European Art, probably the most visited section of the Hermitage with well-known collections of Picasso and Matisse, as well as a wealth of popular Impressionist paintings.

that they are particularly interested in
that they have time to catch all the collection’s
and new-comers can only hope to get a brief taste
which brings pedestrians out on to Palace Square from
that one would need eleven years to view each exhibit
which was the official residence of the Russian emperors
and the exhibition was often visited by military historians

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
3	5	2	1	6	4

Task 75

Letniy Sad

Letniy Sad (The Summer Garden) is a park ensemble, a monument of landscape art of the 18th century. Letniy Sad is the oldest park in St. Petersburg. The park was founded by Peter I in 1704. The Tsar dreamed of his own Versailles and drew its original plan himself. He planned to create a regular, architectural park with accurate layout and straight paths. Prominent architects and gardeners took part in its creation. The park was supposed to become a place of relaxation, A__________.

Letniy Sad is surrounded by water. Natural boundary of the park from the north and east are the Neva and Fontanka Rivers, B__________.

Peter I brought sculptures from Italy for the park and was very proud of them. In the 18th century there were more than two hundred sculptures, C__________, or moved to suburban royal residences and the Hermitage. Now Letniy Sad is decorated with 90 sculptures – copies made of artificial marble.

In May, 2012 Letniy Sad was opened after reconstruction. The reconstruction work had been going on for about three years, D__________ Letniy Sad as it was in the 18th century. Among the new items in Letniy Sad, there is the Archaeological Museum, E__________ during the restoration of the park. Visitors can take a tour of the park F__________ on Sundays.

and restorers have done everything possible to keep
combining the features of urban and suburban estates
which are planned to be the centre of scientific research
which contains interesting objects found by archaeologists
but later many of them were either destroyed in the flood
and enjoy the exhibitions and performances of a brass band
and from the south and west – the Moika River and the Lebyazhiy Canal

Ответ	A	B	C	D	E	F
2	7	5	1	4	6

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