The surprising history of jeans егэ ответы

Задание №11948.
Чтение. ОГЭ по английскому

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Levi Strauss began to make trousers for miners from the material which was used for tents.
1) True
2) False
3) Not stated

Решение:
Levi Strauss began to make trousers for miners from the material which was used for tents. — Леви Стросс начал шить брюки для шахтеров из материала, который использовался для палаток.

Данное утверждение соответствует содержанию текста — true.

«Understanding the urgent need of the gold miners Levi Strauss decided to make trousers out of the tough canvas he was selling. The miners liked the new ‘working’ trousers…»

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История джинсов.
Вы хотите знать историю джинсов? В 1850 молодой человек, Levi Strauss, приехал в Калифорнию из Германии. Калифорния была известна своим золотом. Многие люди там работали. Они искали золото, и нуждается в надёжной одежде. Первыми продал
полотно для работников Levi Strauss. Материал был прочным, и вскоре Левииспользовал его, чтобы сделать джинсы. Все рабочие любили его джинсы и покупалиих. Его первые джинсы не имел цвета. Потом Леви добавил цвета джинсов. Сегодня каждый человек в мире знает о знаменитых голубых джинсах Levi Strauss.

2c Êóëüòóðíûé óãîëîê

1 ×òî âû çíàåòå î ïðîäóêòàõ â òåêñòå? Êàêàÿ èñòîðèÿ ñòîèò çà êàæäûì ïðîäóêòîì? Ïðîñëóøàéòå è ïðî÷èòàéòå, ÷òîáû óçíàòü.

Ñäåëàíî â ÑØÀ

Êòî íå íîñèò äæèíñû, íå ïüåò êîëó è íå åñò êàðòîôåëüíûå ÷èïñû? Ïî÷òè âñå ýòî äåëàþò! Íî çàäóìûâàëèñü ëè âû, êàêèå èñòîðèè ñòîÿò çà ýòèìè ïðîäóêòàìè?

ÄÆÈÍÑÛ

Èñòîðèÿ äæèíñîâ íà÷èíàåòñÿ â 19 âåêå, êîãäà ìîðÿêè èç Ãåíóè, Èòàëèÿ, íîñèëè ïðî÷íûå áðþêè èç õëîïêà è øåðñòè èç õëîï÷àòîáóìàæíîé òêàíè. Çàòåì, â 1853 ãîäó, 24-ëåòíèé Ëåâè Ñòðîññ ïðèåõàë â Ñàí-Ôðàíöèñêî èç Ãåðìàíèè è ðåøèë ñîçäàòü áðþêè äëÿ ðàáî÷èõ èç ýòîãî ìàòåðèàëà. Îíè ïîëüçîâàëèñü áîëüøèì óñïåõîì, è ê 1950-ì ãîäàì äæèíñû ñòàëè î÷åíü ïîïóëÿðíûìè ñðåäè öåëîãî ïîêîëåíèÿ ìîëîäûõ ëþäåé. Ñíà÷àëà îíè áûëè çàïðåùåíû âî ìíîãèõ ìåñòàõ, òàêèõ êàê òåàòðû è ðåñòîðàíû.  íàøè äíè äæèíñû — îñíîâíîé ïðåäìåò îäåæäû â ãàðäåðîáå êàæäîãî!

ÊÀÐÒÎÔÅËÜÍÛÅ ×ÈÏÑÛ

 1853 ãîäó Äæîðäæ Êðàì ðàáîòàë øåô-ïîâàðîì â ðåñòîðàíå â Íüþ-Éîðêå. Îäíàæäû ïîêóïàòåëü îòïðàâèë êàðòîôåëü ôðè îáðàòíî íà êóõíþ Êðàìó, ñêàçàâ, ÷òî êàðòîôåëü ñëèøêîì òîëñòûé. Êðàì î÷åíü ðàññåðäèëñÿ è ðåøèë îòîìñòèòü ïðèâåðåäëèâîìó ïîñåòèòåëþ; îí ñäåëàë íîâóþ ïîðöèþ êàðòîôåëÿ ôðè ñ íàñòîëüêî òîíêîé è õðóñòÿùåé êàðòîøêîé, ÷òî ïîêóïàòåëü íå ñìîã áû ñúåñòü ýòî âèëêîé! Ê óäèâëåíèþ Äæîðäæà, ãîñòü áûë â âîñòîðãå îò áëþäà, è äðóãèå ïîñåòèòåëè òîæå íà÷àëè åãî ïðîñèòü. Ïåðåíåñåìñÿ â 21 âåê: òîëüêî â ÑØÀ ïðîäàæè êàðòîôåëüíûõ ÷èïñîâ ïðåâûøàþò 6 ìèëëèàðäîâ äîëëàðîâ â ãîä.

ÊÎÊÀ-ÊÎËÀ

Äæîí Ïåìáåðòîí, ôàðìàöåâò èç Äæîðäæèè, èçîáðåë îðèãèíàëüíóþ ðåöåïò ïðèãîòîâëåíèÿ êîêà-êîëû â ìåäíîì ÷àéíèêå íà òðåõ íîæêàõ íà ñâîåì çàäíåì äâîðå! Âïåðâûå áåçàëêîãîëüíûé íàïèòîê áûë ïðîäàí â àïòåêå â êà÷åñòâå ëåêàðñòâà 8 ìàÿ 1886 ãîäà. Äîêòîð Ïåìáåðòîí ïðîäàâàë îêîëî 9 ïîðöèé êàæäûé äåíü.  ïåðâûé ãîä îí çàðàáîòàë îêîëî 50 äîëëàðîâ, íî, ê ñîæàëåíèþ, ïðèãîòîâëåíèå êîëû îáîøëîñü åìó ïðèìåðíî â 70 äîëëàðîâ!  1887 ãîäó îäèí áèçíåñìåí êóïèë ðåöåïò ïðèãîòîâëåíèÿ êîêà-êîëû, è ê 1900 ãîäó åå ïðîäàæè âûðîñëè áîëåå ÷åì íà 4000%. Coca-Cola îñòàåòñÿ ñàìûì èçâåñòíûì áåçàëêîãîëüíûì íàïèòêîì â ìèðå, íî åãî òî÷íûå èíãðåäèåíòû äî ñèõ ïîð ÿâëÿþòñÿ êîììåð÷åñêîé òàéíîé!

Ðåøåíèå #

I know that jeans were invented in America sometime in the 1800s. I don’t know much about potato chips. I know that Coca-Cola is probably the most popular soft drink in the world and the recipe is a secret.

ß çíàþ, ÷òî äæèíñû áûëè èçîáðåòåíû â Àìåðèêå ïðèìåðíî â 1800-õ ãîäàõ. ß íå î÷åíü ðàçáèðàþñü â êàðòîôåëüíûõ ÷èïñàõ. ß çíàþ, ÷òî êîêà-êîëà, íàâåðíîå, ñàìûé ïîïóëÿðíûé áåçàëêîãîëüíûé íàïèòîê â ìèðå, è åå ðåöåïò îñòàåòñÿ ñåêðåòîì.

Ïðîâåðüòå ýòè ñëîâà

çàäóìûâàòüñÿ, èñòîðèÿ, áðàòü íà÷àëî, ïðî÷íûé õëîïîê, ðàáîòíèê ðó÷íîãî òðóäà, áîëüøîé óñïåõ, ïîêîëåíèå, çàïðåò, áàçîâûé ïðîäóêò, îòîìñòèòü, ïðèâåðåäëèâûé ïîñåòèòåëü, ïîðöèÿ êàðòîôåëÿ ôðè, õðóñòÿùèé, ïåðåìîòàòü âïåðåä, ôîðìóëà, ëàòóííûé ÷àéíèê, ïîðöèÿ, ðîñò ïðîäàæ, èíãðåäèåíòû, êîììåð÷åñêàÿ òàéíà

Ðåøåíèå #

wonder (v): to think about the reason why
(çàäóìûâàòüñÿ (ãë): äóìàòü î ïðè÷èíå ÷åãî-ëèáî)

story (n): history
(èñòîðèÿ (ñóù): èñòîðèÿ)

go back (phr v): to date back to a certain time
(áðàòü íà÷àëî (ôðàç. ãë): âîñõîäèòü ê îïðåäåëåííîìó âðåìåíè)

durable cotton (phr): a natural fabric that resists wear and tear
(ïðî÷íûé õëîïîê (ôðàçà): íàòóðàëüíàÿ òêàíü, êîòîðàÿ íå ïîääàåòñÿ èçíîñó è ðàçðûâó)

manual worker (phr): a person whose job involves physical labour
(ðàáîòíèê ðó÷íîãî òðóäà (ôðàçà): ÷åëîâåê, ðàáîòà êîòîðîãî âêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ñåáÿ ôèçè÷åñêèé òðóä)

big hit (phr): a huge success
(áîëüøîé óñïåõ (ôðàçà): áîëüøîé óñïåõ)

generation (n): a group of people who were all born around the same time and who share similar experiences
(ïîêîëåíèå(ñóù): ãðóïïà ëþäåé, êîòîðûå áûëè ðîæäåíû â îäíî âðåìÿ è ðàçäåëÿþò îäèí îïûò)

ban (v): to state officially that sth is not allowed
(çàïðåùàòü (ãë): îôèöèàëüíî çàÿâëÿòü, ÷òî ÷òî-òî íå äîïóñòèìî)

staple item (phr): sth that is basic and important in everyday life
(áàçîâûé ïðîäóêò (ôðàçà): ÷òî-òî, ÷òî ÿâëÿåòñÿ áàçîâûì è âàæíûì â ïîâñåäíåâíîé æèçíè)

take revenge (phr): to get even with sb who you feel has wronged you
(îòîìñòèòü (ôðàçà): ïîêâèòàòüñÿ ñ êåì-òî, êòî, êàê âû ñ÷èòàåòå, âàñ îáèäåë)

fussy diner (phr): a person at a restaurant who complains about their food
(ïðèâåðåäëèâûé ïîñåòèòåëü (ôðàçà): ÷åëîâåê â ðåñòîðàíå, êîòîðûé æàëóåòñÿ íà åäó)

batch of fries (phr): a portion of fries cooked at the same time
(ïîðöèÿ êàðòîøêè ôðè (ôðàçà): ïîðöèÿ êàðòîôåëÿ ôðè, ïðèãîòîâëåííàÿ çà îäíî âðåìÿ)

crispy (adj): dry and hard
(õðóñòÿùèé (ïðèë): ñóõîé è òâåðäûé)

fast-forward (v): to skip ahead in time
(ïåðåìàòûâàòü âïåðåä (ãë): çàáåãàòü âïåðåä (ïðîïóñêàòü) âî âðåìåíè)

formula (n): the amounts of various substances that make up another substance
(ôîðìóëà (ñóù): êîëè÷åñòâî ðàçëè÷íûõ âåùåñòâ, ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ äðóãîå âåùåñòâî)

brass kettle (phr): a container for boiling water made from a yellow metal (made from copper and zinc)
(ëàòóííûé ÷àéíèê (ôðàçà): ¸ìêîñòü äëÿ êèïÿ÷åíèÿ âîäû, ñäåëàííûé èç æåëòîãî ìåòàëëà)

serving (n): portion
(ïîðöèÿ (ñóù): ïîðöèÿ)

sales rise (phr): a large number of products are sold
(ðîñò ïðîäàæ (ôðàçà): áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïðîäóêòîâ ïðîäàíî)

ingredients (pl n): the different foods that go together to make sth, especially a dish
(èíãðåäèåíòû (ñóù âî ìíîæ ÷): ðàçëè÷íûå ýëåìåíòû, êîòîðûå ñìåøèâàþòñÿ äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ ÷åãî-ëèáî, îñîáåííî áëþäà)

trade secret (n): information that is kept hidden from others by a company so their competitors don’t steal their business
(êîììåð÷åñêàÿ òàéíà (ñóù): èíôîðìàöèÿ, êîòîðàÿ îñòàåòñÿ ñêðûòîé îò äðóãèõ êîìïàíèåé äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû èõ êîíêóðåíòû íå óêðàëè áèçíåñ)

2 Ïðî÷èòàéòå åùå ðàç. Êàêîé ïðîäóêò èëè ïðîäóêòû:

1 áûë(è) èçíà÷àëüíî äîìàøíåãî ïðèãîòîâëåíèÿ?

2 áûë(è) èçîáðåòåí(û) êåì-òî â ïëîõîì íàñòðîåíèè?

3 Áûë(è) íåîæèäàííûì(è) õèòîì ó îáùåñòâåííîñòè?

4 Ñòàë(è) óñïåøíûì(è) ãîä ñïóñòÿ?

5 Èçíà÷àëüíî áûë(è) ïðèäóìàí(û) äëÿ äðóãîé öåëè?

6 Íå ðàçðåøåí(û) â íåêîòîðûõ ìåñòàõ?

Ðåøåíèå #

1 Coca-Cola (Êîêà-êîëà)

2 potato chips (êàðòîôåëüíûå ÷èïñû)

3 potato chips (êàðòîôåëüíûå ÷èïñû)

4 Coca-Cola (Êîêà-êîëà)

5 jeans, Coca-Cola (äæèíñû, êîêà-êîëà)

6 jeans (äæèíñû)

1… in his backyard!
(…íà ñâîåì çàäíåì äâîðå!)

2 Crum got very angry…

(Êðàì î÷åíü ðàçîçëèëñÿ…)

3 To George’s surprise… other diners began asking for them, too.

(Ê óäèâëåíèþ Äæîðæà… äðóãèå ïîñåòèòåëè òîæå íà÷àëè ïðîñèòü èõ ó íåãî.)

4… was first sold… on 8th May, 1886…. made about $50 in the first year… In 1887… sales had risen by over 4000%.

(…áûë âïåðâûå ïðîäàí…8 ìàÿ 1886 ãîäà…ïîëó÷èë ïðèìåðíî 50 äîëëàðîâ çà ïåðâûé ãîä…à 1887…ïðîäàæè âûðîñëè áîëåå ÷åì íà 4000%.)

5… decided to design trousers for manual workers…/ The soft drink was first sold as a medicine…

(…ðåøèë ñîçäàòü áðþêè äëÿ ðàáî÷èõ…/ áåçàëêîãîëüíûé íàïèòîê áûë ïðîäàí â êà÷åñòâå ëåêàðñòâà…)

6 At first, many places… banned them.

(Ñíà÷àëà áûëè çàïðåùåíû âî ìíîãèõ ìåñòàõ.)

3 Ñîåäèíèòå ñëîâà/ôðàçû, îòìå÷åííûå æèðíûì øðèôòîì â òåêñòå, ñ èõ çíà÷åíèÿìè: ïîñåòèòåëü ðåñòîðàíà, êîòîðîìó ñëîæíî óãîäèòü, î÷åíü äîâîëüíûé, çàïðåùåííûé, ïîïóëÿðíûé, íàêàçàòü, ïîðöèè åäû èëè íàïèòêîâ, ìóæ÷èíû, ðàáîòàþùèå íà êîðàáëå, ëþäè, ðàáîòàþùèå ðóêàìè, íå õóäîé, ðåöåïò, áàçîâûé, õðóñòÿùèé, êîìïîíåíòû ñìåñè.

Ðåøåíèå #

sailors — men who work on a ship (ìîðÿêè – ëþäè, ðàáîòàþùèå íà êîðàáëå)

manual workers — people who work with their hands (ðàáîòíèêè ôèçè÷åñêîãî òðóäà – ëþäè, ðàáîòàþùèå ðóêàìè)

big hit – popular (ïîëüçóþùèéñÿ óñïåõîì – ïîïóëÿðíûé)

banned – forbade (íåðàçðåøåííûé – çàïðåùåííûé)

staple – basic (îñíîâíîé – áàçîâûé)

thick — not thin (òîëñòûé – íå õóäîé)

take revenge – punish (îòîìñòèòü – íàêàçàòü)

fussy diner — difficult-to-please restaurant customer (ïðèâåðåäëèâûé ïîñåòèòåëü — ïîñåòèòåëü ðåñòîðàíà, êîòîðîìó ñëîæíî óãîäèòü)

crispy – crunchy (õðóñòÿùèé)

thrilled — very pleased (â âîñòîðãå – î÷åíü äîâîëüíûé)

servings — portions of food or drinks (ïîðöèè – ïîðöèè åäû èëè íàïèòêîâ)

formula – recipe (ôîðìóëà – ðåöåïò)

ingredients — components of a mixture (èíãðåäèåíòû – êîìïîíåíòû ñìåñè)

4 Ñäåëàéòå çàìåòêè î êàæäîì ïðîäóêòå ïîä çàãîëîâêàìè: êîãäà îí áûë èçîáðåòåí/êåì, êàê îí ñòàë ïîïóëÿðíûì, ýòîò ïðîäóêò ñåãîäíÿ. Ïðåäñòàâüòå ïðîäóêò ñîñåäó ïî ïàðòå èëè âñåìó êëàññó.

Ðåøåíèå #

Product (Ïðîäóêò)

Jeans (Äæèíñû)

Potato chips (Êàðòîôåëüíûå ÷èïñû)

Coca-Cola (Êîêà-êîëà)

when invented/ by whom (êåì/êîãäà èçîáðåòåíû)

1853, Levi Strauss (Ëåâè Øòðàóñ)

1853, George Crum (Äæîðæ Êðàì)

1886, John Pemberton (Äæîí Ïåìáåðòîí)

how it became popular (êàê ïðîäóêò ñòàë ïîïóëÿðíûì)

manual workers liked jeans (ðàáî÷èì ôèçè÷åñêîãî òðóäà íðàâèëèñü äæèíñû)

a customer complained about thick French fries (ïîñåòèòåëü ïîæàëîâàëñÿ íà òîëñòóþ êàðòîøêó ôðè)

a businessman bought the formula (áèçíåñìåí êóïèë ðåöåïò)

the product today (ïðîäóêò ñåãîäíÿ)

staple item of clothing (áàçîâûé ïðåäìåò îäåæäû)

sales of $6 billion a year in the US (ïðîäàæè â 6 ìèëëèàðäîâ äîëëàðîâ â ãîä â ÑØÀ)

most famous soft drink in the world (ñàìûé èçâåñòíûé áåçàëêîãîëüíûé íàïèòîê â ìèðå)

5 ICT Íàéäèòå èíôîðìàöèþ î êàêîì-òî èçâåñòíîì â Âàøåé ñòðàíå ïðîäóêòå â çàãîëîâêàõ 4 óïðàæíåíèÿ. Ðàññêàæèòå êëàññó.

Ðåøåíèå #

when invented/ by whom (êîãäà/êåì èçîáðåòåí)

1890, Sergei Maliutin & Vasily Zvyozdochkin

how it became popular (êàê ïðîäóêò ñòàë ïîïóëÿðíûì)

An industrialist promoted them in France (Ïðîìûøëåííèê ïðîäâèãàë èõ âî Ôðàíöèè.)

The product today (Ïðîäóêò ñåãîäíÿ)

A famous souvenir (Èçâåñòíûé ñóâåíèð)

Matryoshka dolls are popular Russian souvenirs that have many small dolls inside them, each one smaller than the other. These wooden dolls are beautifully painted, often in bright colours. At the end of the 19th century in Russia, Sava Mamontov was an industrialist and supporter of the arts. One of the artists that worked for him saw a Japanese doll that had other dolls inside it and decided to make something similar. Sergei Maliutin designed the doll and Vasily Zvyozdochkin carved the first one in 1890. The dolls became famous worldwide when they won a prize at an exhibition in Paris in 1900.

Ìàòðåøêà — ïîïóëÿðíûé ðóññêèé ñóâåíèð, âíóòðè êîòîðîãî ìíîãî ìàëåíüêèõ êóêîë, îäíà ìåíüøå äðóãîé. Ýòè äåðåâÿííûå êóêëû êðàñèâî ðàñïèñàíû, ÷àñòî â ÿðêèõ òîíàõ.  êîíöå 19 âåêà â Ðîññèè Ñàâà Ìàìîíòîâ áûë ïðîìûøëåííèêîì è ïîêëîííèêîì èñêóññòâà. Îäèí èç õóäîæíèêîâ, êîòîðûé íà íåãî ðàáîòàë, óâèäåë ÿïîíñêóþ êóêëó, âíóòðè êîòîðîé áûëè äðóãèå êóêëû, è ðåøèë ñäåëàòü ÷òî-òî ïîõîæåå. Ñåðãåé Ìàëþòèí ñäåëàë äèçàéí êóêëû, à Âàñèëèé Çâåçäî÷êèí âûðåçàë ïåðâóþ êóêëó â 1890 ãîäó. Êóêëû ñòàëè âñåìèðíî èçâåñòíûìè, êîãäà âûèãðàëè ïðèç íà âûñòàâêå â Ïàðèæå â 1900 ãîäó.

Ïðèâåäåì âûäåðæêó èç çàäàíèÿ èç ó÷åáíèêà Áàðàíîâà, Äóëè, Êîïûëîâà 8 êëàññ, Ïðîñâåùåíèå:

2c Culture Corner

1 What do you know about the products in the text? What is the history behind each product? Listen and read to find out.

Made in the USA

Who doesn’t wear jeans, drink cola and eat potato chips? Almost everyone does! But have you ever wondered what the stories are behind these products?

JEANS

The story of jeans goes back to the 19th century when sailors from Genoa, Italy, wore durable cotton and wool denim trousers. Then, in 1853, 24-year-old Levi Strauss travelled to San Francisco from Germany and decided to design trousers for manual workers from this material. They were a big hit, and by the 1950s, jeans had become very popular with a whole generation of young people. At first, many places such as theatres and restaurants banned them. Nowadays, jeans are a staple item of clothing in everyone’s wardrobe!

POTATO CHIPS

In 1853, George Crum was working as a chef at a restaurant in New York. One day, a customer sent Crum’s French fries back to the kitchen, saying they were too thick. Crum got very angry and decided to take revenge on the fussy diner; he made a new batch of fries so thin and crispy that the customer couldn’t eat them with a fork! To George’s surprise, the guest was thrilled with them and other diners began asking for them, too. Fast-forward to the 21st century and, in the US alone, sales of potato chips amount to over $6 billion per year.

COCA-COLA

John Pemberton, a pharmacist from Georgia, invented the original Coca-Cola formula in a three-legged brass kettle in his backyard! The soft drink was first sold as a medicine in a chemist’s on 8th May, 1886. Dr Pemberton sold about 9 servings each day. He made about $50 in the first year, but unfortunately it cost him about $70 to make the cola! In 1887, a businessman bought the formula and by 1900 sales, had risen by over 4000%. Coca-Cola remains the most famous soft drink in the world, but its exact ingredients are still a trade secret!

Check these words

wonder, story, go back, durable cotton, manual worker, big hit, generation, ban, staple item, take revenge, fussy diner, batch of fries, crispy, fast-forward, formula, brass kettle, serving, sales rise, ingredients, trade secret

2 Read again. Which product or products:

1 was originally homemade?

2 was invented by someone in a bad mood?

3 was a surprise hit with the public?

4 became successful a year later?

5 was originally designed for another purpose?

6 wasn’t allowed in some locations?

3 Match the words/phrases in bold in the text with their meanings: difficult-to-please restaurant customer, very pleased, forbade, popular, punish, portions of food or drinks, men who work on a ship, people who work with their hands, not thin, recipe, basic, crunchy, components of a mixture.

4 Make notes about each product under the headings: when invented/by whom, how it became popular, the product today. Present them to your partner or to the class.

5 ICT Find out information about a well-known product from your country under the headings in Ex. 4. Tell the class.

*Öèòèðèðîâàíèå ÷àñòè çàäàíèÿ ñî ññûëêîé íà ó÷åáíèê ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî â ó÷åáíûõ öåëÿõ äëÿ ëó÷øåãî ïîíèìàíèÿ ðàçáîðà ðåøåíèÿ çàäàíèÿ.

2

Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А—G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 — Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

A The Armoury is situated near the Kremlin.

B Originally the Kremlin was wooden.

C New walls and towers of red brick were built in the 15th century.

D The Trinity Gate leads to Red Square.

E The monument to Minin and Pozharsky is the oldest in Moscow.

F The monument to Alexander Pushkin is not far from the monument to Yuri Dolgoruky.

G You can watch ballets in the Maly Theatre.

Вы услышите интервью с автором детективных романов. В заданиях 3—9 запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

3

Which benefit of trees has not been mentioned by the speaker?
1) Protection from flooding.
2) Protection from the sun’s rays.
3) Protection from precipitation.
Ответ: .

4

The smell of pines in the forest is the result of trees releasing

Ответ: .

5

Scientists want to study how
1) gasses are released by trees into the atmosphere.
2) organic compounds form tiny particles.
3) these particles influence the climate.
Ответ: .

6

Cloud droplets are unable to

Ответ: .

7

According to scientists, cloud droplets influence

3) the movement of the cloud.

Ответ: .

8

The actual formation of the clouds is governed
1) only by the formation of cloud droplets.
2) primarily by the formation of cloud droplets.
3) by several different processes.
Ответ: .

9

A new way of addressing the problem of global warming is by reducing the amount of
1) greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.
2) the sun’s radiation getting through the atmosphere.
3) the sun’s radiation reflected by the clouds.
Ответ: .

Раздел 2. ЧТЕНИЕ

10

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

A. The VLT (Very Large Telescope) is the world’s largest telescope and it is taking scientists further back to the Big Bang than they ever thought possible. In other words, the VLT is a kind of a time machine, giving astronomers detailed views of events that took place in the earliest days of the cosmos. One day, we will have a much clearer picture of how our planet was born.

B. The latest development in the debate amongst scientists about what killed the prehistoric dinosaurs is the suggestion that acid rain was the cause. Some geologists suggest that a large meteor hitting the earth at 65 kilometres per second would have led to strongly acidic rain falling all over the world. This idea is fascinating but it would mean the dinosaurs would all have died within a very short time.

C. In 1948, a British farmer discovered an interesting lump of metal while ploughing his field. At first he thought the metal bits were parts of an old bed. Then more ‘parts of old beds’ turned up and the farmer took them to the local museum. ‘But these bits are priceless!’ exclaimed the keeper of the museum. ‘They are Iron Age jewellery and coins!’ Over the next 40 years, more and more items were found in the same field.

D. Rats may have had a bit of a hard time over the years but these days lots of people are forgetting about guinea-pigs and hamsters and are buying rats instead. Domestic rats aren’t the same as the ones that run around rubbish bins — they’re actually quite cute. They are very intelligent and can be trained like dogs. They come in different colours and — a big bonus — they will eat anything!

E. In Western cultures, people look each other in the eye during a conversation to show interest and trust, but in many Asian countries, it’s rude to look people in the eye, especially a superior such as a teacher. One of the most basic and powerful signals is when a person crosses his or her arms across the chest. This can indicate that a person is putting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others.

F. Earthquakes happen all the time in all parts of the world but we don’t notice most of them because they are small. However, big earthquakes are really dangerous. They can make buildings fall down, set off landslides and do other deadly things. The highest death toll caused by an earthquake was in China in 1556, when at least 830,000 people died.

G. According to scientists, Americans watch more TV on average than any other nationality. In fact, many people, particularly children, sit for 35 hours or more per week glued to the box. What’s wrong with watching all that TV? Studies have linked it to everything from obesity to aggression in children not to mention that it puts your mind into a sort of sedated state. Habitual television watching, over long periods of time, has been known to cause depression, and anger.

11

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1—7 лишняя. Занесите цифру, обозначающую соответствующую часть предложения, в таблицу.

The Man Booker Prize for Fiction is awarded every year for the best original full-length novel written by a writer from the Commonwealth or the Republic of Ireland. It aims to represent the greatest in contemporary literature and promotes the finest in fiction by rewarding the best book of the year. The prize was originally called the Booker-McConnell Prize, A ____________. However, it was better-known as simply the ‘Booker Prize’. In 2002, the Man Group became the sponsor and they chose the new name, keeping ‘Booker’.

Publishers can submit books for consideration for the prize, but the judges can also ask for books to be submitted B ____________. Firstly, the Advisory Committee gives advice if there have been any changes to the rules for the prize. Then it selects the people C ____________. The judging panel changes every year and usually a person is only a judge once.

Great efforts are made to ensure that the judging panel is balanced in terms of gender and professions within the industry. A writer, a critic, an editor and an academic are chosen along with a well-known person from wider society. However, when the panel of judges has been finalized, they are left to make their own decisions D ____________. The Man Booker judges include critics, writers and academics E ____________. The influence of the prize is so great that the winner will almost certainly see the considerable sales increase, in addition to the £50,000 F ____________. In 1992, a Booker Russian Novel Prize was introduced.

1. without any further interference from the prize sponsor
2. so as to maintain the consistent quality of the prize
3. who will judge the books
4. so as to sell them
5. which was the name of the company that sponsored it
6. that comes with the prize
7. they think should be included

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12—18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

‘Have you written a letter to the Froplinsons?’ asked Egbert.

‘No,’ said Janetta, with a note of tired defiance in her voice; ‘I’ve written eleven letters today expressing surprise and gratitude for sundry unmerited gifts, but I haven’t written to the Froplinsons yet.’

‘Someone will have to do it,’ said Egbert.

‘I don’t dispute the necessity, but I don’t think that someone should be me,’ said Janetta. ‘I wouldn’t mind writing a letter of angry recrimination or heartless satire to some suitable recipient. In fact, I should rather enjoy it, but I’ve come to the end of my capacity for expressing servile amiability. Eleven letters today and nine yesterday, all couched in the same strain of ecstatic thankfulness: really, you can’t expect me to sit down to another. There is such a thing as writing oneself out.’

‘I’ve written nearly as many,’ said Egbert, ‘and I’ve had my usual business correspondence to get through, too. Besides, I don’t know what it was that the Froplinsons sent us.’ ‘A William the Conqueror calendar,’ said Janetta, ‘with a quotation of one of his great thoughts for every day in the year.’

‘Impossible,’ said Egbert; ‘he didn’t have three hundred and sixty-five thoughts in the whole of his life, or, if he did, he kept them to himself.’

‘Well, it was William Wordsworth, then,’ said Janetta; ‘I know William came into it somewhere.’

‘That sounds more probable,’ said Egbert; ‘well, let’s collaborate on this letter and get it done. I’ll dictate, and you can scribble it down. ‘Dear Mrs. Froplinson, thank you and your husband so much for the very pretty calendar you sent us. It was very good of you to think of us.’ ’

‘You can’t possibly say that,’ said Janetta, laying down her pen. ‘We sent them something on the twenty-second,’ said Janetta, ‘so they simply had to think of us. There was no getting away from it.’

‘What did we send them?’ asked Egbert gloomily.

‘Bridge-markers,’ said Janetta, ‘in a cardboard case, with some inanity about ‘digging for fortune with a royal spade’ emblazoned on the cover. The moment I saw it in the shop I said to myself ‘Froplinsons’ and to the attendant ‘How much?’ When he said ‘Ninepence,’ I gave him their address, jabbed our card in, paid tenpence or elevenpence to cover the postage, and thanked heaven. With less sincerity and infinitely more trouble they eventually thanked me.’

‘The Froplinsons don’t play bridge,’ said Egbert.

‘One is not supposed to notice social deformities of that sort,’ said Janetta; ‘it wouldn’t be polite. Besides, what trouble did they take to find out whether we read Wordsworth with gladness? For all they knew or cared we might be frantically embedded in the belief that all poetry begins and ends with John Masefield, and it might infuriate or depress us to have a daily sample of Wordsworthian products flung at us.’

‘Well, let’s get on with the letter,’ said Egbert. ‘How clever of you to guess that Wordsworth is our favourite poet.’

Again Janetta laid down her pen.

‘Do you realise what that means?’ she asked; ‘a Wordsworth booklet next Christmas, and another calendar the Christmas after, with the same problem of having to write suitable letters of thankfulness. No, the best thing to do is to drop all further allusion to the calendar and switch off on to some other topic.’

‘But what other topic?’

‘Oh, something like this: ‘What do you think of the New Year Honours List? A friend of ours made such a clever remark when he read it.’ Then you can stick in any remark that comes into your head; it needn’t be clever. The Froplinsons won’t know whether it is or isn’t.’

‘We don’t even know on which side they are in politics,’ objected Egbert; ‘and anyhow you can’t suddenly dismiss the subject of the calendar. Surely there must be some intelligent remark that can be made about it.’

‘Well, we can’t think of one,’ said Janetta wearily; ‘the fact is, we’ve both written ourselves out.’

There was a long silence, the forlorn silence of those who are bereft of hope and have almost ceased to care. Then Egbert started from his seat with an air of resolution. The light of battle was in his eyes.

‘Let me come to the writing-table,’ he exclaimed; ‘I’m going to write to the editor of every enlightened and influential newspaper in the Kingdom, I’m going to suggest that there should be a sort of epistolary Truce of God during the festivities of Christmas and New Year. From the twenty-fourth of December to the third or fourth of January it shall be considered an offence against good sense and good feeling to write or expect any letter or communication that does not deal with the necessary events of the moment. Answers to invitations, arrangements about trains, renewal of club subscriptions, and, of course, all the ordinary everyday affairs of business, sickness, engaging new cooks, and so forth, these will be dealt with in the usual manner as something inevitable. But all the devastating accretions of correspondence, incident to the festive season, these should be swept away to give the season a chance of being really festive.’

‘But you would have to make some acknowledgment of presents received,’ objected Janetta; ‘otherwise people would never know whether they had arrived safely.’

‘Of course, I have thought of that,’ said Egbert; ‘every present that was sent off would be accompanied by a ticket bearing the date of dispatch and the signature of the sender, and some conventional hieroglyphic to show that it was intended to be a Christmas or New Year gift; there would be a counterfoil with space for the recipient’s name and the date of arrival, and all you would have to do would be to sign and date the counterfoil, add a conventional hieroglyphic indicating heartfelt thanks and gratified surprise, put the thing into an envelope and post it.’

‘It sounds delightfully simple,’ said Janetta wistfully, ‘but people would consider it too perfunctory.’

‘It is not a bit more perfunctory than the present system,’ said Egbert; ‘I have only the same conventional language of gratitude at my disposal with which to thank dear old Colonel Chuttle for his perfectly delicious Stilton, which we shall devour to the last morsel, and the Froplinsons for their calendar, which we shall never look at. So you see the present system of acknowledgment is just as perfunctory and conventional as the counterfoil business would be, only ten times more tiresome and brain-racking.’

‘Your plan would certainly bring the idea of a Happy Christmas a step nearer realisation,’ said Janetta. ‘Meanwhile, what am I to say to the Froplinsons?’

(Adapted from ‘Down Pens’ by H. H. Munro)

12

Egbert and Janetta were writing

Ответ: .

13

Egbert and Janetta didn’t want to write a letter to the Froplinsons because they
1) had both written themselves out.
2) didn’t like this couple.
3) didn’t know what the Froplinsons had sent them.
4) had a lot of work to do.
Ответ: .

14

Janetta liked her present to the Froplinsons because it was

Ответ: .

15

Janetta didn’t want to mention that Wordsworth was their favourite poet because
1) she actually didn’t like his poems.
2) her favourite poet was John Masefield.
3) the Froplinsons would send them new Wordsworth-related presents.
4) she didn’t want the Froplinsons to know the truth.
Ответ: .

16

Janetta considered the Froplisons to be

Ответ: .

17

Egbert suggested that at Christmas people should
1) stop writing letters at all.
2) put off all the everyday affairs of business.
3) not make any acknowledgment of received presents.
4) send counterfoils instead of thank-you letters.
Ответ: .

18

Janetta considered a new system

Ответ: .

Раздел 3. ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 19—25, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19—25.

Обратите внимание, что по правилам ЕГЭ ответы нужно писать без пробелов и других знаков, например, правильный ответ ‘have done’ нужно будет записать как ‘havedone’, иначе ваш ответ не засчитается.

Swimming Pools

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 26—31, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 26—31.

Waste Management

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 32—38. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32—38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Globalization and Communication Growth

The 21st century has 32____ in a new era in man’s ongoing quest for a better life and a better world. For the first time in history, we can now claim to live in ‘One World.’ Globalization has removed many of the gaps that have existed between and among nations. While the physical divide is still present, the 33____ of the Information Highway on how we communicate and live in the present day is simply staggering. Rapid improvements in information technology have allowed us to exchange information and communicate almost everywhere, anywhere, and anytime.

Globalization, as a general term, is best understood as the spread of ideas about the environment, democracy, human rights, and less complicated issues like fashion and fads. Global exchange is now taking place as the market of ideas, culture, and beliefs expand through the use of technology. The nature of business and how it is done has also improved by 34____ and bounds because of globalization.

An example of the remarkable effects of globalization is the invention of the telephone and the television. Television has enabled young people and adults to have the ability to share cultural and ethnic experiences with others. Telephones have also greatly improved communication. Gone are the weeks and even months of waiting for a letter. Anybody can talk to anyone who has another phone 35____ of distance or location on the planet. With the aid of satellites, 3rd generation phones allow us to make a phone call, send a video, or even receive an e-mail. These 36____ in communication have revolutionized business, commerce, and even the personal lives and relationships of millions of people.

Because of the electronic media, vast amounts of important information can reach any parts of the globe in 37____ time. Business establishments, whether big or small, are using the Internet in many ways to build or expand their company’s growth. With the ever improving technology come new markets, high 38____ for products, and also greater competition. Making investments in information and communication technology is now a must for any business enterprise.

32

Ответ: .

33

Ответ: .

34

Ответ: .

35

Ответ: .

36

Ответ: .

37

Ответ: .

38

Ответ: .

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